UDC 903

T. Y. Nomokonova ¹, O. I. Goryunova ², R. J. Lozey ¹, N. A. Savelyev ³

¹ University of Alberta

Edmonton, Canada

University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G2H4, Canada

E-mail: tatianan@ualberta.ca; rlosey@ualberta.ca

² Irkutsk Laboratory of Archeology and Paleoecology of the Institute of Ecology and Ecology of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences-ISU

K. Marx str., 1, Irkutsk, 664003, Russia

E-mail: as122@yandex.ru

³ Irkutsk State University

K. Marx str., 1, Irkutsk, 664003, Russia

The article presents the results of studying bone faunal remains from the Ulan-Khada multilayered settlement , one of the main geoarchaeological objects of the Baikal region for reconstructing paleoecological and cultural changes in the Holocene. A complete analysis of the faunal collection formed over all the years of excavations is given. Ichthyofauna is being studied for the first time. The species composition of mammals identified earlier is being clarified. The authors compare the species diversity of animals in chronological sections from the Final Mesolithic to the Late Iron Age. It is established that during the Neolithic and Bronze Age period, the main fishing activity at the site was hunting for seals and cloven-hoofed animals (roe deer and red deer). Fishing played a significant role, especially 4,2-3,8 thousand years AGO (Bronze Age).

Key words: faunal remains, multi-layered settlement, Mesolithic, Neolithic, Bronze Age, Iron Age, Baikal region.

Introduction

Settlement in the bay of Ulan-Hada on the lake. Baikal is the first (and for many years the only) Holocene layered monument discovered in Siberia (Petri, 1916). The results of interdisciplinary research conducted at the site allow us to consider the monument as a reference for creating the periodization and chronology of Holocene cultures in the Baikal region, for reconstructing natural and climatic changes in the region (Goryunova, 1984; Goryunova and Savelyev, 1990).

This article presents the results of an analysis of bone remains from the Ulan-Khada settlement, conducted as part of the Baikal Archaeological Project (University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, Irkutsk State University, Russia). For the first time, the faunal collection (about 3 thousand bones) collected during all the years of excavations was examined (1974, 1979, 1982, 1990), and the remains of fish from the parking lot. The species composition of animals was determined by T. Y. Nomokonova and R. J. Lozey in 2009. Preliminary data on the analysis of some mammalian bones from the Ulan-Khada site (about 150 bones), determined earlier by A. A. Khamzina [1991], were significantly supplemented and refined.

The method of zooarchaeological definitions and quantitative analysis used in the article has already been described in detail in a number of publications [Nomokonova, Losey, Goriunova, 2006; Nomokonova, Losey, Goriunova, 2009]. The calculation of faunal materials was carried out by the number of detectable specimens (NISP -

Number of Identified Individuals) and the minimum number of individuals (MNI - Minimum Number of Individuals). These units are widely used in zooarchaeology (Lyman, 2008; Reitz and Wing, 1999).

Description of the parking lot and research history

The multi-layered settlement of Ulan-Khada is located in the bay of the same name on the southwestern coast of the Mukhor Bay of the Small Sea of Oz. Lake Baikal, 187 km south of Irkutsk and 4.5 km north of the village. 1, 2). The object was discovered and first excavated by an expedition of the Russian Academy of Sciences headed by B. E. Petri in 1912-1913, 1916. It revealed 12 cultural layers dated to the Neolithic and "cermless Neolithic" (Mesolithic) (Petri, 1916, 1926). In 1959, as a result of large-scale work conducted under the direction of M. P. Gryaznov and M. N. Komarova by the Irkutsk Expedition of the Leningrad Branch of the Institute of Archeology of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Bronze and Iron Age complexes were identified in the settlement (Gryaznov and Komarova, 1992). Additional stratigraphic work was performed by L. P. Khlobystin in 1963 [1964]. A comprehensive interdisciplinary study of the multi-layered settlement was carried out by the Baikal (Malomorsk) detachment of the Integrated Archaeological Expedition of Irkutsk State University in 1974, 1979 (headed by N. A. Savelyev and O. I. Goryunova), 1982, 1990, and 1994 (headed by O. I. Goryunova) [Goryunova, 1984; Goryunova and Savelyev, 1990]. Archaeological finds lay in dark humus layers separated by layers of gray-yellow sand. The genesis of sediments is sloping, complicated by Aeolian processes. 12 cultural layers are identified on the settlement: layer XI is dated to the Final Mesolithic, layers X-VIII - to different periods of the Neolithic, layers VII-I - to the Bronze Age, and a pack of zero layers-to the transition period from the Bronze to the Iron Age-to the Late Iron Age. The cultural layers of the Bronze Age lie in a buried dune, which contains up to eight buried soils. The amount of these soils varies at different excavation sites, so in some cases they are recorded as combined II-VII, IV-VII, and V-VII cultural layers.

