Institute of Archeology and Ethnography SB RAS

17 Akademika Lavrentieva Ave., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia

E-mail: liundmilamy@mail.ru

The article summarizes the results of studies of the stratigraphic distribution of ceramic complexes in the deposits of the earliest structure on the Chicha-1 ancient settlement-ditch A. It is based on the materials of excavations 8 and 16. There are several types of ceramics associated with the bearers of pottery traditions of different cultures. Based on the analysis of the selected types of ceramics, a scheme of population movement to the Baraba forest-steppe during the transition period from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age, as well as a scheme of gradual settlement of the Chicha-1 settlement site, is proposed.

Introduction

Large-scale archaeological research conducted by the Russian-German expedition to the Chicha-1 ancient settlement (Zdvinsky district, Novosibirsk region) In the south of the West Siberian Plain (Fig. 1), a large array of sources was placed at the disposal of specialists, whose multidimensional study is currently underway. Certain results have already been obtained that allow us to highlight a number of important cultural, historical and ethnic problems (Molodin and Parzinger, 2006).

One of the main tasks facing researchers is to develop an internal chronology of the monument. An attempt to solve this problem was made on the basis of a planigraphic analysis of the construction stages of the ancient settlement (Molodin et al., 2004, pp. 262-266), but it did not help to establish the frequency of appearance of carriers of various ethno-cultural traditions in the settlement, fixed by the specifics of clay products. The planigraphic assessment of the occurrence of various ceramic complexes, which was already given (Molodin et al., 2003; Molodin and Mylnikova, 2004), is clearly insufficient for this purpose. The possibility of solving the problem is related to the analysis of stratigraphic observations obtained during the study of the oldest moat on the ancient settlement, which was used by the ancient population for burying economic waste, including ceramics. The study of the stratigraphic situation of ceramic deposits makes it possible to develop a scale of relative chronology of various cultural innovations noted on the monument.

The relatively small sample that we use, although it imposes certain restrictions on our judgments, allows us to clearly trace the patterns.

Discussion of the results

The analysis clearly showed the variability of the ceramic complex of the Chicha-1 settlement. The traditions of composing molding masses were highlighted, and in the course of studying whole forms and large fragments of ceramics, the following methods were used:-

The work was carried out within the framework of the Program of Fundamental Research of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the project "Forest-Steppe Ob - Irtysh region: interaction of alien and aboriginal cultures of the Bronze Age-Middle Ages".

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Fig. 1. Location of the Chicha-1 monument.

Its main morphological types have been studied (Molodin et al., 2004, pp. 266-275). Visual inspection of the collection shows the presence of flat-bottomed and round-bottomed forms with a predominance of the former. Correlation of morphological types with ornamental patterns allows us to distinguish several groups of ceramics in the collection under consideration [Molodin, Parzinger, Garkusha, Shneevais, Grishin, Novikova, Efremova, Chemyakina et al., 2001, pp. 145-154, figs. 41-58; Molodin and Mylnikova, 2003, pp. 147-151; Molodin et al. 2004, pp. 266-275, figs. 49-54, Table 1-12; Molodin et al., 2003].

It should be recalled that the first type of classification of the Late Irmen ware complex included small vessels with a profiled neck and a "collar". The neck is usually decorated with a number of "pearls", sometimes with a roller or "flutes". The neck is decorated with hatched triangles or rhombuses, a large grid or notches. These ceramics are close, and sometimes identical, to Irma. It is found on all the Late Irma monuments known today, without exception (Molodin and Kolontsov, 1984, pp. 70-71; Molodin, 1985).

Late Irma ceramics of the second type are represented by large profiled flat-bottomed pots with a sharply thickened neck, a straight or curved corolla. It is characterized by the presence on the neck of a double row of "pearls", separated by rows of notches. Large grid, "herringbone", hatched inclined "ladders", long horizontal lines dominate. This type of ware is the leading one in the Late Irma ceramic complex (Molodin and Kolontsov, 1984, pp. 72-75).

