The paper presents new materials of the advanced Bronze Age from the Achinsk-Mariinsk forest-steppe, the contact zone of the Okunev and Samus cultures. From a burial discovered by local residents near Lake Baikal. Utinkinsky district in the north-east of the Kemerovo region, unique pendants (figures of a bear and a bird) and beads made of steatite have reached us. In the course of field research conducted here later, it was possible to identify some structural components of the complex and fragments of ceramic vessels. According to the ornaments on the latter, the burial should be attributed to the Samus culture. At the same time, the technology of making ceramic dishes and the presence of handicrafts made of steatite bring the complex closer to the circle of Okunevsky monuments. Based on this, it is suggested that the Samus and Okunev traditions are synthesized on the territory of the Achinsk-Mariinsky forest-steppe.

Key words: burial, Samus culture, Okunev culture, Achinsk-Mariinsk forest-steppe, contact zone.

Introduction

Lake Utinka is located 1.5 km south-east of the village. Tisul district center of Tisulsky district, Kemerovo region. Back in the mid-1960s and early 1970s, four archaeological sites were identified and partially investigated here: an Early Iron Age burial ground (Tatar culture) Utinka I and the Neolithic site of Utinka III on the western shore of the lake, as well as the Tashtyk settlements of Utinka I and II on the eastern and southern shores, respectively. This territory is a transition area from the northern spurs of the Kuznetsk Alatau to the southern part of the West Siberian Plain. The burial was found on the highest part of the hill on the western bank of the lake. Utinka, 270 m north of the mouth of the Dushnoy Klyuch stream and 240 m east of the lake. The high hill on which the burial was located is a remnant of the erosion of mountain ranges stretching from the central part of the Kuznetsk Alatau. Currently, the hill is broken by three silo trenches, in the northernmost of which there was a burial.

In the summer of 2004, while collecting clay in a silo trench, local residents found human skeletal bones. Upon further disassembly, they found two skeletons: one of an adult, the second of a child. Judging by the position of the skeletons, the deceased were buried on the left side with their legs bent at the knees, their heads facing east-southeast. Next to the human remains was the skeleton of a small animal (dog?). Several ceramic vessels were found in the area of the skull and torso, one of which is completely intact (lost). The fragments of other vessels were located compactly and, presumably, they were archaeologically intact. According to the participants of the "excavations", the vessels were flat-bottomed cans, the surface of which was almost completely decorated with ornaments (except for the bottom). Stone objects were found near the skeletons: five beads and two shaped pendants (Bobrov and Herman, 2007).

All the listed information about this burial is not documented. Some data of the participants of the "excavations" (on the location of vessels and

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1. Bear-shaped pendant made of steatite (agalmatolite). Utinkinskoe burial, materials of 2004.

the presence of a complete skeleton of the animal, the features of the cadaver position) are contradictory. All this reduces the accuracy of the information obtained during the survey. Material evidence of the existence of the burial are seven stone products - two pendants and five beads.

Stone ornaments from the western shore of Lake Utinka

The pendant in the form of a bear standing on four legs is carved from a dark brown stone* (Fig. 1). Dimensions: 28x15x8 mm. The left side of the figurine in the area of the head and front of the trunk is damaged. The cross-section of the figure is oval. The shape of the blank is not set. Shaping was performed by grinding on a fine-grained abrasive surface. Traces of the use of a planing knife (Volkov, 1999, p.20) were found when smoothing the edges of the product, especially in the area of the bear's "belly". Sanding marks on the entire surface, except for relatively small areas at the base, are covered during the polishing of the artifact surface with a soft, elastic material. The front and hind legs are shown. On the polished surface, linear traces are traced in the form of channels of a sub-triangular profile in cross-section. Probably, when forming such drawings, a metal knife was used as a carver [Ibid., pp. 19-20]. The kinematics of the movement of the processing tool is one-sided. In some places (mainly in the area of the head and tail), the working stroke of the carver is repeated. The depth of the channels is relatively small. The tail is highlighted by a carved line above the hanging hole. On the animal's muzzle, three carved lines mark the nose, forehead, and both ears (eyes?); they are rendered in a prominent relief. The entire surface of the figurine is ornamented. Carved lines on the sides of the figurine represent an ornamental composition in the form of a longitudinal zigzag of two or three parallel lines. The engraving on the beast's back is done haphazardly.

