P. V. Mandryk, Siberian Federal University

79 Svobodny Ave., Krasnoyarsk, 660041, Russia

E-mail: pmandryka@yandex.ru

UDC 903.2

Despite more than 100 years of archaeological study of the forest-steppe and southern taiga regions of the Middle Yenisei, many issues of chronology and cultural genesis of the monuments of the final period of the Bronze Age remain unresolved. By the end of the second millennium BC, complexes with bronze objects of the Karasuk type, united in the Krasnoyarsk version of the Karasuk culture, appeared in the forest-steppe part of the region (Rygdylon, 1955; Chlenova, 1972; Mandryka and Adamovich, 2003). At the same time, complexes with "thin-cord" ceramics of the Shepilevsky type continued to develop in the southern taiga zone, and with "wafer" ceramics of the Samodelka type (Mandryka, 2006) (Fig. 1), which we identified from the materials of the Samodelka - 2 site, in the borderlands of the southern taiga and the northern part of the forest-steppe.

The Samodelka-2 parking lot is located on the right bank of the Yenisei River 40 km below the mouth of the Angara River opposite Lesosibirsk on an eight-meter estuary terrace. In 1988, a single cultural layer containing 112 ceramic fragments and 25 stone flakes was recorded in a 15 - m2 excavation at a depth of 30-35 cm in dark brown loam. The potsherds belonged to six vessels and one lintel with scale from bronze on the inner surface of the walls (KKM, kol. 10883/479 - 1 - 11)*.

Fig. 1. Location of monuments with Samodelkin type ceramics. 1-Samodelka-1; 2-Islands-2; 3-Lifting-2; 4-Small.

* Mandryka P. V. Report on field research of the exploration team of the archaeological expedition of the Krasnoyarsk Regional Museum in Yemelyanovsky, Kazachinsky and Yeniseysky districts of the Krasnoyarsk Territory in 1988. - Archive of IA RAS. R-1. N 13098. pp. 93-95.

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2. Fragments of ceramic vessels (1 - 7), ceramic lint (8) and stone chip (9) from the Samodelka-2 parking lot.

All the ceramics found in the parking lot are of the same type (Fig. 2, 1-7). The molding mass consists of clay with an admixture of sand and gravel. From the outside, the walls were decorated with a "waffle" mallet. Square-rectangular prints are clear, but not deep, obviously smoothed out. The average fixed cell size is 0.4*0.5 cm. On the inside, the walls are smooth and have dents: most likely, a small rounded pebble was placed under the impact point. All vessels are closed in shape, with a straight corolla and a slightly swollen trunk. The corolla edge is straight or slightly slanted outwards. Judging by the partially restored shape and individual fragments, the bottom of the pots was rounded. The thickness of the walls in the corolla zone is 0.6-1.2 cm, the body-0.5 - 0.6, the bottom - 0.7 - 1.0 cm. The ornament was applied in the upper third of the vessels with a stick with a straight or" two-part " relief working end; a receding technique was used. Under the edge of the corolla, the impressions are arranged in horizontal, less often inclined rows. Often, a wide ornamental field at the top and bottom is emphasized by rows of short segments, inclined, vertical or forming triangles - a kind of "fringe". The shaped edge of the" two-part " ornamenter resembles the edge of an animal's tooth. Experiments showed that the closest impression was obtained from the retreating-knurled movements of the beaver's incisor and the hare's tooth.

Similar ceramics are found on three other monuments on the banks of the Yenisei River: the settlements of Ostrovki-2, Podzyvnaya-2, and the Malaya parking lot (see Figure 1).

The settlement of Ostrovki-2 is located in the alignment of the Kazachinsky threshold on the Yenisei River on the four - to six-meter named terrace of the northern tip of the island of the same name. The monument was discovered by me in 1992; a 21 m2 excavation was laid on it. In 1996, L. V. Kovalenko expanded it, opening up another 40 m2 of area*. The study of the monument showed the presence of three cultural layers, which are separated by sterile sand layers and belong to the Early Iron Age (layer 1) and different stages of the Bronze Age (layers 2 and 3).