The third type of ceramics includes mainly round-bottomed, spherical pots, sharply profiled, with a low neck. The ornament covers mainly the neck and shoulders of vessels.

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2. Magnetogram of the Chicha-1 settlement. Contours of excavations in 1979, 2000-2003.

This is most often a "Christmas tree" pattern, rows of vertical notches, teardrop-shaped depressions, and hatched triangles. The neck was often decorated with rows of" pearls " separated by vertical notches (a typical design for late-Irma dishes of the second type), or a roller. Another feature of vessels of this type is the polished outer surface [Ibid., pp. 75-77; Molodin, 1985].

The fractional classification scheme of Late Irmen ceramics (taking into account the fourth and fifth types identified in the Turunovka-4 settlement complex [Molodin and Kolontsov, pp. 75-77]) reflects the development of pottery at a new stage of the culture's existence and the emergence of new, Early Sargat elements in its depths (the latter was noticed by N. V. Polosmak [1982]).), as well as a wide range of household and ritual use of dishes (storage and cooking, metal smelting, participation in the funeral rite, etc.).

To determine the internal chronology of the Chichi-1 complex, as well as the moment of penetration into the environment of the aboriginal population by carriers of cultures synchronous with the Late Irmen culture, an analysis of the layer-by-layer distribution of ceramics in the early construction of the ancient settlement (moat A) was carried out. Moat A was studied in excavations 8 and 16 (Fig. 2); for their characteristics, see, for example: Molodin, Parzinger, Garkusha, Shneevais, Grishin, Novikova, Efremova, Marchenko et al., 2001, p. 316-322; Molodin et al., 2004, p. 17-50.

In excavation 8 (sq. I-N/53), the height of the moat walls in different places, depending on the surface level, is not the same: the eastern wall is 1.45 m, the western wall is 0.45 m. The bottom of the ditch is flat; four pits have been explored here, two of them completely. The filling of ditch A in this excavation was an ash pit. Cultural layers differ in the physical properties of the soil, color, nature of occurrence, and composition of finds.

For the analysis of the ceramic material found in this excavation (tab. 1), fragments were selected that reflect the cultural affiliation of the complex, and therefore the entire cultural layer. Groups with Irma, Late Irma, Krasnoozersk, and Atlym motifs, as well as ceramics of the Barabinsky Suzgun variant, are distinguished by their ornamentation-

Table 1. Distribution of ceramic material by layers in ditch A in excavation 8, pcs.

N layers

Total finds

Including

corollas

ornamented fragments

bottom parts, bottom fragments

1 (turf)

561

65

28

2

2

546

58

195

21

4

26

2

1

-

5

661

77

177

30

6

80

7

10

2

7

82

4

9

1

8

140

29

41

14

9

17

3

5

-

10

137

23

64

8

11

176

18

39

13

13

46

1

2

2

14

23

-

6

1

15

183

22

28

13

16

1

-

-

-

17

-

-

-

-

18

74

6

2

-

19

44

3

11

2

20

-

-

-

-

Total

2 797

318

618

109

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3. Southern (7) and northern (2) profiles of excavation 8, Chicha-1.

ceramics of the Berlik type*, the predominance of which is noted in the territory adjacent to the" citadel " (Molodin et al., 2004, p. 275).

3, 4) and their ceramic content (starting from the oldest, lower layer) are characterized as follows:

layer 20-a dense gray sandy loam with yellow-gray spots and dark brown interlayers-is also the filling of pit 12. It did not contain ceramic material;

layer 19 is a dense loamy yellow-gray soil with fine gray layers. It contained 44 ceramic fragments, including three corollas and 11 ornamented walls. Despite the fragmentation and small number of this complex, we can say that the layer belongs to the Irmen culture (Fig. 5).;

layer 18 - dense mixed sandy loam. Recorded on the entire area of moat A, at its bottom. 74 fragments of ceramics (most of them without ornaments), six corollas and two ornamented walls were found (Fig. 6). Despite the insignificance of the diagnostic part of the complex, it can be stated that it belongs to the Irmen culture. The material is identical to the ceramic from layer 19. Obviously, both of these layers were formed synchronously in the moat;

4. Stratigraphic section of deposits along the M-N / 53 line in excavation 8, Chicha-1.

5. Ceramics from layer 19 in excavation 8, Chicha-1.

* Early publications referred to this type of pottery as a "culturally unattributed group". Currently, one of the authors of this paper proposed a term associated with the monument's eponym - "Berliksky" (Molodin, 2008).

