UDC 903 ' 14

N. V. Polosmak 1, E. S. Bogdanov 1, D. Tseveendorzh 2, N. Erdene-Ochir 2

1 Institute of Archeology and Ethnography SB RAS

17 Akademika Lavrentieva Ave., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia

2 Institute of Archaeology of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences

Institute of Archaeology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences

Zhukoviyn Gudamzh, 77, Ulaan-Baator, 51, Mongolia

E-mail: bogdanov@archaeology.nsc.ru

E-mail: polosmak@archaeology.nsc.ru

In 2006, archaeologists from the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, together with the Institute of Archaeology of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences, investigated one of the last remaining large Xiongnu mounds at the famous Noin-Ula burial ground in Northern Mongolia. The excavations were carried out manually, which made it possible for the first time to trace in detail the features of the burial structure of the grave of a high-ranking Xiongnu. It was found that the entire burial structure was built by analogy with the Han burials of one of the most common types: a rectangular earthen platform surrounded by a stone fence; a long corridor oriented to the south - the entrance to the grave; a deep (18, 35 m) pit descending in steps; a Chinese chariot over the burial chamber; coal and clay, laid between the walls of the grave pit and log house; double log house made of pine blocks; corridors filled with things; varnished coffin. Four stone-lined floors, corresponding to the four steps leading down, were necessary for the tight sealing of the grave pit. A similar method of constructing multi-layer filling with lintels was used in the construction of foundations for buildings in the Hellenistic era. The funerary inventory of the Noin-Ula monument is diverse and contains many items made of organic materials.

Introduction

Burial grounds in the Noin-Ula mountains became famous due to excavations carried out by P. K. Kozlov's expedition in 1924-1926.The results of these studies are summarized in S. I. Rudenko's monograph "Hunnic Culture and Noinuli mounds"published in 1962. Unlike other Xiongnu" royal " mounds known today, the burials of Noin-Ula burial grounds have well-preserved objects made of organic materials - wooden intra-grave structures, fabrics, felt, lacquer products, as well as seeds, braided hair, etc. This was facilitated by a combination of several factors: the location of the burial ground at an altitude of 1,474 m above sea level, the harsh climate of Northern Mongolia, the features of the Xiongnu burial structures (deep burial pits (up to 18 m), pine two-log burial chambers with a floor and powerful ceilings) and, most importantly, the grave was dug in clay-crushed soil and they also fell asleep. To study one of the Noin-Ula burial mounds at a modern scientific level, we used the experience of many years of excavations of the Pazyryk burial grounds in Gorny Altai, where a large number of objects made of organic materials preserved in ice burials were found, and subsequent interdisciplinary research of these unusual archaeological sites was carried out.-

The work was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (project No. 06-06-80069a), the program "Adaptation of peoples and Cultures to changes in the natural environment, social and technological transformations" (project No. 21.2); NSH-1648.2008.6.

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1. Map of the location of Xiongnu burial grounds in the Noin-Ula Mountains (based on the results of P. K. Kozlov's expeditions in 1924-1926).

gii nakhodok. To this end, in 2006, the South Altai group of the Institute of Ethnography and Ethnography of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, together with the Institute of Archeology of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences, excavated one of the last large mounds in the Sutsukte Padi (Fig. 1). This article is devoted to the burial structure of the studied mound.

Description of the mound

The mound * chosen for the excavation was located in the western part of the burial ground, which is located on the north

2. Plan of the Sutsukte burial ground (based on the results of P. K. Kozlov's expeditions in 1924-1926).

* A study of the area adjacent to the burial mound using geophysical methods showed that there were no archaeological sites around this burial structure (Polosmak et al., 2007).

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on the slope of the wooded Suzukte paddy, in the depth of the mountain range (Fig. 2)*. The object was a blackened flat square platform measuring 20 x 19 m, elongated along the north-south line, with rare protruding fence stones at the edges (Fig. 3). In the center there was a large crater with a diameter of approx. 5 m and 3.5 m deep. From the southern wall of the fence in a southerly direction dromos departed in the form of a low (no more than 0.5 m) embankment. The length of the dromos is 17 m, the width at the level of the ancient surface at the wall is approx. 9 m, at the end-3 m .

