Materials of the Seiminsko-Turbinsky Yurinsky burial ground, ceramics with a roller and a "snake" from the Chirkov settlements show the "eastern" direction of cultural relations of the population of the north of the Middle Volga region in the Bronze Age. Products made of arsenic copper in the Pepkin and Abashev burial grounds of the Middle Volga Abashev culture are associated with the Tash-Kazgan deposit in the Trans-Urals. The" eastern " direction is also indicated by arrowheads of the Seimin type found in the bones of Abashev warriors (Pepkin mound, mound 12 of the Algashi burial ground), known from the settlements of the Krotovo culture of the Irtysh region (Inberen X, Chernoozerye IV and VI). These contacts probably belong to the Middle stage of the Bronze Age, to the first half of the second millennium BC.

Keywords: Bronze Age, Abashev culture, Krotovo culture, Chirkov settlements, ceramics with a roller and a "snake", Seiminsko-Turbinsky burial grounds, stadiality.

The geographical location of the Middle Volga region on the border of forest-steppe and forest, the orientation of cultural relations in the Bronze Age in both the western and eastern directions complicate the modeling of cultural genesis in the territory under consideration. The appearance in recent years of absolute dates for Bronze Age monuments in the north of the Middle Volga region (the Seiminsko-Turbinsky Yurinsky burial ground [Yungner and Karpelan, 2005], the Abashevsky Pepkin kurgan [Kuznetsov, 2003]) and the existing rather early dates for Fatyanovsko-Balanovsky antiquities [Sulerzhitsky and Folomeev, 1993, p. 46] make us believe that there is a significant difference between the two types of sites.It is important to take a look at the ratio of these crops. The" Western " direction of cultural relations in the Middle Volga region in the Bronze Age has already been analyzed (Bolshov, 2008), but the "eastern" direction is no less important. It is not by chance that M. Gimbutas once called the Seimin-type materials and their contemporaneous monuments the key to the chronology of the Bronze Age in Eastern Europe (Gimbutas, 1955, p. 144). In this regard, it is important to clarify the correlation between the western Sejma-Turbino monuments (Yurino, Sejma, Reshnoye). with the Middle Volga Abashev culture, as well as the Balanovsky and Atlikasinsky cultures with these monuments and culture.

At the beginning of the early Metal age, the tribes of the north of the Middle Volga region maintained cultural ties with both the western (Volga-Oka interfluve, Upper Volga region) and eastern (Vyatka River basin, Kama region, and Ural region) regions. The Middle Volga Volosovo culture is included in the Volosovo-Turbino community (Bader and Khalikov, 1976), as part of a broad community of porous ceramics cultures in Eastern Europe (Nikitin, 2003, p.92). The western regions (in the broad sense of this term) are associated with the appearance in the Middle Volga region of carriers of the Balanov, Atlikasin and Abashev cultures, which actually determines the beginning of the Bronze Age in the north of the Middle Volga. The attribution of these cultures to the Middle of the Bronze Age (in the chronology of the forest-steppe of Eastern Europe), although it raises objections (S. V. Kuzminykh), still suggests their existence.

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no later than the middle of the second millennium BC, the calibrated radiocarbon date of border 2 of the Abashev Pepkin mound in the range of 2500-2029 BC allowed P. F. Kuznetsov to date the Abashev culture in the Middle Volga region of the XXI-XX centuries BC [2003, p. 87]. The relatively early time of its existence is confirmed by the dates of the Seimin-Turbino burial grounds of Elunino (1960-1870 BC) and the Middle Volga Yurinsky (Ust-Vetluzhsky) (1950-1860 BC) [Yungner and Karpelan, 2005, p. 112].