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6. Ceramics from layer 18 in excavation 8, Chicha-1.

7. Ceramics from layer 15 in excavation 8, Chicha-1.

8. Ceramics from layer 13 in excavation 8, Chicha-1.

9. Ceramics from layer 11 in excavation 8, Chicha-1.

layer 17 - dense loamy soil of yellow color with light gray spots. A small fragment of the corolla without an ornament is recorded;

layer 16 - gray-brown sandy loam. There are no finds;

layer 15 - dark gray-brown humus sandy loam. Among the mass material there are, in particular, 183 fragments of ceramics. Diagnostic fragments of dishes indicate that the layer belongs to the Irmen culture (Fig. 7).;

layer 14 - strongly mixed sandy loam. 23 fragments of ceramics with Irmen ornamentation were found, which makes it possible to attribute the layer to the Irmen culture;

layer 13 is a gray sandy loam with a small number of small yellow spots. Of the 46 fragments found in the layer, three are ornamented, representing the Irma ornamental tradition (Figure 8). It is important that they are part of a large flat-bottomed pitcher-shaped vessel, which is often found in classical Irma settlements (see, for example, [Matveev, 1993, Table 12, p. 166; Table 15, p. 169; Table 18, p. 172; table 24, p. 178]).

Thus, cultural layers 19,18, 15, 14 and 13 contain exclusively Irmen ware. This suggests that the site delineated by Moat A belongs to the Irmen culture of the Late Bronze Age. The lower part of the moat was filled in from this site during its operation;

Layer 12 is a dense homogeneous yellow sandy loam (redeposited mainland). There are no finds;

layer 11 - ashy sandy loam. It contained 176 ceramic fragments (18 corollas and 39 ornamented-

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walls). The layer included Late Irma vessels of the first (Fig. 9, 3) and second (Fig. 9, 1, 2) types (according to the classification of V. I. Molodin and S. V. Kolontsov). The dominance of the first type of tableware indicates the evolution of the Irmen culture into the Late Irmen culture. Layer 11 can be confidently attributed to the transition stage from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age, so the Irma-type ceramics here should be considered a component of the late Irma-type complex of the first type;

layer 10 - brown loose sandy loam with small yellow interlayers. It contained 237 fragments (23 corollas, 64 ornamented walls). Most of the ceramic complex consists of Late Irma vessels, among which samples of the first (autochthonous) Irma type still dominate (Fig. 10, 3, 4). Late Irma ware of the second type is presented, which is characterized by a corolla section from the outside (Fig. 10, 6). The collapse of a Late Irma vessel of the third type is also found 10, 2). It is in layer 10 that elements of foreign cultural innovations are first recorded in the form of dishes of the Suzgunek type, more precisely, the Barabinsky variant of the Suzgun culture (Molodin and Chemyakina, 1984), with syncretic Irmensk - Suzgun ornamentation (Figs. 10, 8). Its share is 33%, which in comparison with the other regions of the world, is the highest. It looks quite impressive from the Late Irma stage (Figs. 11, 1). A fragment of the Early Sargat appearance is also recorded in layer 10 (Figs.10, 9). Thus, it is obvious that the appearance on this territory of migrants-carriers of the Baraba variant of the Suzgun culture - from the pre-taiga zone of Western Siberia should be associated with the transition period from bronze to iron, and given the predominance of Late Irma ware of the first type in layer 10, it is probably with the very initial stage of this period. Overlying layers 9 and 8 reflect the trend noted for layer 10;

layer 9 is a very dense sandy loam with whitish inclusions. It contained only 17 fragments of Late Irma type ceramics;