Fig. 1. Map-layout of the Ulan-Hada parking lot.

2. General view of Ulan-Hada Bay (SW view).

Faunal materials

We examined 2,746 bones from all cultural layers except Layer X (Early Neolithic period) (see table). Among the identifiable bones are the remains of the following mammalian species: brown bear (Ursus actor), genus of wolves (Canis), seal (Phoca sibirica), wolverine (Gulo gulo), red deer (Cervus elaphus), roe deer (Capreolus pygargus) and horse (Equus sp.). Some of the materials were determined to the level of families deer (Cervidae) and mice (Muridae), rodent (Rodentia), Carnivora (Carnivora), and Artiodactyla (Artiodactyla) orders. The bird bones belong to the genus of eagles (Haliaeetus). Among the fish identified are perch (Perca fluviatilis), pike (Esox lucius), sturgeon (Acispenser baeri baicalensis), the Cyprinidae family (including magpie (Rutilus rutilus lacustris)) and representatives of salmon (Salmonidae, including representatives of the whitefish genus (Coregonus)).

Faunal materials belong to the Final Mesolithic (7.0-6.6 thousand years AGO). Bone remains in the main mass are undiagnostic (95 %), the rest belong to seal, large artiodactyl and sturgeon. The minimum number of individuals does not exceed one. Seal bones apparently belong to an adult: on the distal epiphysis of the 4th metatarsal, a fused line is visible. The formation of this epiphysis in representatives of the genus Phoca occurs in 8-12 years [Stora, 2000]. Bones with traces of modification are not numerous and are represented by a half-worked fragment of a tubular bone, two fragments of articles (one of them, possibly, from the magazine of an insert gun) and a burnt seal bone.

Cultural layer IX. Faunal materials of the layer are associated with the period of the developed Neolithic (radiocarbon dates: 4,030 ± 115 BP (SOAN-3335), 4,560 ± 100 BP (LE-1282); 5,5-4,3 thousand BP). Animal bones are not numerous, among them the bones of the wolf genus are identified. All of them are represented by fragments of a skull with traces of fire exposure. These remains, as well as undiagnosed burnt bones, probably belong to one individual, but since they are highly fragmented, the species (wolf or dog) is determined to be a single individual.-

Bones of different categories of animals at the Ulan-Hada parking lot, units.

you can't divide them. The remaining materials are two seal phalanges belonging to an elderly individual (fused distal epiphysis of the phalanges [Ibid.]).

Cultural layer VIII. Animal remains from this layer date back to the Late Neolithic (4,150 ± 80 BP (LE-1280), 4,060 ± 80 BP (GIN-4877); 4,2-4,0 thousand BP). Mammalian remains make up 35 % of the total number of bones. The processed bones are presented in the form of a fragment of a tool, a point and a product decorated with incisions. The tubular bones bear traces of grinding (1 specimen) and exposure to fire (57 specimens).

Among the mammalian bones, seal remains predominate (from MNI=3). Judging by the fusion of epiphyses on different elements [Ibid.], the bones probably belonged to at least an immature individual, a young individual 6 - 7 years old, and a middle - aged seal (older than 10-12 years). Annual layers in the dentin of one canine also showed an age of 8 years (Weber et al., 1998).