Yu. P. Matveev believes that all three Abashev cultures (Don-Volga, Middle Volga, South Ural) in their classical manifestation are synchronous. It proves the primacy of the western, Abashev, impulse of the spread of "chariot" cultures of the Bronze Age up to the Trans-Urals [Matveev, 2005, p.11-13]. According to V. I. Molodin and A.D. Pryakhin, charioteer burials containing disc-shaped psalms with spikes were common at the final stage of the pre-Seimin period - at the very beginning of the Seimin period [1998, p.4-5]. The Middle Volga Abashevtsy were located somewhat north of the main routes of movement from the Dnieper-Don and Don-Volga regions to the east, so their participation in this movement is unlikely. There is a point of view according to which the Abashevites moved from the Mari-Chuvash Volga region in two directions: south-west (to the Don region) and south-east (to the Samara Volga region and the Urals) [Gorbunov, 1990, p. 10-11]. Kuzmina also believes that the Abashev culture was formed in the north of the Middle Volga region, then spread along the southern edge of the zone of broad-leaved forests in the Urals, and at a late stage of development penetrated into the Samara Volga region and the Southern Trans-Urals [1992, p. 74; 2007, p. 102]. Proofs of the fallacy of this hypothesis, as well as questions related to the origin and periodization of the Middle Volga Abashev culture, are considered in the monograph [Bolshov, 2006a]. One way or another, but the existence of the Middle Volga and South Ural Abashevs within the framework of a single Abashev community implies the presence of certain cultural ties between them.

The presence of "eastern" cultural ties of the Abashev tribes of the north of the Middle Volga region is evidenced by products made of arsenic copper of the TK group or copper-arsenic alloys - arsenic bronzes [Chernykh and Kuzminykh, 1989, p. 172], found in the Abashevsky Pepkin mound, Abashevsky burial ground, and one of the mounds of the Vilovatov II burial ground [Chernykh, 1963, p. 364; 1970, pp. 153-154]. S. A. Grigoriev believes that the use of arsenic copper of the TC group by the Abashevites indicates the manufacture of arsenic bronze. In his opinion, alloying was carried out at the stage of ore smelting, since arsenic-containing ore is almost not found in Abashev settlements (Grigoriev, 1996). Arsenic copper of the TK group is associated in its chemical composition with the Tash-Kazgan deposit in the Trans-Urals (Chernykh and Kuzminykh, 1989, p.172), and could have entered the Middle Volga either with the South Ural Abashevites or with the Seimin-Turbin tribes.

There is no clear evidence of contacts between representatives of the Fatyanovo-Balanovo and Seimino-Turbino communities. But a certain synchronicity of the Abashev and Fatyanovo-Balanovsky monuments suggests the coexistence in time of the tribes that left the latter with the western Seimino-Turbinsky ones. As evidence of the simultaneity of the Middle Volga Abashev and late Fatyanovo-Balanovsky monuments, the following can be cited. The paired burial, performed according to the Abashev funeral rite (the deceased was buried on his back with his legs bent), contained fragments of a bell-shaped vessel with typical Abashev ornamentation and a cylindrical neck of an Atlikasinsky vessel (Efimenko and Tretyakov, 1961: 78, 104-106). In the Abashevsky Tebikasinsky burial ground, a spherical vessel with a short neck was found, ornamented with non-contoured squares arranged in a checkerboard pattern. It shows similarities with ceramics from the Balanovsky and Fatyanovsky Urensky burial grounds [Ibid., p. 74, fig. 22, 5; p. 101-102; Bader and Khalikov, 1976, p. 125, Table 8, 33; p. 137, Table 29, 6]. The position of the buried person on his back with bent legs (a typical sign of the Abashev funeral rite) is recorded in the Balanovsky Kozlovsky burial ground and Churachiksky kurgan, as well as in eight fatyanovsky burial grounds of the Moscow-Klyazmin and Upper Volga local groups of the Fatyanovsky-Balanovsky community (Bader, 1963, p.211; Krainov, 1972, p. 188). In the Balanovsky and Fatyanovsky Trusovsky burial grounds, products made of arsenic copper of the TK group were found. In the cultures of the Fatyanovo-Balanovskaya community, there is no tradition of using arsenic copper or bronze [Grigoriev, 1996, p. 34]. To these tribes, she could get through the Abashevites.