Samodelka-type ceramics were deposited here in the third cultural layer at a depth of 80 - 110 cm. The layer is confined to dark gray fine-grained sandy buried soil, which extends only along the eastern sector of the excavation, i.e., along the elevated part of the terrace, and is overlain by a sterile sand layer with small pebbles, indicating short-term flooding of the terrace surface during ice flows after soil formation, which is obviously associated with the removal of the layer in the western sector the monument.

The finds lay in one cluster. Three rounded spots of oxides measuring 3.6*3.8 cm were found in the soil among the shards. Perhaps these are traces of drops of bronze or some decomposed thin objects made of copper-containing metal. The layer is conventionally associated with a small bronze plate double-edged knife with drawn blades, which was fixed in the crumbled part of the layer in the side of the terrace. The edge in the middle of the blade indicates

* Kovalenko L. V. Report on field archaeological research in the Kazachinsky district of the Krasnoyarsk Territory in 1996-Archive of LA SibFU R-1. N 12.

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possible use of the weapon as a dagger. The product dimensions are 1.7*5.2 cm with a thickness of 0.3 cm (Fig. 3, 16).

Of the stone objects, only two nuclei (obviously blanks) made of siliceous pebbles are represented. On their surface, in some places, a pebble crust has been preserved. The nuclei are conical and monofrontal in shape. The impact platform is decorated with several shots. Product dimensions 3,5*4,0*2,8 See Figures 3, 9, and 10.

It is interesting to note the presence of a biconically shaped ceramic sinker in the layer (Fig. 3, 17). Its length is 5.0 cm, the diameter in the central part is 3.7, at the ends - 2.2 cm, the diameter of the longitudinal hole is 1.0 cm. The product is made of clay with an admixture of sand. A ceramic sinker is a rare find on the banks of the Yenisei River, but similar items were widely used in the Ob basin.

The collection of ceramics is more numerous - 346 fragments from 13 vessels. According to the method of manufacturing and ornamentation, they are diverse, but according to the composition of the molding mass (clay with an admixture of sand and gravel) they are identical. Most vessels (10 copies) with smooth dense walls are black, gray and brown in color. Corollas are straight, gradually thickening towards the edge. An ornament covered the upper third of the vessel. For this purpose, toothed stamps were used - comb, "larval", etc. On five vessels, the ornamental field is filled with horizontal rows of inclined comb-shaped impressions (Fig. 3, 1 - 4, 11). On one fragment of the corolla, the main ornament is supplemented with a belt of pits under the edge (Fig. 3, 1). In two cases, the "herringbone" motif is marked (Figs. 3, 5, 12), and in two more cases, horizontal lines are made with comb-shaped impressions (Figs. 3, 6, 7). An interesting vessel, for the ornamentation of which a peculiar toothed ornamenter was used, leaving checkered prints (Figs. 3, 8). Below the rim of the corolla is a series of oblique impressions, and below - a series of horizontal lines.

Three vessels have on the outer surface "cord" prints of a mallet wrapped with a thick twisted cord. Only technological impressions are present on the walls of a partially restored closed vessel with an expanded body and a straight corolla (Fig. 3, 13). On the other two pots in the corolla area, an ornament is applied, which consists of horizontal lines made in the retreating-pinned technique with a "two-part" ornament. From the bottom line to the torso area descend short inclined segments (Fig. 3, 15) or a series of horizontal ones (Fig. 3, 14). It is this style of ornamentation that is characteristic of Samodelkin type ceramics.

Figure 3. Ceramics (1 - 8, 11 - 15), stone nuclei (9, 10), a bronze knife (16) and a clay sinker (17) from the settlement of Ostrovki-2.

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Fig. 4. Ceramics from the village of Vozvizhnaya-2.

So, in the complex of the third cultural layer of the settlement of Ostrovki-2, dishes decorated with jagged stamps predominate. Among them, there are also Samodelkin-type vessels, in the manufacture of which a mallet wrapped with coarse thick twisted threads was used.