Layer 8 (not shown in this section) is a dense gray sandy loam. The main body of finds is confined to its upper thickness, on the border with layer 5. 140 fragments (29 corollas, 41 ornamented walls, 14 bottoms) were found, including-

10. Ceramics from layer 10 of excavation 8 of ditch A of the Irma (1, 3, 4), Late Irma (2, 5 - 7), Barabinsk variant of the Suzgun (8) cultures, a fragment of the Early Sargat appearance (9).

11. Distribution of ceramic materials of cultural groups by sediment layers in ditch A in excavation 8, Chicha-1. 1-layer 10; 2-layer 5; 3 - layer 4; 4 - layer 2.

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12. Ceramics of the Late Irma (1, 2), Barabinsk variant of the Suzgun (3, 4), Krasnoozersk (5, 6) cultures and the Berlik group (7).

related to the Late Irmen culture and the Baraba variant of the Suzgun culture;

Layer 7 - loose, strongly mixed sandy loam with soot, gray and yellow spots and red-brown areas of calcined soil is not shown in Figure 3. Its ceramic material (82 fragments) in terms of ornamentation belongs to the Late Irmen group and the Baraba variant of the Suzgun culture;

Layer 6 is a dense light gray sandy loam with small yellow continental inclusions. It contained 80 fragments of ceramics, including seven corollas and eight walls of Late Irmen vessels and two fragments of walls from vessels of the Barabinsky variant of the Suzgun culture;

layer 5-a loamy gray-brown soil-spread over the entire area of the moat. It contained the largest number of ceramic fragments - 661 pieces (including 77 corollas, 177 ornamented walls, 30 bottom parts and bottoms). According to the ornamental compositions, the ceramics belong to the Late Irma first - third types (Figs. 12, 1, 2), the Barabinsk variant of the Suzgun (Figs. 12, 3, 4), and the Krasnoozersk (Figs. 12, 5, 6) groups. Objects 5 and 6 recorded in this layer are represented by fragments of various Late Irma vessels and a small fragment of ceramics from the Suzgun group (Figs. Cluster 2 included compactly localized large fragments of a single Late Irma vessel.

Layer 5 is characterized by three previously undetected features: the first is an increase in the share of dishes of the Barabinsky variant of the Suzgun culture; the second is the appearance of new dishes similar to the Krasnoozersk one (Abramova and Stefanov, 1985). The closest monument with such ceramics to Chicha-1 is the settlement of Korchugan on Srednyaya Tara. Probably, it was from here, from the north, that two streams could move - carriers of the Suzgun and Krasnoozersk cultures. Since the total component of ceramics of these types on Chicha-1 is not so large, it can be assumed that the materials identified in layer 5 of Ditch A represent some episode in the history of the settlement and are not a reflection of the general trend for the monument; the third is the Berlik ceramics complex recorded in layer 5 (see Figs. 12, 7), the closest analogues of which are found in the materials of burial grounds in Northern Kazakhstan (Khabdulina, 1986, 1994). The appearance of these dishes is associated with the active development of migrants from the west and south-west of the largest part of the settlement adjacent to the "citadel "(see Figure 2). Traces of the coexistence of the alien and aboriginal population living on the territory of the" citadel " were repeatedly recorded in the study of housing complexes (Molodin, 1985;Chlenova, 1997). Layer 5 thus captures the complex cultural conglomerate that formed on Chicha-1;