After clearing, at the level of the ancient surface, a 20 x 19 m square fence made of stones and boulders was revealed, oriented with walls to the cardinal directions (Fig. 4). The height of the walls of the stone fence was 0.5 - 1 m. The space inside the fence is divided along the east-west line into three parts by two partitions made of large boulders and stones stacked on top of each other. The partitions went deep to the first stone floor, which was discovered at a depth of 5.5 - 6 m. Given the nature of the laying of stones, it can be assumed that the lintels were built simultaneously with the filling of the pit and divided the pit into compartments. A similar lintel of stones and boulders blocked the entire depth of the "entrance" to the mound from the dromos side. At the level of the first floor, the "entrance" was blocked from west to east by a wooden block and a row of small stones. Near the northern wall inside the fence, at the level of the ancient day surface, a cluster of large boulders was recorded, which also went deep and rested on the first stone ceiling. The southward-facing dromos was bounded by a row of rocks. Dromos, at the level of the ancient day surface, was divided from north to south in the center by a lintel of small stones, which did not extend into the interior. A similar construction can be traced in mound 54 in Ilmovaya Pad (Transbaikalia) 113], mound 20 of the Gol Mod burial ground (Mongolia) (Gergely Csiky, 2007, p. 57-58), mound 7 of the Tsaram burial ground (Kyakhtinsky district of the Republic of Buryatia) [Minyaev and Sakharovskaya, 2007, pp. 194-195, fig. 2], as well as in the mounds of the Duurlig Nars burial ground (Eastern Mongolia), investigated by the expedition of the Korean National Museum [Eunjeong Chang, Changseo Ywangbo, Sangdeok Yoon, 2007].

The grave pit, whose borders approached the fence, occupied the entire area of the mound (its length in the upper part along the west-east line is 18 m, north-south-16 m) and had an uncharacteristic depth for Noin-Ula monuments-18.35 m (the greatest depth of one of the mounds studied earlier in this burial ground is 13.1 m).

3. Mound 20 of the Suzukte burial ground before the start of excavations. View from the southwest.

4. Plan of the tombstone structure of mound 20 at the level of the ancient day surface. Here and further drawings by V. Efimov and V. Koftorov.

* On a plan drawn up by the PC. Kozlov, this is mound 20.

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5. View of the burial pit of mound 20 after the first stone floor was cleared.

Fig. 6. The first stone floor. View from the north.

7. The process of cleaning the second stone floor.

The pit was dug in a dense layer of clay, small pebbles and rubble. Its walls had ledges (steps), wider and more pronounced on the eastern and western sides (Figs. 5-10). There were five ledges. The last step at a depth of 12.35 m was made after the dromos cliff, when the clay layer was replaced by sand. Further, the walls of the grave are steep. Each of the four upper steps had a stone floor; the latter was located at a depth of 8.5-10.3 m. Between the floors, the grave pit was filled with rammed multi-colored clays, rare stones, crushed stone and humus layers.

All the inner grave structures in the center were broken by the predatory "mine". It was filled with large stones, clay and thick carbonaceous layers. The appearance of coal is probably due to the fact that the robbers, moving deeper into the pit, had to thaw the frozen ground*. In addition, there was a thick layer of coal over the ceiling of the burial chamber, which also marked the robber's hole. Korean archaeologists, during the excavation of the Duurlig Nars burial mound, managed to trace that the predatory manhole was reinforced throughout with a wooden structure, without which it could hardly stand at the great depths of the Xiongnu graves [Ibid., p. 229, pic. 6].

The floors in the burial pit of mound 20 were made up of rocks and boulders; they were densely packed with rocks and stones.-

* Permafrost was recorded in all the Noin-Ula mounds studied (Rudenko, 1962, pp. 10-22).

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8. View of the burial pit of mound 20 at the level of the second and third stone floors.

9. The fourth stone floor.

10. View of the grave pit at the level of the fifth stage in the process of work.

apply in a single layer over the entire area. On top of the first floor in the southern part, there was a layer of crescent-shaped outlines of smaller stone (see Figure 6). In the last, fourth, floor immediately before the entrance to the dromos, a rectangular platform was laid out of stone (see Figure 9). At the level of the fourth floor (at a depth of 8.5 m) along the northern wall of the pit, the accumulation of skulls of horses, goats and sheep (more than 20 individuals), covered with stones, soil, coals and the remains of burnt trees, is a typical Hun feature of the rite, which was performed at the burial of both noble and ordinary representatives of society. The skulls of domestic animals-evidence of the trizna-symbolized the herd, without which the life of a pastoralist is impossible.