The settlement of Vozvizhnaya-2 is located on a promontory - like ledge of the 12-to 14-meter left-bank terrace of the Verkhnyaya Vozvizhnaya River, 2.5 km south of the village. Bolshemurtinsky Coastal Lift station of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The monument was discovered by A. M. Burovsky in 1985*, and in 1987 and 1990 he uncovered an area of up to 100 m2, on which one cultural layer was studied. Judging by the results of work in 1987** [Gilmanshina and Burovsky, 1989, p. 83], in which I took part, the cultural layer was confined to light gray and brownish fine-pored powdery sandy loam and lay at a depth of 15-25 cm. In addition to ceramics of the Samodelkin type, it contained a stone scraper, a knife, a nucleus and flakes, a fragment of a leaf-shaped bone object with a mushroom-shaped protrusion at the tip, as well as fragments of animal bones. In 1990, a ground burial*** was opened on the monument, which, according to the inventory found, belongs to the Karasuk culture (Novykh, Makarov, and Petrenko, 1993).

Ceramics are represented by fragments of four vessels with a weakly pronounced neck and a swollen body (Fig. 4). The molding mass is clay with an admixture of sand and gravel. On two large-capacity vessels, the sealing of the walls is fixed with a hammer, for which a mallet was used. In one case, the walls are covered with "cord" impressions, in the other - "waffle" with rectangular cells measuring 1.0*0.2 cm. The prints were partially smoothed out. All the potsherds are dense, which also indicates a good roasting of the pots. The walls of one vessel are covered with sloping smooth notches, forming a "herringbone" motif. On the remaining pots, the ornament is made in a receding technique with a straight or" two-part " stamp. In the neck area, its impressions are arranged in horizontal rows, sometimes refracted. Under the edge of the corolla, oblique segments of the same impressions or oblique drawn lines are marked. In the latter case, the edge of the corolla is thickened with a glue roller. In the area of the shoulders there is a row of double triangles with their vertices facing down (zigzag) or a group of horizontal segments.

So, in the cultural layer of the settlement Vozvizhnaya-2, Samodelkin type ceramics predominate, along with which a vessel decorated with smooth incisions is marked.

* Burovsky A.M. Report on field work in the Sukhobuzimsky and Bolynemurtinsky districts of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, conducted in July-August 1985 by the expedition of the Palace of Pioneers and Schoolchildren under the guidance of a graduate student of LOIA on-the-job on the basis of an Open sheet on Form 3 N 550. - Archive of IA RAS. R-1. N 10895. 9 l. + Album of illustrations. R-1. N 10895a. 18 l.

* * Burovsky A.M. Report on field research in the Sukhobuzimsky and Bolynemurtinsky districts of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, conducted in July 1987-Archive of the IA RAS. R-1. N12424. L. 9.

*** The report on the field archaeological work of 1990 by A. M. Burovsky was not prepared, but some archaeological materials were transferred to the KKM auxiliary fund (without a number).

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The Malaya parking lot is located on the left bank of the Yenisei River, 80 km north of Krasnoyarsk, opposite Maly Island, 4 km from the village of Atamanov. The monument was discovered and studied by N. P. Makarov with my participation in 1985.* In an exploratory excavation of 4 m2, which revealed the entire undisturbed site of the monument, two cultural layers were recorded. Samodelkin type ceramics were found in the second one. It was located at a depth of 20-25 cm and was confined to brown sandy loam. In addition to ceramics, two stone end scrapers were found in the layer (Figs. 5, 5, 6), a prismatic nucleus (Figs. 5, 7), and a fragment of a bronze knife with a dedicated handle (Figs. 5, 9) (KKM, Col. 9202/317).

Ceramics are represented by 28 fragments of five vessels made of clay with an admixture of sand and gravel. The outer surface of the walls is smooth, without traces of technical decoration. Partial hypothetical and full-scale restoration allows us to note the variety of forms, but all the vessels are closed, with an expanding trunk.

According to morphological features and ornaments, only one vessel can be attributed to the Samodelkin type. He has a straight cut-off corolla, a straight neck, and a slightly swollen torso. Under the rim of the corolla, a strip of oblique smooth impressions is applied on the inner and outer sides. Below on the outer surface there are horizontal lines of receding ornamental prints with an M-shaped working end (dovetail), and in the area of the shoulders - inclined. A conical hole was drilled near the edge of the potsherd, probably to tighten a crack in the vessel wall (Fig. 5, 1).

