The article is devoted to rock carts in the Minusinsk basin and their analogues on the archaeological sites of the western regions of Eurasia in the second half of the 3rd-beginning of the 2nd millennium BC. Two - and four-wheeled carts with closed and open bodies, solid and composite disc wheels are presented. To control a draft animal (ox and cow), a noose in the nose, a nose ring, a collar, a special type of yoke and hooks were used. As a result of a comparative historical analysis of the design and methods of spatial construction, a conclusion is drawn about the origin of the oldest wheeled transport in the Minusinsk basin from the western regions of Eurasia. Arguments of other authors about the genesis of the design of a composite A-shaped drawbar made of two poles based on the transformation of the oldest versions of a harness with shafts based on the materials of Gonur Tepe and other monuments are considered.

Key words: A-shaped gig, nose ring, hook, Okunev culture, Yamno-Afanasiev visual tradition, Central Asia.

Introduction

The appearance of wheeled transport in the most ancient societies of Southern Siberia was a significant milestone in their technological and cultural development. The study of this issue allows us to clarify some controversial aspects of their cultural genesis and early history. Based on a detailed analysis of the pictorial monuments of the region [Esin, 2009, 2011, 2012], the earliest types of wheeled carts were identified, well-known sources were revised, their updated drawings and graphic reconstructions were published, issues of managing draft animals (exclusively oxen or cows) were considered, and three ways of depicting carts were identified: side view, top view, and their appearance. combination. It is noted that the earliest carts were depicted in a side projection. The connection of images of carts, draft animals and charioteers with the ritual and mythological sphere of culture is substantiated.

As a result of a comparative historical analysis of the design and identified iconographic features, Yu. N. Yessin concluded that the most ancient wheeled transport of the Minusinsk basin came from the southern regions of Central Asia. A new hypothesis of the genesis of the composite A-shaped drawbar design is proposed based on the transformation of the oldest versions of a harness with shafts. The conclusions presented by Yu. N. Yesin are very interesting and deserve detailed consideration.

Pictorial monuments

Among the most striking monuments of Southern Siberia are numerous anthropomorphic stelae, which, as a rule, combine sculptural images of the face on the end part and various petroglyphs on the sides. Sometimes they are just stone slabs with drawings, but almost always there are masks with rays extending from the head, "antennae", and incomprehensible appendages [Vadetskaya, Leontiev,and Maksimenkov, 1980, pp. 123-147].

page 90
Currently, there are ten well-preserved images of ancient carts in the region, nine of which are found on stelae and slabs from burial grounds, and one-as part of the petroglyphic complex on Mount Tepsey (Ust-Tuba-2). A re-examination of the Tunchukhskaya pisanitsa showed that there are no two previously published images of carts [Sevastyanova, 1980; compare: Esin, 2012].

Plate from d. 1, 7). Accidentally discovered in 1899 by a peasant who, while digging underground, came across a grave lined on three sides and on top with stone slabs. The buried person was oriented with his head to the west. About 70 bronze beads, a pot, a bronze bracelet and a knife were found in the grave. They were not saved. The floor slab of this grave with its embossed images has been the subject of several publications (Gryaznov and Schneider, 1926; Gryaznov, 1960; Leontiev, 1970; et al.).

Currently, the stele is kept in the Krasnoyarsk Museum of Local Lore and is a slab split into two parts with the image of a female (?) face on a narrow face and various figures embossed with a dot technique on the right plane (the left one is destroyed). The face image and petroglyphs were made at different times. Initially, it was a stone sculpture typical of the Khakass steppes with three eyes, animal ears, incomprehensible appendages, solar signs and hard-to-distinguish details. Petroglyphs are represented by an anthropomorphic image, figures of indeterminate animals, a mountain goat (?) and two bulls. The latter are embossed with a solid silhouette, one of them overlaps the solar sign and the image of an undefined animal. In the lower part of the plane, a covered cart and two bulls are drawn with contour lines. Micalent copy made by E. A. Mikla-

Figure 1. Images of charioteers and carts on stelae and petroglyphs (based on (Esin, 2012; Baipakov and Maryashev, 2004)). 1-Znamenskaya stele; 2-plate from the Chernovaya VIII burial ground; 3 - petroglyphs of Kulzhabasy.