After polishing, holes (diameter 2 - 3 mm) are drilled in the front and hind legs for hanging. Traces of the work indicate the use of a high-speed machine tool with a relatively long, probably metal drill. There were no traces of suspension in the drilling channels.

The bird-shaped pendant is carved from dark brown stone (Figs. 2, 1). The front and back parts of the figurine are broken off. Dimensions: 20x11x9 mm. The suspension is a slightly curved rectangular pad (backrest?). on the pedestal (legs?), in which a hole is drilled for hanging. The shape of the blank is not set. On the surface of the artifact, traces of its formation on a flat, fine-grained abrasive surface can be clearly traced. Traces of the use of a planing knife used for smoothing the product's edges are revealed. Polishing was carried out using a soft organic material. Drilling, as in the production of the bear figurine, was carried out after polishing the surface with a high-speed machine tool (without noticeable precessional fluctuations).

The wide, slightly concave plane of the product is covered with an ornament made by a carver, which could be used as a metal knife. The depth of the drawings is relatively small. With the help of three curved longitudinal carved lines, the surface is divided into four sectors. The two outermost ones are filled with short straight lines drawn diagonally. Two short lines are drawn longitudinally in one of the central sectors. Probably,

* According to N. A. Kulik, a senior researcher at the Institute of Electric Power Engineering of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, all items are made of talc-steatite or a closely related rock - agalmatolite.

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2. Bird pendant (1) and beads (2 - 6) made of steatite (agalmatolite). Utinkinskoe burial, materials of 2004.

the ornament conveys the plumage of the bird; the two outermost sectors should be identified with the wings. Binocular examination also revealed engravings on one of the side faces of the product - nine carved lines of varying degrees of elaboration forming a zigzag. Obviously, the composition in this place was not finished.

The surface of the product in question, like the bear figurines, has traces of contact with soft organic material, which may have appeared during long-term wearing as a pendant. The absence of traces of binding inside the hole, as in the bear figurine, is probably the result of repeated, "revitalizing" drilling.

Five beads of dark brown, light brown and light gray color (Fig. 2, 2-6). Their diameter is 6 - 16 mm. The safety of the products is satisfactory. During the technological analysis, it was found that three larger beads (Figs. 2, 2 - 4) and two relatively small ones (Figs. 2, 5, 6) were made in different ways.

Large beads are made by grinding on a relatively flat, fine-grained abrasive surface. The work was done rather carelessly: the roundness of the products in the plan is very relative. Linear marks on the surface of the beads are not the result of abrasive processing; they are left by the carver and can be interpreted as elements of ornamentation. After polishing on a relatively flat organic surface, the products were subjected to double-sided drilling, followed by slight flaring of the edges of the formed channels. Traces of hanging artifacts can not be traced.

Small beads are made by grinding on a relatively fine-grained flat abrasive surface. Surface treatment and shaping are done carefully. Drilling of holes is high-speed, machine-made, and probably one-sided. There is no ornamentation by the carver. At the final stage of manufacturing, the beads were polished on a relatively soft organic material. Traces of hanging artifacts can not be traced.

In general, stone products from the Utinkinsky burial indicate the existence of a relatively developed technology of stone processing and the use of a variety of relatively advanced tools by people at the time under study.

Research on the site of a destroyed burial site

In 2007, when examining the scree of a silo trench in the area of the grave, 16 ornamented fragments of the walls of ceramic vessels were found (Fig. 3, 1, 2, 5, 6), two sheep astragalus and small fragments of animal bones. For further investigation of the burial and search for the continuation of the burial ground, a 3x10 m trench was laid, oriented to the cardinal directions (Fig. 4, 1).