The rest of the pots, despite their morphological similarity to the Samodelkin type ceramics, were decorated differently. Rows of impressions of a notched stamp with a drawn line between them (Fig. 5, 2), vertical nail punctures (Fig. 5, 3), smooth notches forming the "herringbone" motif, supplemented by a belt of pits (Fig. 5,4) are marked. One vessel is decorated with three adhesive rollers, dissected by finger pinches (Fig. 5, 8).

Thus, all the presented Yenisei monuments are united by the presence on them of a kind of Samodelkin-type ceramics, for determining the time of existence of which it is necessary to take into account the materials of each object studied. The stratigraphic occurrence of cultural layers with such ceramics on all these monuments is the same. They are confined to brown sandy loam and lie under the sub-bottom sandy loam soil of dark gray color, which was formed on the Yenisei banks during the last 2.5-2.7 thousand years. Therefore, these cultural layers must be older than the Early Iron Age, i.e. they may belong to the final stage of the Bronze Age. The same age is indicated by rare well-dated objects. At the settlement of Samodelka-1, this is a ceramic ladle-shaped box, analogs of which have been widely distributed in Siberia since the developed Bronze Age. A two-edged bronze knife from the third cultural layer of the Ostrovki-2 settlement may also belong to the final stage of the Bronze Age. Similar in shape and size daggers are found in the complexes of the Karasuk culture of the Krasnoyarsk forest-steppe. This dating does not contradict the stratigraphic occurrence of the layer below the second one, which is attributed by ceramics to the Early Iron Age. At the end of the Bronze Age, convex-barrel knives with a dedicated handle were also common, similar to the product found in the second layer of the Malaya parking lot, covered with a layer with a fragment of an iron object. To a later date

5. Ceramics (1-4, 8), stone scrapers (5,6 ), a nucleus (7) and a bronze knife (9) from the Malaya parking lot.

* Makarov N. P. Report on the work of the archaeological expedition of the KKM in Yemelyanovsky, Kazachinsky and Boguchansky districts of the Krasnoyarsk Territory in 1985 - Scientific Archive of the KKM. N 750/05 - 142.

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The Bronze Age can also be attributed to the cultural layer of the settlement of Lifting-2 with a ground burial containing typical Karasuk bronzes (a knee knife, a massive leaf-shaped spear tip with a slot between the blades, two-bladed vtul arrowheads, etc.).

The presence of non-Samodelkin type ceramics in the cultural layers does not contradict the proposed dating of the monuments. The vessel with riveted rollers, dissected by finger pinches, from the Malaya parking lot is close to the ceramics found at the village of the end of the Bronze Age Zaostrovka-2 in the alignment of the Kazachinsky threshold. Dishes decorated with impressions of jagged stamps and smooth notches were also common at the end of the second millennium BC not only in the Krasnoyarsk forest-steppe [Mandryka and Adamovich, 2003, p. 71, Fig. 4], but also in the Angara region [Mandryka, 2006].

The origin of Samodelkin type ceramics is connected with the development of the tradition of making Bobrov type dishes with comb-dotted ornamentation. It characterizes the culture of the local Yenisei population in the early and developed periods of the Bronze Age [Archeologiya..., 2003, p. 170]. At the end of the second millennium BC, carriers of the Ymyyakhtakh tradition of making ceramic dishes (with "waffle" and "cord" technical decor) penetrated the Yenisei Angara region from the north, which led to the formation of a new type of ceramics. It is necessary to note the coexistence of these ceramics and dishes of the Zaostrovsky and Shepilevsky types. The fusion of different traditions can be clearly traced in the materials of monuments not only in the region under consideration, but also in neighboring regions. So, in the Kansk forest-steppe, researchers distinguish four groups of Bronze Age monuments: Mezen, Masleevskaya, Ulyukol and Kazachinsko-patanchetskaya. Of these, only in the last one, which dates back to the beginning of the second millennium - the beginning of the first millennium BC, one can note dishes that are similar in individual elements of form and ornament to Samodelkin type ceramics. The similarity is shown in the combination of double horizontal and inclined lines from receding ornamental prints, as well as in the method of knocking out the walls with a cord - wrapped mallet (Generalov and Dzyubas, 1991, pp. 124-125). At the Kazachka settlement in the second cultural layer, a vessel almost identical to the Samodelkin one was found with an ornament applied with a receding shoulder blade and having a "fringe" from the lower horizontal row (Khlobystin, 1987, p. 340). The spread of the Samodelka tradition to the west is evidenced, for example, by the materials of the Linevo settlement, where such ceramics coexist with Late Irma and other dishes of the transition period from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age (VII-VI centuries BC) [Molodin and Mylnikova, 2005, p. 403, Fig. 2].