page 91

Figure 2. Model vessels of carts from Hungary (b, 7) and images of carts and incense vessels on stelae from the Minusinsk basin (1-5) (according to (Esin, 2012; Kyzlasov, 1986, Fig. 113)). 1-Shirinsky district, Khakassia; 2-Itkol-2; 3 - Kyzlas; 4-Uybat - 5; 5-Ust - Byur; 6 - Budekalash; 7-Segetsentmarton.

shevich made it possible to identify the figure of a person sitting in the cart, details of the sidewalls of the body (two partitions) and specific recesses on the wheels, similar to those shown on the Askiz gig. It should be noted that this discovery itself testifies to the significant role that a wagon with a bull team played in the life of the oldest population of both Southern Siberia and the entire steppe Eurasia. The sidewalls shown, the cover of the kibitka and the driver sitting in it correspond to a special structural detail of the oldest preserved carts - a special platform-seat. A similar cart with two seated charioteers is depicted on the Kulzhabasy petroglyphs (Figs. 1, 3) in Southern Kazakhstan (Baipakov and Maryashev, 2004). Recently, new finds of this series have been added ( see below) - conditional images of a "sitting charioteer on a wheel".

Slab from the mound at the station. Ust-Byur (Figs. 2, 5). An anthropomorphic disguise and a four-wheeled cart, the body of which resembles a rook, are stamped on a large slab of the mog. 1 of Okunevsky time. It is kept in the Minusinsk Museum. Researchers of the monument note the simultaneity of images "connected by plot" [L. R. Kyzlasov, I. L. Kyzlasov, 1973; Leontiev, 1980, p. 68].

A slab from a mound in the vicinity of Askiz village (Fig. 3). A fragment of a slab with the image of a gig was used as a corner stone of the Tagar mound fence. Discovered by G. A. Maksimenkov in 1973, it is kept in the Minusinsk Museum. The gig is shown "in profile", the disc wheel is shown with recesses and can be defined as a lightweight one [Leontiev, 1980, p. 68]. The body is decorated with carved lines, which corresponds to the features of the decor on clay models of carts from Tel Hueyra and Tepe Le Havre. The image of the gig is located along the left edge of the plate, partially overlaps the details of the mask and is applied later than the figures of bulls. A detailed examination of the slab allowed Yu. N. Esin to identify the second image of the cart, smaller in size and located obliquely in the lower right part of the plane [2012, p. 17].

Slab from the Razliv X burial ground. On the reverse side of the slab with an anthropomorphic disguise among the images of cattle, in the middle part of the composition, a single-axle unhitched cart is stamped (Fig. 4, 9). The slab served as an overlap of Fig.9, is now stored in the Hermitage. The burial site is dated to the Okunev period (Leontiev, 1980, p. 68).

Figure 3. Fragment of the Askiz plate (from [Esin, 2012, p. 18, Fig. 5]).

page 92
Stele from a medieval burial ground near Krasny Kamen ulus. An image of two bulls under a yoke, with a drawbar forked at the end, is published (Figs. 4, 6). The conditions for finding the stele are unclear. The image is known only from an 1887 drawing and is probably lost at the present time (Appelgren-Kivalo, 1931, abb. 131; Vadetskaya, Leontiev, and Maksimenkov, 1980, p. 135, Table 44; Esin, 2012, p. 18].

A slab of wood. 2 mound 5 of the Chernovaya burial ground VIII. On the slab that served as the wall of the grave and is now kept in the Hermitage, in addition to the well-known masks and figures of bulls, images of two A-shaped gigs were found (Figs. 5, 7). One of them is drawn by a pair of bulls. The second drawing is partially destroyed: images of one "lightweight" wheel and half of a triangular drawbar have been preserved. The composition on the slab is multi-layered: "lean" sled bulls overlap " fat " bulls, one of which, in turn, overlaps an earlier image of a bull made in a completely different style; sled bulls overlap (or vice versa - bulls overlap) the "mouth" of the mask that occupies the entire surface of the slab [Sokolova, 2001, Fig. 1]. Another drawing of this composition (Fig. 5, 2) was published by Yu. N. Esin [2009, 2012]. The author assumes that there is only one A-shaped gig on the stove.

Plate from the burial ground Rough VIII. A small sandstone tile (stored in the Hermitage) was found in the inter-burial space, on the wide plane of which two miniature figures of "sitting charioteers on two carts" are applied with thin carved lines (see Figs. 1, 2) [Devlet M. A., Devlet E. G., 2004, abb. l; Esin, 2012, p. 17, fig. 4].