In the course of the study, the following stratigraphic situation was recorded (Fig. 4, 2 - 4): 1) sod layer with fine rubble - 0.04 m; 2) humusized dark gray loam with fine rubble - up to 0.25 m (in the eastern wall up to 0.4 m); 3) yellow loam layer with sandstone outcrops - up to 0.3 m; 4) a natural "platform" of sandstone slabs in the western part of the excavation; 5) a layer of dark yellow loam (mainland).

When opening the yellow loam layer, three filling spots were revealed. Along the southern edge of the excavation there was a black lens with a width of up to 0.15 m and a length of 1.3 m, extending into the cliff of the silo trench. The lens was located on the site of a ruined burial. To the north-east and north-west of the grave lens, two roundish black spots are noted. In addition to three filling spots, a lump was cleared at the same level 0.8 m to the east of the grave lens.-

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3. Fragments of ceramic vessels. Utinkinskoe burial, materials of 2007 1, 2-vessel I; 3 - vessel from pit No. 1; 4-vessel II; 5-vessel III; 6-vessel IV.

compact accumulation of sandstone slabs. At first, it was taken for deliberate masonry, but after removing the stones and digging, the natural nature of this formation - one of the layers of the geological structure of the hill-was revealed. None of the selected layers outside of the cleared objects contained artifacts. This gives grounds to attribute all the collected lifting material to the destroyed burial.

5, 1). When sampling the grave lens at a depth of 0.54 m from the level of the modern day surface, a fragment of the pelvic bone of a ram (?) was found. At a depth of 0.97 m, the femur, tibia, a fragment of the pelvic bone and two epiphysis of a 6-year-old child*were cleared. The bones were disturbed. At the same level,five ornamented fragments of ceramic vessels (see Figs. 3,4), five ram astragalus and a small 8 mm diameter flake of silicified rock were found on a site measuring 1.35 x 0.95 m, extending from west to east.

Most of the designated area with material was cleared on a step in the cliff of the silo trench. After the filling was cleared, a dark yellow loamy northern wall and the bottom of the grave (?) appeared.During the control excavation, no material was found.

To the north-east of the burial there was a round-shaped pit No. 1,measuring 0.39 x 0.34 m and 0.05 m deep (see Figs. 5, 2). In its northern part, a fragment of the wall of a ceramic vessel with an ornament in the form of a carved groove was found (see Figs. 3, 3). In the southern part of the pit, another circular pit with a diameter of 0.15 m and a depth of 0.25 m is marked.

The oval-shaped pit No. 2,measuring 0.3 x 0.37 m and 0.08 m deep, was located to the northwest of the burial site (see Figs. 5, 3). Nothing was found in the pit.

Ceramics of the Utinkinsky burial site and its chronological attribution

When determining the location of the materials of the Utinkinsky burial site among the West Siberian antiquities, the main elements are fragments of ceramic dishes. They definitely belonged to two vessels, but it is possible that three fragments belonged to two other ceramic containers. All shards are loose, with an eroded surface and layered (vessel IV) or lumpy-clastic (vessels I-III) fracture. The shards are grayish-brown in various shades, the fracture is dark gray (vessels I-III) or with a clear black layer (vessel IV).

During the petrographic study** of three fragments (see Figures 3, 1, 5, 6), one recipe for molding masses was established: clay + sand + chamotte. The raw material was montmorillonite-hydro-mica loam with an admixture of pulverized clastic material (0.002-0.005 mm) of feldspar-quartz composition (10-20%). The sand is represented by fragments of biotite-hornblende granites and their constituent minerals: quartz, potassium feldspar (orthoclase?), plagioclase (oligoclase?), brown biotite, green hornblende, etc. The size of the wreckage varies from 0.05 to 2 mm, 0.1 - 0.5 mm prevails.