The bulk of bone remains from cultural layer VIII belong to the ichthyofauna (64 %). Perch, pike, sturgeon, and representatives of the salmon family, including the genus Coregonus (whitefish or omul), were identified. Some bones of representatives of this genus (probably a rather large whitefish) belonged to three individuals. The rest of the collection consists of a large-sized bird ulna diaphysis and five bone remains that are undiagnosed to any category.

Cultural layers VII-II. The fauna of the layer pack belongs to the Early Bronze Age (4.0-3.8 Ka BP). Radiocarbon dates of the layers are: VII-3,660 ± 60 BP (LE-883), VI-3,710 ± 100 BP (LE-1279), V-4,220 ± 120 BP (LE-1278) and II - 4 000 ± 50 bp (GIN-4876). The species composition of the fauna is quite diverse, including artiodactyls (red deer and roe deer), carnivores (bear and seal), birds (a genus of eagles) and fish. Small rodent bones were also found in the layer. In layer II, 30 undetectable mammalian bones were recorded in the bonfire. In layers II and combined VII-II, a fragment of tubular bone with elements of processing and a fragment of a tool with a notch are noted. Traces of fire exposure are present on the undiagnosed fragment and seal phalanx.

Seal bones predominate among mammalian remains (MNI=5). Traces of butchering of carcasses of these animals in the form of cuts are marked on the cervical vertebra and the 1st metatarsal. Signs of bone pathology were traced on the phalanx and 1st metatarsal. Based on the manifestations of the epiphysis fusion process on different elements (Stora, 2000), it can be assumed that the sediments contain the remains of an immature individual of ca. 4 years old, adult 8-10 years old, as well as adults and older individuals (10-12 years and older).

The largest number of bones in layers VII-II belongs to the ichthyofauna (76 % of the total number). The remains of representatives of the salmon family (at least five individuals, including the whitefish genus), perch, carp (including magpie), pike and sturgeon were found. Half of the remains of ichthyofauna (560 units) are from the accumulation of bones found in layer III (sq. 13-23). Bones belong to perch (61 units), at least two individuals; whitefish/omul (16 units), at least four individuals; representatives of the salmon family (whitefish/omul/grayling, 258 units), at least five individuals; 208 units are undiagnosed.

Cultural layers I, Ib and In. In a number of excavation sites, layer I is divided by a sterile interlayer into the lower and upper layers. In places where the division could not be traced, it was treated as a unified one. The lower layer I dates back to the Advanced Bronze Age (3.8(3.6)-3.1 thousand years ago); there are dates for it: 3,800 ± 100 years ago (LE-1277) and 3,620 ± 50 years ago (GIN-4875). Materials of the upper layer I belong to the Late Bronze Age (3,0-2,8 thousand years ago). Faunal materials of the layers are represented by 346 specimens. They represent mainly mammals (86 %) - artiodactyls (large deer and red deer families) and predators (seal, dog and wolverine). Mouse and ichthyofauna bones were also found in the layers. Fish bones are not numerous, they belong to perch and pike.

In the considered sediments, as in the previous layers, seal bones predominate among the remains of mammals (23 % of the faunal remains in the layer). The most interesting is the upper layer I: it contains 44 seal bones of at least two individuals - according to the fusion of the epiphyses of a young, but already sexually mature, and a rather elderly individual. Among the skeletal elements found, the bones of the head and limbs of animals predominate (Fig. 3).

Cut marks of seal carcasses were recorded on five bones : the right scapula, the right radius, the left pelvic bone, the 1st metatarsal, and the 5th metacarpal (Figure 3). All these marks are associated with the process of dividing seal carcasses into anatomical parts (Boyle, 2005). No other signs of butchering (skinning or separating meat from bone) were found. The separation of the shoulder girdle from the scapula is recorded in the form of three parallel cuts on the last one. Four deep parallel grooves located perpendicular to the axis on the pelvic bone indicate the separation of the femoral head from the pelvis. The same process is reflected in the radius: on the inner side of the proximal and distal parts there are traces associated with the separation of this part of the limb from the shoulder girdle and fins, respectively. Cuts located perpendicular to the main axis of the bones on the dorsal sides of the metatarsal (near the proximal part) and metacarpal (near the distal epiphysis) are associated with the process of separating the flippers from the trunk.