All the images of carts mentioned above were found on stelae and tombstones, probably reused in later funerary structures, and are clearly part of compositions of different times, as evidenced by the numerous overlapping images and their stylistic differences, as well as the technique of execution: knocking out with grinding in two cases and engraving with fine carvings.-

4. The most ancient images of teams, carts and charioteers on the monuments of the Minusinsk basin (according to [Esin, 2012, pp. 19-20, figs. 6-9]). 1-Znamenskaya Stele; 2, 3, 5 - Chernovaya VIII; 4-Ust-Byur; 6-Krasny Kamen; 7-Tepsey (Ust-Tuba-2); 8 - Askiz plate; 9 - Razliv X; 10-reconstruction of the A-shaped gig.

Fig. 5. Slab of mog. 2 mound 5 of the Chernovaya burial ground VIII. 1-visual reconstruction of the original view (according to: [Sokolova, 2001, Fig. 1; Novozhenov, 2012]); 2-drawing (according to: [Esin, 2012, p. 17, fig. 3]).

page 93
myth - in all the others. A single image of a four-wheeled cart and a charioteer (?)stands out in this series. It is part of the Ust-Tuba-2 petroglyphic complex on the rocks of the southern slope of Mount Tepsey (see Figs. 4, 7).

Discussion

In the entire series of images under consideration, four - and two-wheeled carts stand out quite clearly. If the former are represented by open-type "platform" carts and a covered van, the latter are represented only by A-shaped buggies. The latter exist in four fairly detailed images that allow you to study in detail the features of their design. They have a frame in the form of a very elongated triangle, the wide part of which is a body with wheels, and the narrow part is a drawbar with an attached crossbar-yoke. The low sidewalls of the body are shown, obviously made of poles. These features of the images, mathematical analysis, and references from well-known written sources allowed Yu. N. Esin to perform a fairly reliable graphic reconstruction of such a cart (see Fig. 4, 10) [Esin, 2012, Fig. 9].

Despite the relatively wide geographical distribution of images of such A-shaped buggies in the visual monuments of Eurasia, an absolutely analogous real cart was found in the catacomb border 32 (Fig. 6) of the Bolshoy Ipatovsky Mound in Stavropol [Bolshoy Ipatovsky Mound..., 2007; Belinskij and Kalmykov, 2004]. Obviously, such a striking similarity clearly indicates the source and place of origin of this type of gig. In the later Lchashensk burial ground in Transcaucasia, similar A-shaped buggies and a 75-cm model of them were also recorded, but of a slightly different design: without body sides and on three-part disc wheels (Novozhenov, 2012).

As for the four-wheeled Minusinsk carts and wagons, their real prototypes are also well documented in the monuments of the Maikop-Novosvobodna community of the Ciscaucasia and the steppe zone of Eurasia (Izbitser, 1993, 2010; Gay, 2000). Znamenskoe image of a wagon drawn by a pair of oxen, with detailed drawing

Fig. 6. Border plan of Bolshoy Ipatovsky mound 32 (according to: [Bolshoy Ipatovsky mound..., 2007]), a -litter boundary (brown aphid); b-litter boundary (reeds?) c-matting; d-ochre; d-coals; d-ash; g - calculus; h-wood. 1-bronze hook; 2-bronze awl; 3-bronze knife; 4-wooden object with bronze inlay; 5-clay vessel No. 2; 6-wooden tray; 7-bronze knife; 8-bronze bead; 9-stone anvil; 10-stone pestle; 11-vessel No. 3 clay; 12 - clay vessel No. 4; 13-stone trowel; 14-A-shaped wooden gig (cart); 15-bronze arrowhead. A bone buckle and an earthen vessel No. 1 were also found in the mound of this mound (not shown in the plan).

page 94
It repeats many of the design features of carts from the Novotitor burials; the Ust-Byur "rook" has similarities with Hungarian vessels - models of carts (see Fig. 2, 5 - 7).