An interesting structural detail of the mound. 20 are small niches located opposite each other in the western and eastern walls of the grave pit (see Figure 10). Given the nature of the depressions, as well as the fact that they are located at the same depth (approx. 10 m), at the level of the dromos cliff, their purpose can be assumed. Most likely, load-bearing beams were inserted into these niches, on which a wooden floor was laid; on it, ancient builders pulled out the soil, and then carried it out along the dromo-

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11. Remnants of the Han chariot umbrella.

12. Side wall of the chariot.

13. Seat and body part of a Han chariot.

14. Fragment of a chariot wheel.

15. View of the wooden floor of the log house.

su from kurgan. Such a device allowed them to dig such a deep hole, in addition, at the level of the dromos cliff, at a depth of 10.4 m, the composition of the soil changed: clay and small rubble were replaced by sand, which was easier to dig.

Under four stone floors at a depth of 11.62 m and at the level of the last, fifth, step closer to the eastern wall, the remains of a Han chariot were found, laid with stone. The bronze shaped ends of the wooden spokes of the umbrella with remnants of leather and silk ribbons are well preserved (Fig. 11), part of the body made of wood covered with red and black varnish (Fig. 12, 13), fragments of wheels (Fig. 14) and bronze gilded parts. Under the seat of the chariot were heavily deformed fragments of a metal vessel on a small pallet and a ladle (?). Half of the chariot was destroyed by a robber's loophole, but the remaining parts allow you to restore it.-

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Fig. 16. Plan of the wooden floor.

update the original design. This is a light cart with an umbrella for a high-ranking official, identical to some of those depicted in Han reliefs and paintings. It is quite possible that chariots were also buried in other Noin-Ula mounds, but since the monuments were excavated using narrow pits, these artifacts were not noticed by researchers, although bronze tips of umbrella spokes were found by them [Rudenko, 1962, Table XXXIII].

The grave pit, dug in the sand, had steep walls, rounded corners. Its filling consisted of a very dense mass of rubble, stones and wet clay. Along the sand walls of the grave at a depth of up to 16.2 m only in the corners, and from a depth of 17.7 m along the entire perimeter, coal was traced. Under the layer of coal, the grave pit was filled with water. The ceiling of the burial chamber appeared at a depth of 17.85 m. It consisted of charred logs in the upper part and blocks laid along the west-east line (Fig. 15). In the central part, a 0.5 m x 0.5 m hole cut by the robbers was clearly visible (Fig. 16). Under the pressure of the ground and due to the violation of the design of the burial chamber by robbers, the overlap "folded" and lay actually on the floor.

The burial structure consisted of internal and external log cabins assembled from pine blocks. The walls of the log cabins, as well as internal supports (columns) were destroyed. However, a sufficiently good preservation of the tree allows us to reconstruct the burial structure with all its features (Fig. 17). The outer frame was chetyrehventsovy (dimensions 4,8 x 3,2 m), internal-trekhventsovy; width of a bar made approx. 35 cm, thickness-5-6 cm. The short logs of the log cabin walls (north and south) were cut into a groove in the long ones (east and west). In the lower blocks of the internal log house, there was a longitudinal groove in the center, into which a special protrusion was inserted, made in the upper blocks. Both log cabins had long walls tightly adjacent to each other, i.e. there were no western, eastern and southern "corridors", which were recorded in the previously studied Noin-Ula mounds [Ibid., Fig. 5, 10, 12, 15]. In the north compartment, packed with rocks, were three broken earthenware vessels and fragments of cloth. According to the reconstruction, the height of the external log house did not exceed 1.4 m, the internal one - 1 m. The ceiling of the inner chamber lay on the walls of the log house and a beam that was supported by two columns fixed in the floor, and the ceiling of the outer log house rested on its walls and three beams supported by nine columns, as it was in the first Noin-Ula kurgan [Ibid., Fig. 12]. The log cabins were installed on a floor of 15 pine blocks (laid along the west-east line), cut from four sides and tightly fitted to each other (Figs. 18, 19). The width of the scaffold was 32 cm, the thickness-approx. The floor of the burial chamber rested on two square (0.1 x 0.1 m) cross-section beams laid along the north-south line.