Collective burials without skulls of the Balanovsky burial ground and arrowheads close to the Seimin type found in it and in the Atlikasy mound (Bader, 1963, p. 189, fig. 122, 1-3; p. 223, fig. 153, 4) may be an indirect confirmation of military clashes between the Fatyanovo-Balanovsky and Seimino-Turbinsky tribes. Traces of violent death and grave robberies, which D. A. Krainov associates not with the carriers of the Volosovo culture, but with some new arrivals, are also found in the burials of the late Fatyanovsky burial grounds on the Upper Volga (Volosovo-Danilovsky, Fatyanovsky, etc.).

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[Krainov and Gadzyatskaya, 1987, p. 76]. On the Volosovsky settlement of Nikolo-Perevoz II, a collective Fatyanovo burial site with nine buried people was discovered, which cut through the Volosovsky layer. Some of the skeletons had arrowheads in their bones. Three of the four specimens are similar in shape to those of Seimin, which were also found in the bones of the Abashevsky Pepkin mound, and differ from them in less pronounced spines. One tip from the Nikolo-Perevoz II burial ground, like some from Pepkino, has a broken petiole (Rauschenbach, 1960, p. 34, figs. 4, 7-10; Tretyakov, 1990, p. 121-123). It is possible that the same process is recorded here as in the Middle Volga Abashev burial mounds with collective burials and Seimin arrowheads in the bones. All this probably indicates the co-existence in time of the carriers of the Balanov culture (the late stage of development of the Fatyanovo-Balanov community) with the western Seimino-Turbino tribes.

The question of the "eastern" direction of cultural relations of the population of the north of the Middle Volga region in the Bronze Age becomes most clear when considering the Seimin-Turbin problem. Some historiographical aspects and the correlation between the Seimin-Turbinsky and Abashev monuments were considered earlier by me (Bolshov, 2006b). Let us dwell in more detail on the characteristics of the Chirkovsko-Seiminskaya (according to A. H. Khalikov), or Chirkovskaya (according to B. S. Solovyov), culture. Although in the late 80s of the last century A. H. Khalikov abandoned the definition of "Chirkovsko-Seiminskaya", leaving the name "Chirkovskaya" for the culture, he still continued to combine settlements of the Chirkov type with the Seimino-Turbinsky burial grounds [1987]. B. S. Solovyov's position on this issue is not entirely clear. On the one hand, it would seem that he does not combine Chirkov-type settlements with Seimin-Turbin burial grounds, on the other hand, he notes that the roller ceramics of the Mari Volga region reflect contacts between local and Seimin-Turbin populations, which included carriers of Tashkovo-Krotovo-type cultures, and the Chirkov culture itself "is the result of a synthesis of Late Volosov, Balanov-Atlikasin and "roller" cultural traditions " [Solov'ev, 2004, p. 15-16]. Thus, the Chirkov culture as a result of the cultural genesis of the carriers of the above-mentioned cultural traditions in the Middle Volga forest region can only be considered in relation to the post-Seimian period. It is not by chance that, following the logic of the process of formation of this culture, A. Kh. Khalikov attributes its final stage to the end of the second millennium BC [1987, p. 139].

V. T. Kovaleva and O. V. Ryzhkova, on the contrary, believe that roller ceramics appeared on the territory of Eastern Europe and Western Siberia independently of each other, and they do not associate the Middle Volga Region with the Tashkov culture [1991, p.34]. The roller ceramics of the north of the Middle Volga are close to the Volsko-Lbishchenskaya from the settlement of Gundorovka in the Samara Volga region, which also has a "snake" characteristic of the Middle Volga. I. B. Vasiliev and P. F. Kuznetsov believe that the fortified settlements of the Volsko-Lbishchensky type, which they attribute to the Middle stage of the Bronze Age, indicate a tense cultural and historical situation [2000, pp. 69, 71, 80]. It is quite possible that the roller ceramics of the Samara and Mari Volga regions reflect a single process of penetration into the Middle Volga of the population that is not associated with local traditions. At the Preobrazhenka-3 settlement of the Krotovo culture, vessels with a wavy ("snake") and straight roller were found in one housing complex (Molodin, 1977, p. 55). The most likely link between the population that made such ceramics and the regions to the east of the Middle Volga region.