Wagon wheels are one of the most important elements of their design. In the Minusinsk series under consideration, they are presented in different versions: a solid wheel; a composite one consisting of several parts; a lightweight one with month-shaped symmetrical recesses, fastened with a wide rim (Askiz gig). The opinion of Yu. N. Esin about the absence of wheels with spokes in this series, which some researchers mentioned, is fair, based on poor-quality drawings. Such a variety of options indicates different methods of manufacturing a disc wheel: from a single cut from a tree trunk; from two or three composite slats and/or two segments with recesses connected to a single whole by a special rim-tire. Most of the presented wheels are shown with a circular axis in cross-section. This obviously indicates a fixed axis on which a pair of wheels rotates. In the Askiz gig, it is shown to be rectangular in cross-section. In this case, the axle was movable and rotated in special grooves in the lower part of the cart along with the wheels. This method has broad Middle Eastern and pre-Caucasian analogues and is described in the Rig Veda.

The observed difference between the wheels presented in this series and the methods of their attachment to the axle may indicate a technical evolution in their manufacture, noted by researchers for synchronous monuments in other regions-from the simplest single-part disc wheel to a three-part one, and then to a wheel with spokes that precedes the most perfect one in this evolutionary series. rim-tire. The main motive for this evolution is to reduce the total weight of both the wheel itself and the cart as a whole, increasing its load capacity and speed, while maintaining the strength of the wheel and reliability in its operation. In this case, the way the wheel is depicted can be an indicator of the relative chronological position of the drawing.

Angle of the image of a cart and sled animals. There are also several variants here, despite the fact that only two of the entire series contain images of sled bulls and carts themselves. On the Znamenskaya Stele, the cart and the seated charioteer are shown "in profile", and the bulls - in the position "one above the other", which corresponds to the side view. On the slab from the Chernovaya VIII burial ground, the team bulls are depicted in the same way, and the gig is shown in the" planned " projection (top view). The third bull team (Red Stone) from this series has come down to us only in fragmentary form: the figures of sled bulls in the traditional position for later times with their backs to each other (top view) have been preserved, and only the central Y - shaped pole, yoke crossbar(s) and fragments of reins from the cart. The rest of the carts are shown without sled animals (except for the schematic representation of the animal's head on a miniature with "sitting charioteers" from Draft VIII) and mostly "in profile".

Analysis of the entire array of Central Asian petroglyphs with a chariot plot indicates that the "profile" images are more ancient than the standard ones in the" planned " projection. This applies to images of carts, sled animals, and a charioteer. (Here we do not consider clearly medieval images of carts in the Yamany-Us gorge, on the Tabangut obo, Mount Sulek, and some others.) The presence of a situation where sled animals are shown "in profile", and the cart - in the" planned " projection, is not a rare case for petroglyphs of the Minusinsk basin. The most ancient images of carts are exclusively "profile", over time there was a transformation of the angle, which could lead to the simultaneous use of both "top view" and "side view" for only one purpose - to show the most significant details of the carts. These experiments culminated in the development of a standard canon for later chariots-images of sled animals with their backs or legs to each other, and carts in a "planned" projection.

The relative chronology of the entire series under consideration is as follows: among the earliest are "profile" images of carts on slabs from the Ust-Byur mound, etc. The most recent ones are found on stelae from the vicinity of Askiz village, from the Razliv X and Krasny Kamen burial grounds (the latter is the latest), and drawings from Draft VIII occupy an intermediate position between these groups (Esin, 2012, p. 29).

Sled animals and methods of driving a cart. As already noted, pairs of bulls are exclusively depicted as sled animals. They are shown lean and lean, in contrast to the usual Okunevsky bulls, fat and massive. Yu. N. Esin explains this difference by the fact that oxen (castrated bulls) and, possibly, cows were used in sleds, as they are more docile. The different economic purpose of cattle among Okunevites probably formed significant differences in the appearance of these animals, which is reflected in the visual monuments [Ibid., 2012, p. 25].

In the specialized literature, an opinion was expressed about the use of a domesticated horse by Okunev residents (Miklashevich, 2006), including for harnessing light carts. It is based on the presence of an image-

page 95
horse breeding with a collar (burial ground Lebyazhye), horse (?) heads (Rough Version VIII), horses with loops in the nose and the likeness of a bridle or halter on the muzzle. However, not all of them can be unambiguously identified with a horse - in some cases, these may be figures of oxen, cows, or lumpy bulls damaged by chipping, and the stripes on the muzzles are explained by the peculiarities of Okunevsky art, which suggests the" war paint " of animals (for example, in moose). and disguises. It is possible to use a primitive rope trap or halter as a leash for a domestic horse, but there is no data yet on the use of horses for harnessing to gigs. In the Okunev complexes, no material evidence of remote control of the horse was found - psalms, for example, as in the Early Alexandron burials, and on the contrary, there are a number of indications of the use of nasal rings (or nasal loops made of lasso) designed to control oxen (Fig. 7).