* Determination of bone remains was made by D. V. Pozdnyakov, a researcher at the Institute of Electrotechnical Engineering of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

** Laboratory studies were carried out in Novosibirsk Geological Expedition LLC by petrographers I. Y. Vilkovskaya and L. I. Zubareva.

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4. Excavation plan (1) and wall profiles (2-4). Utinkinskoe burial. 2 - east; 3-west; 4-north.

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5. Plan of the destroyed burial (1) and pits (2, 3). Utinkinskoe burial.

The concentration of debris is up to 60 %. Chamotte is represented by fragments of black, dark brown and reddish-brown color, irregular, oval and angular shape, containing an admixture of sand. Their composition is similar to that of a shard. The size of chamotte fragments varies from 0.1 to 1.5 mm. The concentration of chamotte is 5-10 %.

The shape of the vessels is modeled by narrow (approx. 35-40 mm) tapes or bundles that overlap with each other. Thick (7 - 9 mm) walls of pots are compacted by knocking out a smooth mallet, washed (vessels I-III) or covered with a thin layer of clay suspension (vessel IV) and thoroughly rubbed with a smooth spatula.

Conventionally, only the shape of vessel I is reconstructed: close to closed, weakly profiled, can-shaped, vertical neck, flat bottom is planned (Fig. 6, 1). Corolla with an outwardly asymmetric beveled profile. Vessel IV, judging by the profile of the only fragment found, had a more swollen body (Fig. 6, 2).

The ornament is formed by narrow drawn lines made with the pointed end of a thin stick. The ornamental scheme on all the vessels is the same: a narrow frieze of several horizontal lines under the corolla is duplicated by the same frieze in the bottom part. The body of the vessels is decorated with sparse

Fig. 6. Conditional reconstructions of ceramic vessels I (1) and IV (2). Utinkinskoe burial, materials of research 2007.

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vertical lines of the same lines that extend from the mouth to the bottom. The outer edge of the corolla, judging by vessel I, was not decorated. On vessel IV, directly below the upper frieze of straight drawn lines, a "wave"is applied in the same technique.

In terms of technological features (molding mass with an admixture of crushed granite, ribbon-bundle manufacturing method and knocking out the walls with a smooth mallet), the vessels under consideration are close to the Samus culture dishes [Glushkov, 1996, p. 104-105] and Okunev type [Leontiev S. N., 2006, p. 261-265]. In terms of shape and especially ornaments (composition and partly technique of execution), Utinkinsky containers resemble some samples of Samus dishes. Thus, the decor of the first ones gives the impression of a simplified stylization of the ornament of Samus ' "ritual" vessels (the fourth group according to V. I. Matyushchenko [1973, p. 32], the second group according to M. F. Kosarev [1981, p. 97], group B according to V. I. Molodin, I. G. Glushkov [1989, p. 92]), the second group according to V. I. Matyushchenko [1973, p. where vertical stripes of many drawn lines are used to frame fields with anthropomorphic or ornithomorphic images. Thus, the Utinka pottery is either Samus proper or an imitation of it and belongs to a group of ancient people who were in direct contact and under the cultural influence of Samus tribes. One way or another, the qualification of the Utinkinsky burial site based on fragments of ceramic vessels allows us to determine the territorial and chronological framework of analogues.

As noted above, the position and orientation of the buried is known only from the words of local residents. The rite of laying a corpse on its side with bent legs is well known from the materials of funerary complexes of the pre-Iron Bronze age-Elunin culture (Kiryushin, 2002, pp. 67-73), its elements predominate in the only known burial ground of the Samus culture Krokhalevka-7A (Titova and Sumin, 2002). To a lesser extent, "skorcheniki" are characteristic of burials of the Okunevskaya culture (Vadetskaya, 1986); in isolated cases, they are found in burials of the Krotovskaya culture (Molodin, 1985, p.77). The necropolises of the Stepanovskaya Vasyuganya culture have so far recorded only the rite of corpse immolation [Kiryushin, 2004, pp. 69-70].