The continuation of the Samodelkin ceramic traditions can be traced to the Kamensk type of tableware, which was formed on the Yenisei banks in the 7th-6th centuries BC and spread throughout the southern taiga zone of Central Siberia in the Early Iron Age (Mandryka, 2007).

List of literature

Mandryka P. V., Yamskikh A. A., Orlova L. A., Yamskikh G. Yu., Goleva A. A. Archeology and paleoecology of the multilayered settlement of Bobrovka on the Middle Yenisei. Krasnoyarsk: Krasnoyarsk State University, 2003, 222 p. (in Russian)

Generalov A. G., Dzyubas S. A. K voprosu ob izuchenii bronzovogo veka Kanskoi lesostepi [On the study of the Bronze Age of the Kansk Forest-steppe]. Irkutsk: Publishing House of the Irkutsk State University, 1991, pp. 121-126.

Gilmanshina D. V., Burovsky A.M. [Preliminary results of studying the Stone Age in Sukhobuzimsky and Bolshemurtinsky districts]. Problemy izucheniya Sibiri v nauchno-issledovatel'noy rabote muzeev [Problems of Studying Siberia in the scientific research work of museums]. Krasnoyarsk: Publishing House of the Krasnoyarsk State University, 1989, pp. 81-83.

Mandryka P. V. Ceramic complexes of the Bronze Age of the Yenisei Angara region // Sovremennye problemy arkheologii Rossii: Sb. nauch. trudy [Modern problems of Archeology of Russia: Collection of scientific works], Novosibirsk: Izd. IAET SB RAS, 2006, vol. 1, pp. 414-417.

Mandryka P. V. Kamenskii tip keramiki v yuzhnoi taiga Srednoi Sibiri [The Kamensky type of ceramics in the southern taiga of Central Siberia]: Teoriya, metodologiya i praktika issledovaniya: Sb. nauch. trudy [theory, methodology and practice of research]. Irkutsk; Edmonton: Irkut State Publishing House. techn. un-ta, 2007, pp. 80-85.

Mandryka P. V., Adamovich V. A. A new monument of the Karasuk time in the Krasnoyarsk region // Antiquities of Yenisei Siberia. Krasnoyarsk: Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University. un-t Publ., 2003. - Issue 2. - p. 68-73.

Molodin V. I., Mylnikova L. N. Keramika poseleniya Linevo-1 perekhodnogo vremeni ot bronzovogo k zheleznom veku predgornoy zony Yuzhnoi Sibiri [Ceramics of the Linevo-1 settlement of the transition time from the Bronze to the Iron Age of the foothill zone of Southern Siberia]. Problemy arkheologii, etnografii, antropologii Sibiri i sopredel'nykh territorii: (Materials of the Annual Session of the Institute of Archeology and Ethnography SB RAS, 2005).vo IAET SB RAS, 2005. - Vol. 11, part 1. - pp. 400-405.

Novykh L. V., Makarov N. P., Petrenko A. L. Novye materialy pozdnebronzovogo veka iz predstavnostey Krasnoyarsk [New materials of the Late Bronze Age from the vicinity of Krasnoyarsk]. Region, archeol. student conf. - Abakan: Abakan, State Pedagogical University. in-t Publ., 1993, pp. 19-20.

Rygdylon E. R. Notes on Karasuk monuments from the vicinity of Krasnoyarsk / / KSIA. - 1955. - Issue 60. - pp. 129-134.

Khlobystin L. P. Bronzovyi vek Vostochnoi Sibiri [The Bronze Age of Eastern Siberia] / / Epocha bronzy lesnoy poloski SSSR. - Moscow: Nauka, 1987. - pp. 327-344.

Chlenova N. L. Chronology of monuments of the Karasuk era. Moscow: Nauka Publ., 1972, 248 p. (in Russian)

The article was submitted to the Editorial Board on 16.06.07.

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