A significant series of nose rings (Fig. 8) originate from monuments of the Maikop-Novosvobodna community (Korenevsky, 2011). These nose rings were found, as a rule, in pairs, some with traces of leather belts (Bamut), in special wooden boxes (Crowns), and two were fixed directly on the skulls of bulls (Maryinskoe-5 group, kur g. 1, pogr. 26), and one ring retained the position in which it was inserted in the nasal cartilage of an animal (Kantorovich, Maslov, Petrenko, 2009). The installation of this harness element was carried out as follows: an incision was made in the nasal cartilage of a young animal and a bronze wire was inserted into it, then it was bent into a ring so that the ends went behind each other, the latter were fixed with leather straps. Such a ring with ropes attached to it-reins - is a standard way to control sleds with bulls in ancient times. This series of nose rings in

Figure 7. Okunev images of sled oxen (based on [Esin, 2012, p. 22, Fig. 12]).

Fig. 8. Nose rings and hook from monuments of the Maikop-Novosvobodnenskaya community (according to: [Korenevsky, 2011, pp. 291-293, figs. 83-85]). 1-4-burial ground of the Treasure, altar of the mound 11G; 5 - burial ground of the Treasure, mound 11G, border 26; 6, 15, 20-mound 3 near the village of Ventsy, border 4; 7-Chegem II, mound 27, border 1; 8, 9-Bamut, mound 15; 10, 11 - Kubina; 12-Chishkho, destroyed burial; 13, 14-Ulsky aul; 16, 17-Treasures, mound 4, border. 1; 18, 19-Aladzha Huyuk, tomb K; 21, 22-Maikop, ruined mound.

page 96
currently, it is the most ancient of all known archaeological materials in the Far East [Korenevsky, 2011, p. 86].

At the same time, Minusinsk pictorial monuments show additional elements: yoke-slingshots for more convenient fixation of the yoke-crossbars on the necks of sled animals and collars-collars equipped with decorative elements. Yoke-slingshots are shown on all unhitched Minusinsk buggies and have analogies in synchronous materials. In the Akbaur grotto (East Kazakhstan), a two-wheeled cart is depicted, in which this component of the harness was made of wooden parts in the form of a U-shaped slingshot, inserted into special holes in the yoke-crossbar. Collars are widely known on monuments of the Old World, were used in Middle Eastern sleds. They were made of leather or cloth, decorated with hanging festoons or tassels of wool. The collar served to fix the yoke-slingshot attachment to the animal's neck, could also be used as a leash, as well as to protect sled animals on Middle Eastern war carts.

An important means of remote control of sled animals were special items-a whip (whip) and a goad. L-shaped goads are depicted on a silver Bactria vessel (Fig. 9), on numerous cylindrical seals, "harpoons" of a similar type are known in the materials of Gonur tepe in Margiana. Later chariot complexes of the Ural-Kazakhstan steppes show magnificent examples of goadstoppers and bell-shaped bronze hooks, the prototypes of which were found in the already mentioned border 32 of the Bolshoy Ipatovsky Mound together with an A-shaped gig.

Bronze hooks, forks, or tridents on long wooden handles, which are serially presented in the materials of the Maikop-Novosvobodnenskaya community (INR) in the Ciscaucasia and South Russian steppes, are also functionally related to the management of bull teams [Ibid., pp. 85-86, figs. 81, 82]. INR materials in the amount of 15 copies are represented vtul'chatye forks, vtul'chatye and cuttings hooks, as well as staples (Fig. 10). It is noteworthy that in one complex with the largest fork (length together with the sleeve 8 cm, the span of the "horns" 12 cm) from this series (border 5 mound 31 in the Treasure tract), a bronze wheel with a diameter of 32.5 cm was found, which is a cast sleeve with four processes that are tightened by a circular rim with a diameter of 4 mm (Fig. 10, 1).