Layer 4 is a dense homogeneous red-brown sandy loam localized in the form of two amorphous lenses in square meters L / 53 and M/53 (see Fig. 3). It contained 26 fragments of ceramics (including two corollas and one ornamented wall), according to ornamental features correlated with ceramics of the Late Irma, Baraba and Suzgun cultures and the Berlik group (see Figs. 11, 5);

layer 3 - homogeneous, soft dark gray sandy loam-filling of dwelling 14 of the Early Iron Age. In plan, it had an irregular shape and cut the underlying layer 2. Pits 1, 2 are confined to the layer. The thickness of the layer is 0.3 - 0.22 m. 290 ceramic fragments were found in the filling of the dwelling, most of which belong to the Sargat culture;

Layer 2 is a dense light gray sandy loam, sometimes with continental inclusions. It spread over the entire area of the ash pit, actually blocking the moat. In sq. N / 53, it lay almost on the mainland, which means that

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13. Ceramics of the Late Irma (1 - 3, 5), Atlym (4, 6), Krasnoozersk (7) cultures and Berlik group (8).

This suggests that this is a cultural layer that was formed on the area of moat A. 546 ceramic fragments were found in the layer (including 58 corollas, 195 ornamented walls, and 21 fragments of the bottom or bottom part). Layer 2 is characterized by the greatest variety of ceramic materials (see Figs. 11, 4). Late Irmen ware of the first and third types dominates (Fig. 13, 1 - 3, 5); it accounts for 67% of the number of units in the complex. Ceramics of other cultural types discussed above are significantly inferior to those of Late Irmen: dishes of the Baraba variant of the Suzgun culture make up 12%, those of the Berlik complex - 9%, and dishes of the Krasnoozersk culture-3%. A new feature is tableware, analogs of which are found in the materials of the Atlym culture of the taiga zone of Western Siberia (Kosarev, 1974; Glushkov and Zakhozhaya, 2000). In layer 2, a rather large proportion of ceramics of the Sargat culture from a later settlement recorded on the monument is noted. In the same layer, objects 3 and 4 were found - vessel ruins with features of Early Iron Age ceramics, which, according to the totality of signs, are attributed to the time of transition from bronze to iron;

layer 1 - sod-humus. In the filling, 561 ceramic fragments, including 65 corollas, were recorded among the mass material. Ceramics are mostly of Late Irma appearance; fragments of all the selected ornamental groups are also found.

Thus, all the lower layers of Moat A contained autochthonous ceramics belonging to the Irmen culture. Starting from layer 11, the Late Irma ceramic complex is recorded in the sediments. In layer 10, along with Late Irmen ware, northwestern ceramics (Suzgunskaya) are represented, and from layer 5-Krasnoozerskaya. For the first time, the Berlik ceramics complex is also found in layer 5 of Ditch A. It is associated with immigrants from the south-western territories of Baraba; these migrants settled and lived in the settlement together with the aborigines (Late Irmens) until the end of its operation.

Within the framework of excavation 16, an 8-meter section of ditch A was investigated in the central part of the settlement (see Figure 2). The result of studying cultural deposits here was the identification of more than 60 layers, the description of which was published (Molodin et al., 2004, pp. 17-33). 14), which includes the cultural layers of Sargat structures 3a and 19, the transition time complex 21, and the lower layer of moat A.

It is obvious that Ditch A was filled during the construction and operation of structures of the Late Irmen culture. The lower part of the moat is almost completely preserved; it consists of layer 62 of successively arranged lenses of gray sandy loam with the inclusion of large black sandy loam lumps. The layer was located directly on the mainland and was separated from it by a blurred gray-yellow border. It contained a large amount of household waste, including ceramics. At the western wall of the moat, object 25 was cleaned, which consisted of large fragments of the bottom part and an ornamental vessel wall (Fig. 15). Object 26 was also discovered in situ on the mainland, including fragments of five vessels with large sections of bottom parts (Fig. Nearby was a small ceramic vessel of the Irmen culture (object 29) (Fig. 17).

At the bottom of ditch A, two large pits (101, 102) are marked, which were dug simultaneously with the ditch. They were of different depths and were located symmetrically near the moat walls (Table 2). Object 26 should obviously be associated with pit 101.