The red-lacquered pine coffin was smashed almost to splinters by the robbers. However, judging by the fragments, it was most likely structurally similar to other coffins found in the Noin-Ula burial mounds [Ibid., pp. 11-12, figs. 7, 8]: its bottom and walls were assembled from thick boards that were fastened with pegs. Next to the wreckage were three bronze coffin handles. Stop-

* Determination of wood species used for log cabins and coffins was made by V. E. Benkova, Doctor of Biology (V. N. Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS (Krasnoyarsk)).

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17. Plan of the burial chamber (reconstruction).

18. Floor plan of the burial chamber.

19. View of the floor of the burial chamber after removing the finds.

the buried person's ki was missing. The entire floor of the burial chamber was covered with felt, covered with wool and trimmed with silk cloth, carpet with applications in the form of spirals in the center and animals around the edges. A similar carpet was found in the Noin-Ula mounds. 1 and 6 [Ibid., p. 16, fig. 48] and mound 20 Heads [Bourret and Steffen, 2007, p. 90-91]. The carpet was strewn with grain (currently determined by its ancestral affiliation) and covered with a layer of light gray viscous clay, which contained part of what was once laid in the burial-items of horse harness and its ornaments made of silver and copper, lacquer dishes and embroidered silk fabrics, fragments of jade products incense burner, mirror, tortoiseshell hairpins, etc. The water washed away and dragged inside the burial structure clay, specially laid between the walls of the grave pit and the burial chamber.

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Key findings and interpretation

The complexity of the intra-tomb structure, divided into compartments, with several powerful stone or log-stone floors in all large and medium-sized mounds is explained, in our opinion, by the fact that the grave pits of the noble Xiongnu, large in area and depth, had to be filled in so thoroughly that after a while the structures did not sink. Grave pits were not only a burial site, but also the foundation for a low ground part of the burial structure, the dimensions of which corresponded to the contour of the pit.

Xiongnu graves were filled with tightly packed layers of specially selected soil (clay, crushed stone, pebbles), which alternated with layers of overlapping stones (or, as in Tsarama, layers of logs, reeds, birch bark, and stone slabs). The compartments were designed for tight sealing of the pit. Zabutovka was carried out according to all the rules of construction technology. In the Hellenistic era, the foundations of public buildings and temples were made in the form of walls that intersect at right angles; an example is the foundation of the Pergamon altar*. Coal and moisture-absorbing sand were used to fill the foundations. Materials with moisture-absorbing properties were also used in the construction of earthen floors in residential premises [Ibid., p. 104].

The multi-layered, complex and dense filling of the pit was supposed to prevent robbers from entering the grave. The number of overlappings and their design features may have something to do with the Xiongnu's ideas about the afterlife and symbolize the heavens they worshipped.

During the excavations in 2006, it became quite obvious that the Shanyu mounds and, probably, the middle mounds, as in the Gujirte or Duurlig Nars burial grounds (Mongolia), were built by analogy with the Han burials (Fig. 20). The only concession to Xiongnu traditions is the burial of a large number of pet skulls in the northern part of the grave pit. Han construction traditions were observed both in the choice of the burial site and in the construction of the burial structure and coffin itself. For the Noin-Ula burials (all three falls in the Noin-Ula mountains), picturesque mountain spurs were chosen, overgrown with dense pine forest, with streams and a river, real hunting grounds, where many animals and birds are still found. According to Chinese sources, even at the beginning of the Zhou era, there were rules according to which ordinary mortals had to be buried on the plains, nobles - on the hills, and emperors - on the tops of mountains [Vasiliev, 2001, pp. 68-69]. If we take into account this Chinese tradition, we can assume that prominent representatives of the Xiongnu are buried in the secluded paddy of Noin-Ula. "A well-chosen site for the graves of our ancestors was given great importance, as it was considered to have a decisive impact on both the local and local communities.