The endings of the "horns" of all items in this series are sharp, they can be bent to varying degrees. Vtubchatye forks are decorated with parquet ornaments, transverse or longitudinal rollers, sculptural images of sheep heads [Ibid., pp. 85-86]. This indicates the connection of these objects with the ritual and mythological sphere of culture. In ancient Babylon, the three-pronged rod was an attribute of the goddess of war Innana-Ishtar-Anahit [McMahon, Tunga, Bagdo, 2001, p. 212, fig. 9]. The trident is known to be important

Fig. 9. Silver cup from Bactria. It is kept in the Louvre Museum (AO 28518). Height 0.132 m, diameter 0.143 m.

page 97

10. Wheel, forks, hooks and tridents from the monuments of the Maikop-Novo-Svobodnenskaya community (according to [Korenevsky, 2011, pp. 288-290, Fig. 81, 82]). 1, 2, 7, 18, 19 - Hoards, mound 31, border 5; 3-Novosvobodnaya, mound 2; 4-Timoshevskaya station; 5-Novosvobodnaya, mound 1; 6-Chegem II, mound 21, border 4; 8 - impression of a cylindrical seal, ancient Babylonian period, Chagar-Bazar; 9-Andriukovskaya, mound 4; 10-Derbent, Dagestani lights; 11-Treasures, mound 4, border 7; 12-Chegem II, mound 21, border 5; 13-Makhoshevskaya; 14, 20, 25-Kuban; 15-Treasures, Kurgan. MON, pogr. 36; 16-Pogulyaevo, kurg. 1, pogr. 3; 17-Treasures, mound 28, border 1; 21-Psebayskaya; 22-Inozemtsevo; 23, 24-Novosvobodnaya, mound 1, border 1. 1; 26-Bamut, mound 6, border 9.

an attribute of the Greek god Poseidon, whose genealogy goes back to the more ancient deity Hippios, the lord of horses (Langdon, 1989). It is noteworthy that in the series under consideration there are two hollow trident hooks (Novosvobodnaya, mound 1 and Klady, mound 31. border). 5) have paired anthropomorphic figures of charioteers (?) standing opposite each other with outstretched arms, as if driving carts. Such a plot is known in the Kazakh petroglyphs of the Bronze Age (the image on the wall of a stone box on the Andronovek burial ground in the Tamgaly tract; in the petroglyphs of Kulzhabasy, Karatau) and is well illustrated by the legends about the cult of the" nosy " twin brothers Ashvin.

In addition to the obvious cult function, the utilitarian purpose of these items remains unclear. It has been suggested that they can be used to remove meat from boilers (Kuftin, 1949, p. 280). However, given the undoubted polyfunctionality of the objects, the difference in shapes and the obvious transport context of these finds, it is logical to assume their use in relation to the oldest bull teams, either as a necessary tool or a type of charioteer's weapon, or as a means of remote control of sled animals. Such items on a long wooden handle could be used from a moving cart to destroy enemy buildings, capture the enemy, or, more importantly for a breeder, young, newly calved individuals from the herd. By analogy with the action of a goad, the functional purpose of these items can be associated with remote control of sled animals during the movement and turns of the cart.

Conclusions

Returning to the pictorial series of Minusinsk carts, we note that the most ancient (mid-and second half of the third millennium BC) types of wagon-wagon and A-shaped buggies drawn by a pair of bulls presented here demonstrate a number of progressive innovations in designs, as well as achievements in cattle breeding that were not previously known in Northern Eurasia. They are fundamentally different in design from horse-drawn teams on wheels with spokes - the true chariots that spread everywhere in Central Asia in a later period. These wagons, which were originally designed to use only oxen and cows, are completely unsuited to harnessing Equids.

The origin of the A-shaped type of gig, due to their design features, can clarify many issues of ethno-cultural history and the genesis of a number of archaeological cultures in the north of Central Asia.

page 98
Asia and the Okunev culture proper in Southern Siberia. In this connection, we will consider in more detail the hypothesis about the origin of Minusinsk gigs from the oldest variants of a team with shafts from the western and south-western regions of Central Asia in terms of its argumentation [Esin, 2012, pp. 34-42].