Within the excavation, the southern part of the pit of dwelling 21 was studied. The following stratigraphic situation was recorded:

layer 42 (excavation layers 28, 43) is a very dense gray sandy loam with whitish inclusions. Layer thickness 0.3 m;

layer 56 (excavation layers 23, 40) is a dense brown sandy loam with dark and light inclusions. Layer thickness 0.05-0.2 m;

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14. Stratigraphic section along the J-P / 44-45 line (east - west brow) in excavation 16, Chicha-1.

15. Object 25 from layer 62 in excavation 16, Chicha-1.

16. Object 26 from layer 62 in excavation 16, Chicha-1.

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17. Object 29 from layer 62 in excavation 16, Chicha-1.
Table 2. Characteristics of pits in ditch A in excavation 16 Chichi-1

N pits

Square

Dimensions, m

Completion

Fragments of corollas, pcs.

Length

Width

Depth

101

M-N/45

1,8

1,18

0,32

Dense light grey sandy loam

7, Irma type

102

0/45

?

0,84

0,56

Dense gray-yellow sandy loam, large black inclusions

1 " "

layer 26 is a dense dark gray sandy loam with calcified inclusions. The layer is cut by economic pits of the Sargat period. Among the mass material from structure 21, 888 fragments of ceramics were found, including corollas (Fig. 18, Table 3). Irma and Late Irma vessels, dishes of the Krasnoozerskaya and Barabinsky varieties of the Suzguneka cultures are presented;

layer 48 (excavation layers 47, 52, 53, 58) - gray-brownish mixed sandy loam-filling of a ditch-like structure that cut through dwelling 21. 92 ceramic fragments were found, including 16 corollas (Table 3). The dwelling of 19 Sargats was partially investigated. Its pit is let into the layers of the Late Irmen cultural horizon (dwelling 21, moat A);

layer 3b (the main layer of the pit filling) is a homogeneous humus gray-brown sandy loam, lighter and denser than in the overlying layer 1b. Layer thickness - up to 0.45 m. Along the eastern wall, thin layers of black sandy loam are marked, repeating the slope of the pit walls;

layer 1b is a homogeneous humusized, loose, dark gray-brown sandy loam that overlies the central part of the pit under the turf layer. The layer thickness reached

18. Ceramics of the Late Irma (1 - 4), Baraba variant of the Suzgun (5) and Krasnoozersk (6) cultures from dwelling 21 of excavation 16, Chicha-1.
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Table 3. Distribution of ceramic material by structures and layers in excavation 16 Chichi-1, pcs.

Location of occurrence

Total finds

Including corollas

Moat A

692

106

Housing 21

888

110

Ditch-shaped structure

92

16

Housing 19

1 926

326

Layer 1

758

78

19. Ceramics from dwelling 19 of excavation 16, Chicha-1.
0.3 m. Object 4 was found near the western wall of the pit, which was a cluster of fragments of a Sargat vessel.

Among the mass material in the layers of dwelling 19, 1,926 ceramic fragments were recorded, including 326 corollas (Fig. 19, Table 3). In the layers of the Sargat culture, fragments of vessels of transition time were found almost everywhere, which is due to the intensive destruction of the early layers during construction and economic activity already in the Early Iron Age.

Layer 1 is actually sod and soil, formed after the end of the functioning of the settlement and the destruction of buildings. This is a uniform dark gray sandy loam. The layer in the western part of the site is destroyed by a dirt road. The thickness of the layer reached 0.25 m. It contains 758 fragments of pottery, including 72 corollas, from different periods of the settlement's existence.

Conclusion

Based on the analysis of the ceramic complex from the lower layer and pits of Moat A, it can be concluded that the oldest part of the collection is represented by ceramics of the Irmen culture of the Late Bronze Age. It is with this time that the appearance of the monument should be associated. Irmen potters made vessels by taping them together (the width varies from 2 to 5 - 7 cm depending on the size of the vessel) butt-to-butt or with a slight overlap on each other. For the vast majority of vessels, neatness in surface treatment is characteristic, for small forms - even grace. Primary processing included the use of hard tools in the form of bone or wooden blades, leaving traces in the form of narrow, shallow flat bed strips, grouped unidirectional, parallel drawings, scratches. Smooth surface 80% of products are the result of polishing on a hard leather surface. The hollow was a tool with a narrow working platform, leaving shallow grooves.