Figure 3. Seal skeleton elements from upper layer I.

Figure 4. Elements of the dog skeleton from the upper layer I.

Seal remains found in the lower layer I are represented by the bones of at least two individuals. Judging by the degree of epiphysis fusion on the elements, the bones belonged to young and middle-aged individuals. This is confirmed by the data of studying the annual layers in the dentin of three canines from this layer: the age of individuals is 6 and more than 10 years (Weber et al., 1998).

Of interest are the remains of a representative wolf (dog or wolf) found in the upper layer I. A total of 19 bones were recorded. Among them, 17 elements of the genus Canis and 2-a medium-sized predator, most likely also of the genus Canis, probably dogs. It has not yet been possible to determine the exact age of the individual; judging by the signs of complete fusion of the last epiphysis, it is more than 1.5 years old (Silver, 1969). On the tibia there are traces of a cut in the form of a line parallel to the long axis of the bone (Figure 4). The mark is quite unusual, and it is difficult to connect it with anything definite at the moment.

Cultural layer 0. Faunal materials of this layer belong to the transition period from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age-the Late Iron Age (2.7-1.0 thousand years AGO). The main part of the collection consists of mammalian bones (74 units) - horses, roe deer, representatives of the large deer family, wolves, seals and small rodents. The minimum number of individuals does not exceed one; the seal is an exception: the remains of this species are associated with two individuals, according to the state of fusion of the distal epiphysis of the humerus [Stora, 2000] - sexually mature and immature.

The remaining materials are not numerous and belong to the bird and ichthyofauna. Fish are represented by single bones of pike and perch. Faunal remains in the layer are generally well preserved, except for horse bones. The findings that demonstrate the modification are rare: it is possible that a horn with elements of part-time work, two burnt bones and two tubular bones with nibbles of predators.

Discussion of materials and conclusions

Faunal remains from the Ulan-Hada stratified site belong mainly to mammals (42 %) and ichthyofauna (57%); a few bones represent birds (see table). Mammalian bones were found in each culture layer analyzed (Fig. 5); the largest amount is found in the Late Neolithic (VIII) and Early Bronze (VII-II) layers.

The most numerous are the remains of the seal; they are recorded in layers of all periods-from the final Mesolithic to the Late Iron Age, and their number is slightly higher in Early Bronze Age deposits. Seal bones from the Bronze Age layers bear traces of butchering, indicating, perhaps, that the carcasses were processed directly at the site. The extracted animals are usually quite mature and sexually mature individuals, as evidenced by the size of the bones, signs of epiphysis fusion on the elements, and data from the study of annual layers in the dentin of canines.

The presence of the remains of elderly seals in the layers of Ulan-Khada distinguishes the settlement from the monuments of the western coast of the Big Sea of Lake Baikal. Baikal in terms of the choice of animal categories by ancient hunters. For example, at sites located on the western coast of the Big Sea Tyshkine II, Tyshkine III and Sagan-Zaba II, where seal hunting was carried out in the spring during collective hunting.-

Bones of mostly animals under one year of age and young immature individuals are represented [Weber et al., 1998; Goryunova et al., 2007]. Probably, seal hunting in Ulan-Had was not specialized, hunters took those animals (usually adults, elderly individuals) that stayed for the winter in the Small Sea or accidentally swam into its bays.

In the layers of the developed Neolithic and late Bronze Age, remains of a wolf or dog were found (see Table, Fig. 4). Interestingly, burnt fragments of the skull were found in the first layer, and part of the skeleton with a cut on the tibia was found in the second layer. Remains of the wolf family are often found in settlement complexes in sediments dating back to the Mesolithic (Ust-Haita, Ust-Belaya, etc.), as well as in burials of the Neolithic and Bronze Age of the Baikal region (Medvedev, 1971; Konopatsky, 1982; Ancient Burials..., 2004; Klementyev, Igumnova, Savelyev, 2005). Fragments of the skeleton and skull of a dog/wolf were found for the first time at the sites of the Small Sea.