The only extant structural elements of the Utinkinsky burial are the pits near the northern side of the grave. Pit No. 1, judging by its configuration, was probably intended for the installation of a wooden pole. It is important that the fragment of a ceramic vessel found in the pit is similar in its ornamental and technological characteristics to the ceramics from the burial. Similar pits for pillars or simply pits located near burials are most widely represented in the Okunevsky mounds in the Khakass-Minusinsk basin. For example, in the fence of mound 2 of the Uibat V burial ground, wood rot was found in one of the pits filled with stones, probably a column (Lazaretov, 1997, p. 26). Four small pits filled with slabs, large stones and earth were found in the fence of the mound "94th kilometer". According to researchers, stelae were once installed in them (Gultov, Podolsky, Tsygankov, 2006, p. 120). In the Kuznetsk Basin, in complex 15 of the Tanai-12 burial ground, one of the authors of the article investigated a burial belonging to the Samus-Seimin era. Inside the fence to the north of the burial site was a pit filled with tiles; it was originally installed in the ground. a stone pillar or something else [Bobrov, 2006, p. 324]. Grushin SP. at the Teleutsky vzvoz I burial ground identifies a number of ritual objects, including pits. Based on the presence of diagnostic ceramic fragments in them and their planigraphic similarity to the Yelunin burials, the researcher dates the pits to the same time and notes that some of them may have been used for the installation of wooden pillars [2007, p.79]. V. I. Molodin notes pits of different sizes near some Krotovo burials of Sopka-2. Some pits are empty, while others contain fragments of Krotovo ceramics, a vessel, a bronze plaque, and the remains of animals and birds [1985, p.76]. Similar pits, which researchers refer to as ritual pits, have been found in the Tartas-1 and Preobrazhenka-6 ground burial grounds (Molodin et al., 2005; Molodin, Chemyakina, Pozdnyakova, and Garkusha, 2005; Molodin, Chemyakina, and Pozdnyakova, 2007, p.341). From the above examples, it follows that constructions of this kind are often found in the context of funerary complexes of the Seimin-Turbinsky period. This gives grounds to attribute" simply " pits and pits for installing vertical structures to the characteristic elements of the burial practice of the period under consideration in the territory of North-West Asia.

Another component of the Utinkinsky burial - sheep astragalus-is widely distributed in the burial practice of the Krotovskaya, Yeluninskaya and Okunevskaya cultures. In the latter, steatite beads are most often found, similar to those found in the Utinkinsky burial.

Pendants in the form of bear and bird figurines are unique in their own way and stylistically do not correspond to any of the known sculptural embodiments of these images. In I. V. Kovtun's summary of bear images in the fine plastic of West Siberian cultures of the beginning of the second millennium BC, the Utinkinsky bear is assigned a place in group B among the Krotovsky, Samussky, and Okunevsky pendants [2008, p. 101, Figs. 2, 2]. According to the researcher, hanging a figurine "seems to be a stadium-like general way of handling such figurative miniatures."

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[Ibid.]. A conventional composite analog of the bird pendant can be considered a bronze figurine from the 2nd burial of the Rostovka burial ground; it was part of a composite necklace that also included stone beads (Matyushchenko and Sinitsyna, 1988). Special attention should be paid to the material from which Utinkin pendants and necklaces are made. Handicrafts made from steatite from the Samus-Seimin period were found only on the monuments of Okunevskaya culture.

In general, all the listed features of burial practice and equipment give grounds to attribute the Utinkinsky burial site to the monuments of the first stage of the developed bronze age of Western Siberia.