The collection of ceramics of the Irmen culture is dominated by profiled pots with a high straight or slightly curved neck and a rounded section of the corolla. The ornamental scheme is traditional and standard: on the neck, the leading elements are horizontal drawn lines, rows of" pearls " with and without discharge, hatched triangles and rhombuses. In the ornament there are rows of inclined notches, indentations, inclined and horizontal combs, "herringbone", grid. On the neck, as a dividing belt, there are horizontal lines, rows of" pearls " with discharge, a molded roller. Rows of pits and notches are less frequently marked. The ornament on the hangers consists of hatched triangles, horizontal lines; in some cases, there are "herringbone", "pearls" (see Figs. 5-8). This complex is absolutely analogous to the Irmen complex in the Baraba forest-steppe (Matveev, 1993; Molodin, 1985; Mylnikova and Chemyakina, 2002, pp. 26-33).

Pozdneirmenskaya tableware is represented by three types. This complex forms the basis of the Citadel collection. It corresponds to the transition period from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age. The body was molded with a tape overlay. The belts were connected to each other end-to-end by sequential extension. Shaping the product occurs-

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lo in the molding process. The surface of the vessel was treated on both sides with: a) a hard tool (wood chips (?), a wooden knife), which left horizontal narrow long, grouped risks; b) the hands of the potter (this is one of the most widely used "tools") - on both surfaces of the vessels are fixed prints of papillary lines, sometimes clearly visible traces of races of forming of tapes; c) polishchila. Polishing was carried out either on a dried surface, then these traces are sometimes very clear, more often-smoothed, or on a surface that has not yet reached the skin-hard state. In most cases, the corolla section and the outer surface were veneered.

The ornament was sometimes applied to the vessel before polishing: on some samples, the "shift" of the already applied pattern is recorded. Both surfaces always reflect the same polishing technique. The group is dominated by well-shaped pots with a straight or arched neck (the second type), as well as ceramics inherent in the classical Irmen culture (the first type), and vessels with a short neck and a spherical body (the third type). Typical elements of vessel ornamentation are double rows of " pearls "(with and without discharge) on the neck, neck and shoulders, mesh belts on the neck. At the same time, there is a wide variety of other elements (notches, rows of indentations, pits, "herringbone", rows of combs) that are combined with each other. In general, the scheme of ornamentation of Late Irma vessels, in comparison with Irma, looks somewhat simplified.

Stratigraphic study suggests that at first only representatives of the Late Irmen culture lived on the site, but later they were joined by carriers of the Barabinsky variant of the Suzgun culture (Molodin and Chemyakina, 1984, pp. 40-62). These dishes have analogues in the materials of monuments of the transition from bronze to iron time in the pre-taiga and taiga Irtysh region [Potemkina, Korochkova, and Stefanov, 1995; Polevodov, 2003]. Its main morphological types are weakly profiled and profiled vessels with a low neck. There are also well-shaped vessels with a high straight or slightly curved neck. The unique feature of ceramics is an ornament in the form of staples, seed-shaped depressions and rows of pits dividing the ornamental field, which is characteristic of all ornamental zones (neck, neck, trunk) (see, for example, Fig. 10, 8; 11, 4).

At the next stage of operation of the settlement, its population was replenished with carriers of cultures that were not represented earlier. The ceramic material from layer 5 can serve as a marker indicating the direction of the bonds. Representatives of the Krasnoozersk culture joined the bearers of the traditions of the Suzgun culture - natives of the north-western regions. In addition to them, it is quite obvious that the settlement was visited by residents of the northern taiga territory (Atlym culture).