A. Kh. Khalikov associated vessels with riveted rollers and Seimin-Turbine bronzes with the forest-steppe Siberian tribes that penetrated the Urals and Volga region in the middle of the second millennium BC (1970, p. 44). Roller ceramics are associated with the Krotovo culture, the Sopka and Rostovka burial grounds. There was also a marked affinity between the Chirkov culture and the Trans-Ural and West Siberian cultures (Khalikov, 1987, p. 136). V. F. Gening (1970, p.40) supported the hypothesis of a connection between Seimin-Turbine bronzes and roller ceramics.

The" eastern " direction is also indicated by the Seimin arrowheads. As noted above, in the Middle Volga region, they are found in the bones of Abashev warriors (collective burials of the Pepkin mound and mound 12 of the Algashi burial ground). Petiolate tips of the Seimin type with spikes are also known on Chirkov monuments: Chirkovskaya, Yurinskaya sites, Kubashevsky and Vasilsursky V settlements, where ceramics with a roller and a "snake" were also found [Khalikov, 1960, p. 119; Solovyov, 2000, p.131]. They were found together with the same ceramics in the settlements of the Krotovo culture of the Irtysh region: Inberen X, Chernoozerye IV and VI. N. K. Stefanova considers petiolate tips with spikes from these monuments to be close to Pepkinsky. It should also be noted that a bespectacled suspension of the Abashev type was found at the Inberen X settlement [Stefanova, 1988, p. 65, Fig. 3, 6].

The materials of the Seiminsko-Turbinsky Yurinsky (Ust-Vetluzhsky) burial ground also indicate the "eastern" direction of cultural relations of the Middle Volga tribes in the Bronze Age. They have the most numerous category of tools (7 copies) - knives with a rhombic pommel (Solov'ev, 2005, p. 110). Four similar items were found in Turbinsky district

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the burial ground [Bader, 1964, p. 85, figures 78-80; Efimenko and Tretyakov, 1961, p. 58]. According to the definition of E. N. Chernykh and S. V. Kuzmin, these are knives of the NK-14 category, which are the most typical tools of the Abashev community [1989, p. 101]. A similar knife with a worn blade was found in the women's border 3 of mound 4 of the Middle Volga Abashevsky burial ground of Algashi (Efimenko and Tretyakov, 1961, p. 58). In the same burial, a bronze composite decoration on a leather base, grooved bracelets and two vessels were found, one of which is bell-shaped, with grooved lines under the corolla, and resembles a vessel from the collective burial of the Pepka kurgan [Ibid., Fig. 18, 2; Khalikov, Lebedinskaya, and Gerasimova, 1966, tab. I]. As already noted, knives of the NK-14 category were widely distributed in the Abashev cultural and historical community. In the Don region, they are found in burial grounds starting from the developed stage of the Don-Volga Abashev culture [Pryakhin, Moiseev, Besedin, 1998, p. 13]. You can note the Selezni-2 mound, where five such knives were found in three of the four burials. One of them was found together with a vessel similar to the Middle Volga one from the burial grounds of Algashi and Pepkino (Pryakhin et al., 2001: 68, 69, 74). It should be noted that a KD-30 spearhead was also found in the Selezni-2 mound (according to [Chernykh and Kuzminykh, 1989]). A similar tip was found in the Bolshaya Plavitsa mound. Selezni-2 is synchronized with the burials of the Potapovsky burial ground, which have Abashev-Sintashta features, and with the Sintashta complexes of the Trans-Urals. A number of researchers attribute these monuments to the second quarter of the second millennium BC (Pryakhin et al., 2001, p. 80).