20. Section of the burial chamber. Mawangdui-1 (Western Han) (from [Buried Kingdoms of China, 1998, p. 147]).

* "The entire building was an almost equilateral rectangle in plan - 36.80 x 34.20 m. This entire area is intersected by straight parallel foundation walls located at the same distance from each other. Some of them run from north to south, others cross them at right angles and go from west to east. Thus, between the walls, empty cells of an oblong shape are obtained, since the walls running from north to south have a thickness of 0.50 m, and perpendicular to them-a thickness of 1 m; at the edges, the entire structure was bordered by massive walls with a thickness of 3-3 m... The foundations are built dry from roughly hewn squares of soft trachytic tuff and they don't have any mechanical connections. The empty spaces between the walls are filled with dirt, rocks and all sorts of garbage. From above, the voids were covered with even rows of large stone slabs" (Maksimova, 1948, pp. 84-85). This description of a typical foundation is quite consistent with what we see in Xiongnu burials.

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the well-being of the deceased, as well as the welfare of living descendants " [Ibid., p. 155].

The quadrangular shape of the Xiongnu mounds, which replaced the round mounds of the Central Asian inhabitants of the Scythian era, can be explained by Chinese influence, since this transition cannot be considered epochal - the Sarmatian mounds of the Eurasian steppes continued to remain round. All Han burial structures, which were essentially pyramidal mounds, were built on a rectangular or square earthen platform. The tradition of making platforms was also observed during the construction of Hun burial complexes. Since all the mounds in the central part are heavily destroyed by predatory craters, we do not know if there were any other structures on the square platforms (mounds) of the Xiongnu.

By Chinese standards, the Xiongnu mounds were not large. "The size of mounds, according to sources ("History of the Younger Han "and" History of the Older Han"), was strictly regulated by Han laws in accordance with the degree of nobility of a person. So, only members of the imperial family could have mounds with a height of more than four zhang (12.8 m). People belonging to the rank of lehou (the highest nobility) could have a mound up to 12.8 m, and ordinary dignitaries-no more than 1.5 zhang (4.8 m)" (Terekhova, 1959, p. 42). But small in its surface part, Xiongnu mounds often had very deep and extensive graves, the construction of which required a lot of time. If for Chinese emperors tombs began to be built soon after their accession to the throne, then for the noble Xiongnu - probably only after their death. Following the Chinese tradition, the sovereign was supposed to be buried seven months after his death, the highest - ranking aristocrats - five months later, and the rest-three months later [Vasiliev, 2001, p. 151]. There is enough time to prepare the grave and log cabins.

As with the Xiongnu, the main type of burial structure for the population of the outskirts of the empire during the entire Western Han period and at the beginning of the Eastern Han was a dirt grave with a wooden structure. These include a grave pit without a dromos with a wooden sarcophagus and a grave pit with a dromos containing a wooden chamber (Terekhova, 1959, p. 34). "Graves with dromos can be defined as burials of the most affluent part of the population by their size and complexity of construction, the presence of a mound, as well as the abundance and richness of burial equipment (expensive lacquer products, silk fabrics, ceramic models depicting grain barns, arable land, rice fields, numerous servants, etc.)" [Ibid., pp. 34-35]. This conclusion also applies to the Xiongnu: graves with dromos differ in their internal structure and relative richness of accompanying items. Step-shaped grave pits traced during the excavations of Noin-Ula mound 20 (Fig. 21) and mound 7 of the Tsaram burial ground are also widely represented at the Han sites studied.

21. Reconstruction of the burial pit of mound 20.
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It is quite possible that the Xiongnu mounds were built with the help and participation of Chinese "defectors".

The funerary structure of Princess Xin (168 BC, Western Han) [Buried Kingdoms of China, 1998, p. 146], located on the outskirts of the modern city of Changsha, for all its grandeur, most closely resembles the tomb 20 of the Noin-Wulin mound. This is an artificially constructed hill with a flat top. Its height is approx. 4 m. The hill is built over a 16-meter grave pit."...Relatives of the deceased stood, apparently, on steps dug from four sides at the entrance to a narrowing funnel-shaped shaft, at the bottom of which there was a massive cypress crypt in a clay shell" [Ibid., pp. 146-147]. The burial site itself is surrounded by about a meter layer of white clay. The crypt inside is covered with a layer (37-48 cm) of charcoal. The princess's body was placed in a coffin covered with embroidered silk. Four additional compartments of the crypt contained funerary items. Around the crypt was laid 5 tons of charcoal, which absorbs moisture well; the top of the crypt was sealed with a layer of clay 3 feet thick. Up to the surface, the shaft was filled with rammed earth [Ibid.].