Indeed, new finds from Turkmenistan, especially from Altyn-tepe and Anau, indicate a very early acquaintance of the local population with wheeled carts with a central drawbar - already in the second half of the IV millennium BC, Clay models of carts of the second half of the III millennium BC, the Namazga IV and V periods, were apparently equipped with the same equipment. shafts for harnessing one animal [Kircho, 2009, pp. 28-30]. Clay models with protoms of one animal, usually a camel, also indirectly indicate the use of shafts. In the front part of a cart from the burial site of the "royal necropolis" of Gonur tepe, the remains of two poles, presumably left from a composite drawbar, were found (Sarianidi and Dubova, 2010). It seems that the mere fact of familiarity with the shaft method of harnessing does not mean that it is widely used in practice. Otherwise, we would have a much larger number of such sources. The shortcomings of the production technology of the oldest carts made them too heavy for one sled animal. Only a camel could be quite effective in such constructions, but its habitat is limited to the southern regions. The transformation of two shafts into a triangular pole could theoretically occur precisely because of the need to use a pair of bulls capable of pulling a heavy cart, but so far this assumption has not been documented in any way.

Petroglyphic monuments of Kazakhstan (Karatau, Sauyskandyk), Uzbekistan (Nuratau) and along the Karakoram highway in Pakistan, according to some researchers, are associated with the Okunev pictorial tradition (as, indeed, with the Seimin-Turbin) [Shvets, 2011, pp. 134-138; Jettmar, 1982; Esin, 2012, p. 37], which gives rise to hypotheses about Okunev contacts with the Harappan civilization and their migrations (Sokolova, 2010). However, A-shaped buggies appear on the territory of India too late - only after the Aryan conquest (Inamgaon). In these regions, there are no known Okunevsky burial grounds that could "map" such migration, and on the contrary, monuments of the Yamno-Afanasyevsky circle have been discovered and studied (Karagash, Grigoryevka-2, etc. in Central Kazakhstan, in Xinjiang, the Zamanbaba group in Zeravshan). At the same time, the contacts identified by the researchers undoubtedly indicate a developed communication system between the northern and southern parts of Central Asia through the Kazakh steppes.

Mostly four-wheeled carts of the most ancient types depicted on Central Asian petroglyphs demonstrate various ways of harnessing a pair of oxen and camels, including in multi-saddle structures. So, in the Arpauzen gorge (Karatau ridge), a four-wheeled cart is depicted, in which one camel is harnessed by means of shafts or a combined drawbar, triangular drawbars are shown on many carts. However, all these important evidences of experiments and developments of new drawbar designs cannot serve as proof of the invention of A-shaped buggies in these territories, since not a single image of them, much less a real cart, has yet been found here, as well as two-wheeled teams with a pair of bulls in petroglyphs. On the contrary, there are known images of two-wheeled vehicles of a different design - with a central drawbar, unharnessed (Akbaur grotto) and harnessed by a pair of camels (Baikonur).

In general, the proposed hypothesis requires additional argumentation and further elaboration. Taking into account the above-mentioned analogs of the Minusinsk A-shaped carts and van, we should assume that the Okunev culture originated from the pit-catacomb environment and look for its origins in the monuments of the western part of the continent (Novozhenov, 1994, 2012; Lazaretov, 1997; Podolsky, 2007).

List of literature

Baipakov K. M., Maryashev A. N. Petroglyphs in the mountains of Kulzhabasy. Almaty: Publishing House of the Institute of Archeology of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 2004, 26 p., 86 ill.

S. N. Korenevsky, A. B. Belinsky, and A. A. Kalmykov, Bolshoy Ipatovsky Kurgan in the Stavropol Territory, Moscow: Nauka Publ., 2007, 229 p. (in Russ.)

Vadetskaya E. B., Leontiev N. V., Maksimenkov G. A. Pamyatniki okunevskoy kul'tury [Monuments of Okunev culture].

Gay A. N. Novotitorovskaya kul'tura [Novotitorovskaya kul'tura], Moscow: Stary sad Publ., 2000, 224 p.

Gryaznov M. P. Pisanitsa epokhi bronzy iz d. Znamenki v Khakasii [Znamenki in Khakassia]. 1960, Issue 80, pp. 85-89.

Shneider E. R. M. P., Gryaznoe Kamennye izvayaniya Minusinskikh steppei [Dirty Stone sculptures of the Minusinsk steppes]. - 1926. - N 11/12. - p. 27-36.