A mold for casting a lop-sided axe from the Pepkin mound makes it possible to reliably determine the type of Abashev axe. O. V. Kuzmina identifies the following main features: a "lop-sided" butt and an oval section of the sleeve [2003, p. 96]. E. N. Chernykh and S. V. Kuzminykh refer to tools of this type as T-2 vtul-shaped tools. They are associated with the Abashev hotbed of metallurgy and metalworking [1989, pp. 125-128, Fig. 70, 1-3]. Three such tools were found in the Turbinsky burial ground. O. N. Bader calls them Kama-type axes and associates them with local Ural production [1964, p. 84, fig. 69]. In the Southern Urals, two axes of the Abashev type were found in the Malo-Kizyl settlement (Pryakhin, 1976, p. 131, figs. 22, 8, 9).

As for Abashev jewelry, A. H. Khalikov noted analogs of grooved bracelets made of Algash in the materials of the Turbinsky burial ground. They also have an open-ended bracelet, triangular in cross-section, similar to the Pepkin one from Page 2 [Khalikov, Lebedinskaya, and Gerasimova, 1966, pp. 20, 62, Tables I V, 6; Chernykh and Kuzminykh, 1989, pp. 133, Fig. 73, 18], and round in shape. cross-section bracelets with setting ends, similar to those found in the border. 2 mounds. 2 Abashevsky Turunovsky burial ground [Evtyukhova, 1959, p. 149, fig. 9, 14]. In grave 62 of the Turbinsky burial ground, a large number of twisted wire ledges were found (Bader, 1964, Fig. 87, A), which are typical ornaments of the Middle Volga Abashevites (Bolshov, 2003a, Table XVI).

Thus, the "eastern" direction of cultural relations of the population of the north of the Middle Volga region in the Bronze Age can be traced primarily by the materials of the Seiminsko-Turbinsky Yurinsky burial ground, which both chronologically and geographically occupies an intermediate position between the Kama Turbinsky and Oka Reshensky. Having passed through the territory of the Middle Volga Abashevs, the Seimin-Turbin tribes included this population in their composition, which is clearly evidenced by the Abashev ceramic complexes of the Seimin-Turbin burial grounds Seiminsky and Reshnoye.

Judging by the drawing by A. P. Melnikov published by O. N. Bader [1970, Fig. 64], one small vessel from the Seyminsky burial ground (excavations in 1915) is clearly a jar, characteristic of the Middle Volga Abashev culture. Dishes of this shape and size are not found in other cultures of the Bronze Age region. Two more vessels in this drawing have a rounded body and a low curved neck. They also find analogies among Abashev dishes. Ceramics from the excavations of the Seiminsky burial ground in 1929, published by O. N. Bader as Chirkov-Seiminsky [Ibid., Figures 86-87], are also quite close to the Middle Volga Abashevskaya. It is more reliable to judge the ceramics from the Reshnoye burial ground, which O. N. Bader associates with the Abashev culture [1976, p.45]. Six vessels from this burial ground are known. One acute rib (the rib is located in the middle of the body), with a flat bottom and a curved neck, without an ornament. Another vessel of similar proportions and shape, but without a pronounced rib, is decorated with indentations forming a horizontal "herringbone". A small cup-shaped vessel without a dedicated neck, tapering to a flat bottom, is decorated with two wavy horizontal lines and short carved vertical ones under the corolla. Two vessels have a bell-shaped shape and a short curved neck. One of them has a concave bottom, decorated with carved parallel horizontal and at an angle to the corolla lines. The last vessel has a pointed corolla, rounded body and bottom, and is decorated in the upper third with parallel horizontal lines, probably made with a jagged stamp. E. N. Chernykh and S. V. Kuzminykh believe that Reshny ware corresponds to the ceramics of the Middle Volga Abashev culture [1989, pp. 228-229,