But the most powerful migration flow to the territory under consideration during this period moved from the west and southwest, apparently from the northern forest-steppe regions of modern Kazakhstan (Berlik group). As follows from the analysis of the site's planigraphy, it was a large population that united with the Late Irmen natives, creating a single settlement structure, entered into certain economic relations with them and, nevertheless, retained its ethno - cultural specifics (Molodin and Parzinger, 2006, pp. 49-55). Judging by the stratified material, the movement of the population occurred approximately synchronously, so that the Chicha-1 settlement became a real cultural and economic center (factor).

Ceramics of the Krasnoozersk group are represented in the considered area by single fragments. Like the bulk of the dishes of that time in the forest-steppe zone of Western Siberia, Krasnoozersk ceramics are made using the technique of sculptural modeling based on a tourniquet and ribbon. Its main ornamental motifs are multi-row open horizontal lines and paired pits; moreover, on Chichi-1 dishes, they often adorn the main ornamental field, and do not play the role of a separator of ornamental zones, as on classic Krasnoozersk vessels.

Fragments of ceramics of the Atlym culture are also isolated. Its peculiarity is manifested in the composition of molding masses: the main admixture is crushed granites and their components-quartz, feldspar, hornblende, biotite plates. The ornament is applied with a fine-toothed comb stamp; in the compositional construction, rows of "herringbone" in combination with "pearls" are presented (see Figs. 13, 4, 6).

The Berlik group of ceramics makes the whole complex of dishes of the Chicha-1 settlement unique (see Fig. 12, 7; 13, 8). These are large vessels with a very low profiled neck. In 43% of the products, the corolla section is ornamented. On the neck and neck - rows of sloping lines made with a smooth rectangular stamp, belts made of "pearls", pits, rarely-indentations. The hangers are decorated with one or two rows of oblique lines applied with a smooth rectangular stamp, pits, "pearls", inclined impressions of the comb. In this case, the main part of the vessels has a "rough" surface.

Thus, the analysis of the distribution of ceramic material over cultural deposits is a witness-

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20. Scheme of filling of ditch A in different periods of existence of the Chicha-1 settlement.

This indicates the coexistence, starting from layer 5, of the marked ceramic traditions, and consequently of the population cultivating them. It is obvious that there were two dominant traditions: the autochthonous, Late Irma, whose carriers occupied the so - called citadel, and the Berlik, brought by migrants; its carriers actively developed the territory to the east and north of the "citadel".

The stratigraphic situation also suggests the appearance, probably within the Late Irmen tradition (this was noted during the study of the Turunovka-4 monument (see Molodin and Kolontsov, 1984, pp. 69-86)), of Early Sargat ceramics. In the filling of ditch A, a fragment of a vessel with Early Sargat features was recorded in layer 10 in excavation 8 (see Figures 10, 9). Another fragment of the same vessel was found in the cultural layer in excavation 13. They have a high slightly profiled neck, ornamented with triangles and rows of indentations, which is typical for the design of Late Irmen ceramics. However, the ornamental patterns on Early Sargat ware are simplified: the frequency of ornamental elements is small; the elements themselves sometimes go beyond the ornamental row and do not coincide at the joints. The surfaces of the products were not polished.

We associate Early Sargat ceramics with the Late Irmen tradition. Items of the Sargat culture proper from the Early Iron Age are planigraphically recorded in certain areas of Chichi-1 (for example, excavation 16), but representatives of the Sargat culture appeared on the ancient settlement when it was abandoned by its predecessors and fell into complete desolation. This happened not earlier than the sixth, and possibly in the fifth century BC (Radiocarbon dates of these constructions link this cultural horizon with the boundary of the eras.)

Thus, the analysis of stratigraphic materials from Moat A allows us to propose a scheme for the development of the monument (Fig. Of course, the layout of its other sections may look somewhat different, but the general trends in the accumulation of sediments from different periods of settlement of the settlement remain.

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The article was submitted to the Editorial Board on 06.09.07.

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