On the problem of Samus-Okunev contacts in the Achinsk-Mariinsk forest-steppe

As noted, fragments of ceramic ware found in the Utinkinsky burial have a great similarity with the Samus ceramic complex, and steatite products are known from the Okunevsky burials. The active use of steatite by Okunevs as an ornamental stone is probably explained by their contacts with mountain taiga tribes of the Eastern Sayan, rich in talc-steatite deposits (Onotskoye deposit, Onot River). The materials obtained by N. V. and S. N. Leontiev during their work in the Kazyro-Kizir interfluve suggest that "Okunevtsy penetrated the mountain taiga regions from the adjacent steppe and forest-steppe territories, apparently only for the purpose of commercial hunting and, possibly, metal mining" [Leontiev N. V., Leontiev S. N., 2006, p. 230]. Probably, at the same time, this territory was inhabited by "carriers of a peculiar ceramic tradition, closely related to the Okunevskaya Toora-Dasha and Toji "[Ibid.]. Through them, the Okunev residents could get ornamental material-steatite (agalmatolite) and jade. It is possible that the material for the Utinkinsky necklace was obtained from the Eastern Sayan.

The cultural and historical peculiarity of the Achinsk-Mariinsky district lies in the fact that it was the contact zone of two significant centers of the ancient history of Siberia - Verkhnepriobsky and Sredneenisey. The manifestations of Samus-Okunev contacts in this area have been repeatedly discussed in the literature [Bobrov, 1992, 1994, 2003; Molodin and Glushkov, 1989, p. 113; Krasnienko and Subbotin, 2006, p. 237]. V. I. Matyushchenko, considering the origin of the Samus culture, noted that in the Tom and Chulym interfluve "most likely, the origin of the Samus culture is determined by the fact that the Samus culture is located in the area between the Tom and Chulym rivers. okunevtsy lived there" [1973, p. 124]. He saw similarities between the Neolithic population of the Minusinsk basins, on the basis of which the Okunev culture is formed, and the Achinsk-Mariinsk forest-steppe [Ibid.]. Currently, in the western part of the Achinsk-Mariinsk forest - steppe, several settlement complexes with Okunevsky ceramics are known: the Tambar Reservoir, Bolshoy Berchikul I, etc. Samus ceramics are also found in the eastern part of the Achinsk-Mariinsky district in the settlements of Ashpyl and Ingol in the Nazarov basin, where Okunev complexes dominate. Thus, it is obvious that the areas of two synchronous ceramic traditions coincide (Fig. 7). In the opinion of St. According to Krasnienko and A.V. Subbotina, the Okunevites appeared in the Achinsk-Mariinsky forest-steppe at a late stage of the Afanasyev culture, as evidenced by the presence of ceramics made in a mixed Okunev-Afanasyev technique. However, later both the Okunevites themselves, i.e., the population of the periphery of the Minusinsk basins, and probably related to them, the West Siberian Samusans, penetrated here [2006, p. 237].

The ceramics found on Utinka with Samus-Okunev features are not isolated. 12 km north-east of the lake at the Bronze Age settlement Tretyakov-2, one of the authors of this article investigated the burial of the Seimin-Turbinsky time. The vessel found in the burial is similar in its ornamentation to the samples from the Okunev complexes, and in terms of manufacturing technology, it is called kerami-

7. Location of the Utinkinsky burial site and areas of monuments of the Samus and Okunev cultures (comp. Bobrov, 1992; Vadetskaya, 1986; Krasnienko and Subbotin, 2006; Molodin and Glushkov, 1989).

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ke of groups B and C (according to V. I. Molodin and I. G. Glushkov) from the settlement of Samus IV (Bobrov, 2003, p. 92).

The few materials available to date allow us to conclude that in the territory of the Achinsk-Mariinsky forest-steppe in the Samus-Seimin time, tribes lived whose material culture demonstrates the synthesis of the Samus and Okunev traditions. It is premature to talk about the dominance of a particular culture in this area during the Pre-Iron Age. As for the Utinkinsky burial, based on the ceramic material, it should be previously attributed to the Samus culture and, accordingly, dated to the XV-XIII centuries BC.

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The article was submitted to the Editorial Board on 14.05.10.

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