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103, 6-11]. It should be clarified that it finds analogies in the materials of burial grounds of the late stage of this culture in the Volga-Vyatka interfluve. So, in the ceramic complex of the Pelenger I burial ground, two vessels have a concave bottom, one of them (from the border of the Russian Empire) has a concave bottom. 2 mound 3) bell-shaped (Bolshov, 2003a, Fig. 25, 2; 56, 3]; vessel 2 from pogr. 2 mound 8 is identical in shape to the vessel with a pointed corolla from the Reshnoye burial ground [Ibid., Fig. 30, 2]. It should be noted that such a corolla design is an exception for dishes of the Middle Volga Abashev culture. In the materials of the Turunovo burial ground, an analog of a sharp-edged vessel without a Resh ornament is known, its only difference is that the neck is less prominent and bent. Another jar-shaped vessel has a narrowing of the body to a flat bottom, and another has a weak rib and an almost straight body that tapers sharply to a flat bottom [ Evtyukhov, 1959, fig. 8, 16, 17, 20]. Thus, almost all dishes from the Reshnoye burial ground find analogies in the materials of the Middle Volga Abashev burial grounds Pelenger I and Turunovo, or in Abashev vessels, trends are noted, the development and design of which is observed in the Reshen ceramic complex.

There is a hypothesis about the stadial nature of the distribution of foundry burials: catacomb world, Fatyanovskaya, Dono-Volga Abashevskaya, Poltavka, Krotovskaya cultures [Molodin and Pryakhin, 1998, p. 5]. The Balanovskaya and Srednevolzhskaya Abashevskaya cultures should be added to this list. The burials of metalworkers-foundry workers in the Pepkin (Middle Volga Abashev culture) and Churachik (Balanov culture) mounds are well known. In the latter, two copper lop-ear axes and molds for casting them were found. There are also some Abashev manifestations: the position of the buried person on his back, dismembered burial. It should be noted that Churachik ceramics have typical Balanov features.

The identification of a typological and chronological layer of burials with collective burials and Seimin arrowheads in the Middle Volga Abashev burial grounds (Pepkino, Abashevo, and Algashi) suggests a mass invasion of some tribes on the Abashev territory. This is probably due to the Seimino-Turbino expansion to the north of the Middle Volga region. The presence of Seima arrowheads makes it possible to correlate the selected group of collective burials with such monuments as Turbino and Seima, Filatovka and Vlasovka, Sintashta and Potapovka (Besedin, 1995; Bolshov, 2003b, p.71).

There is every reason to believe that in the forest zone of the Middle Volga region, the Abashevskaya, Balanovskaya, and Atlikasinskaya cultures (at certain stages of development), as well as the western Seiminsky-Turbinsky (Yurinsky and Seiminsky burial grounds) coexisted in time. In absolute dates, this may be the first half of the second millennium BC.

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Bader O. N. Drevneyshie metallurgii Priural'ya [Ancient metallurgists of the Urals], Moscow: Nauka Publ., 1964, 176 p.

Bader O. N. The Oka River basin in the Bronze Age, Moscow: Nauka Publ., 1970, 176 p.

Bader O. N. Novy mogilnik seyminskogo tipa na Oka i vopros o svyazi mogilnikov s poseleniyami [A new burial ground of the Seyminsky type on the Oka River and the question of the connection of burial grounds with settlements]. Kuibyshev: [B. I.], 1976, pp. 44-45.

Bader O. N., Khalikov A. Kh. Pamyatniki balanovskoy kul'tury [Monuments of the Balanov culture], Moscow: Nauka Publ., 1976, 167 p. In 1-25).

Besedin V. I. O khronologii Pepkinskogo kurgana [On the chronology of the Pepkin burial mound]. RA. - 1995. - N 3. - pp. 197-200.

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Efimenko P. P., Tretyakov P. N. Abashevskaya kul'tura v Povolzhye [Abashevskaya culture in the Middle Volga Region], Moscow: Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1961, pp. 43-110.

Kovaleva V. T., Ryzhkova O. V. Problema perekhoda ot eneolita k bronzovomu veku v lesnom Zauralie [The problem of transition from the Eneolithic to the Bronze Age in the forest Trans-Urals]. Yoshkar-Ola, 1991, Issue 19: Late Eneolithic and Early Bronze Age cultures of the forest belt of the European part of the USSR, pp. 24-41.

Krainov D. A. The oldest history of the Volga-Oka interfluve: Fatyanovskaya culture. II millennium BC-Moscow: Nauka Publ., 1972, 274 p.

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The article was submitted to the Editorial Board on 23.06.09.

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