Probably, a thick layer of charcoal around the burial chamber is characteristic of all excavated large mounds in the Noin-Ula mountains. Thus, P. K. Kozlov wrote that "from 5 to 6 arshins of the pit depth, a lot of coal began to be found in the Kondratiev mound" [2003, p. 287]. Layers of charcoal were recorded by S. S. Minyaev in the third and fourth floors in mound 7 of the Tsaram burial ground (Minyaev and Sakharovskaya, 2007, p. 195). In Noin-Ula burial mound 20, for the first time, light gray clay was specially laid along the walls and at the bottom, under the floor of the burial chamber, which, together with coal, was supposed to "seal" the burial for centuries, as it was in Mavanduy-1. But the tightness of the crypt was broken as a result of the impact of groundwater and the invasion of robbers.

The construction of wooden burial chambers made of pine with compartments (corridors) for accompanying inventory, significantly different from the crypts of Scythian times (for example, Pazyryk), clearly traces the Chinese tradition that developed in the Zhanguo period and became widespread in the Han era. Pine coffins covered with varnish, often painted, were certainly made by the Chinese [Rudenko, 1962, p. 115].

The reason for the Sinicization of the Xiongnu funeral rite is, in our opinion, that, having imperial ambitions, the upper layer of Xiongnu society copied the cultural traditions (and not only funerary ones) of the Han Empire, with which the Xiongnu were well acquainted. In addition, performing the funeral rite as it was customary among the Han Chinese, corresponded to the mentality of the Xiongnu. Both worshipped the Sky, and the Shanyu, like the Han emperors, considered themselves " sons of Heaven."

List of literature

Vasiliev L. S. Kulty, religii, traditsii v Kitae [Cults, Religions, traditions in China]. - M.: Izdat. firm "Vostoch. lit." RAS, 2001. - 482 p.

Kozlov P. K. Diaries of the Mongol-Tibetan expedition of 1923-1924. - St. Petersburg: Nauka, 2003. - 1037 p. - (Scientific heritage; vol. 30).

Konovalov P. B. The Xiongnu in Transbaikalia. Ulan-Ude: Buryat Publishing House, 1976, 247 p.

Maksimova M. I. Stroitelnaya tekhnika [Construction equipment] / / Hellenistic equipment / ed. by I. N. Tolstoy. - Moscow; L.: Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1948. - P. 57-191.

Minyaev S. S., Sakharovskaya L. M. Elite complex of Xiongnu burials in Tsaram padi / / RA. - 2007. - N 1. - pp. 194-201.

Buried Kingdoms of China. Moscow: Terra-Knizhny klub Publ., 1998, 168 p. (in Russian)

Polos'mak, N. V., Dyad'kov, P. G., Adaykin, A. A., and Bogdanov, E. S., Geofizicheskie issledovaniya kurgana khunnu mogilnika Noin-Ula (Severnaya Mongolia), Problemy arkheologii, etnografii, antropologii Sibiri i sopredel'nykh territorii: Mat-ly Godovoy sessii IAET SB RAS, Novosibirsk: Izd. 2007. - Vol. 13. - pp. 234-239.

Rudenko S. I. Xiongnu culture and Noinuli mounds. - M.; L: Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1962. - 203 p.

Terekhova N. P. Funerary constructions of the Han era / / SA. - 1959. - N 3. - pp. 28-47.

Bourret S., Steffen A. La naissance d'un heritage // Mongolie, les Xiongnu de l'Arkhangai. Mission archeologique francaise en Mongolie. - P.: Mission archaeologique francaise en Mongolie: Musee national des Arts asiatiques-Guimet, 2007. - P. 89 - 91.

Eunjeong Chang, Changseo Ywangbo, Sangdeok Yoon. Archaeological research on Xiognu tombs of Duurlig Nars, Mongolia // International symposium in celebrations of the 10-th anniversary of MON-SOT Project. - Seul: National Museum of Korea, 2007. - P. 214 - 231.

Gergely Csiky. L'architecture funeraire Xiongnu // Mongolie, les Xiongnu de l'Arkhangai. Mssion archeologique francaise en Mongolie. - P.: Mission archaeologique francaise en Mongolie: Musee national des Arts asiatiques-Guimet, 2007. - P. 57 - 58.

The article was submitted to the Editorial Board on 17.01.08.

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