Unusual for monuments on the Small Sea is the presence of bear bones in layers II and IV of the early Bronze Age, more precisely, the bones of the penis (baculum) of at least two individuals. Such remains were recorded for the first time at archaeological sites of the Small Sea; previously, they were recorded only in Chinese Early Neolithic burial grounds in the Baikal region (Bazaliysky and Weber, 2008).

The remains of artiodactyls are represented by several bones of red deer and roe deer. They are found in almost all chronological sections of Ulan-Khada. Bird and rodent bones are also scarce. Among the remains of birds, only one bone belonging to the eagle genus from the lower Layer I (developed Bronze Age) was analyzed, the remaining bones are undiagnostic for species determination.

Fish remains in the Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age layers are much larger than in deposits from other periods (see Figure 5). In the Final Mesolithic and Advanced/Late Bronze Age layers, fish bones are found in small numbers. Among the remains of ichthyofauna, the bones of salmon (probably whitefish) and perch predominate (see table). The remains of pike, sturgeon and representatives of the Cyprinidae family, including magpie, have also been recorded. The probable presence of whitefish bones in the osteological collections of the Ulan-Khada ichthyofauna suggests that the site was probably used in autumn (October); it is at this time that whitefish spawn in the Mukhorsky Bay, at the beginning of which the Ulan-Khada Bay is located (Kozhov and Misharin, 1958; Nomokonova, Lozey, Goryunova, 2009a).. However, the bay could be visited at other times.

Whitefish are deep-sea fish. Ulan-Khada is the only site where a large number of whitefish were found in comparison with other settlements of the Small Sea (Berloga and Ityrkhey) [Losey, Nomokonova, Goriunova, 2008; Nomokonova, Lozey, Goryunova, 20096]. It is difficult to say whether whitefish were purposefully extracted fish species or whether the presence of their remains in sediments is accidental. The remaining fish species recorded at the site belong to the year-round inhabitants of Ulan-Hada Bay and other shallow-water areas of the Small Sea and characterize coastal fishing.

As a comparison of the species diversity of animals in the chronological aspect shows, the fauna of the final Mesolithic (layer XI) and the developed Neolithic (layer IX) is not numerous and is mainly represented by seal, deer family, wolf/dog, sturgeon and undiagnosed fragments. The Late Neolithic (VIII) and Early Bronze Age (VII-II) layers are characterized by a significantly higher number of bone remains compared to other cultural deposits. In the species composition of mammals, the appearance of roe deer and red deer, as well as bear and eagle is noted. The expansion of the ichthyofauna occurred due to the appearance of a large number of representatives of whitefish and perch, as well as the presence of pike and cyprinids (magpies). Materials of the Advanced / Late Bronze Age from Layer I and 0 of the transition from Bronze to Iron - Late Iron Age do not indicate a significant change in the species composition of mammals, but reflect a sharp decrease in the amount of ichthyofauna.

In general, the Ulan-Hada Bay has been used by ancient inhabitants since the final Mesolithic; its most active development took place in the Neolithic and Bronze Age. Judging by the remains of the bones, the objects of fishing were mainly seals and artiodactyls (roe deer and red deer). They also hunted predators (bear, dog), but for what purpose - it is difficult to say. Fishing was also very important, especially 4,2-3,8 thousand years AGO (Bronze Age). The main objects of fishing were representatives of whitefish and perch, as well as magpie, pike and sturgeon.

5. Distribution of animal categories by layers.

The faunal materials of Ulan-Khada are an informative source for reconstructing the use of the bay by the ancient inhabitants of the region during the Holocene. Judging by the types of animals taken, the site reflects not only the local range of the Priolkhonye fauna, but also the cultural specifics of hunting for predators.

Unfortunately, it is still difficult to determine whether changes have occurred over time in the selection of a particular animal species for fishing. Zooarchaeological materials of the Ulan-Hada site are not sufficiently representative in quantitative terms for such reconstructions. Nevertheless, the authors of this paper plan to conduct a comprehensive study of Holocene faunal remains from multi-layered sites of the Priolkhonye region with a discussion of cultural, ecological and climatic factors that form the economic way of life of the ancient inhabitants of the Baikal coast.

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The article was submitted to the Editorial Board on 17.12.09.

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