Esin Yu. N. Drevneyshie izobrazheniya povozok Minusinskaya kotloviny: prostranstvennye postroeniya i konstruktsiya [Ancient images of carts in the Minusinsk basin: spatial constructions and construction]. Krasnoyarsk: Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University. un-t, 2009. - Vol. I. - pp. 68-72.

Esin Yu. N. Tyaglovye zhivotni i voznichie drevneyshikh izobrazheniy povozok Minusinskaya kotloviny [Draft animals and drivers of the oldest images of carts in the Minusinsk basin]. conf., dedicated to To the 20th anniversary of independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the 20th anniversary of the A. H. Margulan Institute of Archeology of the Kazakh National Academy of Education and Science. Almaty, 2011, vol. 1, pp. 267-273.

page 99
Esin Yu. N. Drevneyshie izobrazheniya povozok Minusinskaya kotloviny [The oldest images of carts in the Minusinsk basin]. -2012. - N 1 (3). - p. 14-47.

Izbitser E. V. Burials with wagons of the steppe zone of Eastern Europe and the North Caucasus W-N th millennium BC: author's abstract. dis. ... candidate of Historical Sciences. - SPb., 1993. - 37 p.

Izbitser E. V. Chariot with brakes, or reconstructions without brakes / / Stratum plus. - 2010. - N 2. - pp. 187-194.

Kantorovich A. R., Maslov V. E., Petrenko V. G. Finding of bronze bull control elements (nose rings) in 2009 and the problem of Near-eastern relations of the Maikop culture of the North Caucasus // Antiquity: historical significance and specifics of the source. Moscow: Nauka Publ., 2009, pp. 44-46.

Kircho L. B. Drevneyshiy kolesny transport na yugu Srednoi Azii (novye materialy Altyn-depe) [The oldest wheeled transport in the south of Central Asia (new materials from Altyn-depe)]. - 2009. - N 1. - p. 25-33.

Korenevsky S. N. The oldest metal of the Ciscaucasia: Typology. Historical and cultural aspect, Moscow: Taus Publ., 2011, 336 p.

Kuftin B. A. Materials for the archeology of Colchis. - Tbilisi: Tehnika da shroma, 1949. - Vol. 1. - 360 p.: ill.

Kyzlasov L. R. Drevneyshiaya Khakasiya [Ancient Khakassia]. state University, 1986, 295 p. (in Russian)

Kyzlasov L. R., Kyzlasov I. L. Issledovaniya na territorii Khakasii [Research on the territory of Khakassia]. AO 1972. - Moscow: Nauka, 1973. - p. 223.

Lazaretov I. P. Okunevskie mogilniki v doline r. Ui-bat [Okunev burial grounds in the valley of the Ui-bat river]. Art. Anthropology. St. Petersburg: Petro-RIF Publ., 1997, pp. 137-146.

Leontiev N. V. Images of animals and birds on the plates of the Chernovaya VIII burial ground // Ancient Siberia. Novosibirsk: Nauka Publ., 1970, issue 3, pp. 265-270.

Leont'ev N. V. Kolesnyj transport epochy bronzy na Yenisei [Wheel transport of the Bronze Age on the Yenisei]. Abakan: Kn. izd-vo, 1980, pp. 65-84.

Miklashevich E. A. Okunevskie kontsey: k probleme vozrozhdeniya odomashnennoy kontsey v Yuzhnoy Sibiri [Okunev horses: on the problem of the appearance of domesticated horses in Southern Siberia]. Saint Petersburg: Elexis Print Publ., 2006, issue 2, pp. 191-211.

Novozhenov V. A. Rock images of carts of Central and Central Asia (on the problem of migration of the population of steppe Eurasia in the Eneolithic and Bronze Age). Almaty: Argumenty i Fakty-Kazakhstan, 1994, 297 p.

Novozhenov V. A. Chudo kommunikatsii i drevneyshey kolesny transport Evrazii [The Miracle of communication and the oldest wheeled transport of Eurasia].

Podolsky M. L. Fenomen i paradoxes Minusinskaya stepi (smena kul'turnykh dominantov) [Phenomenon and paradoxes of the Minusinsk steppe (change of cultural dominants)]. - SPb.: IIMK RAS; SPb. State University, 2007, pp. 113-128.

Sarianidi V. P., Dubova P. A. New tombs on the territory of the royal necropolis of Gonur (preliminary message) / / On the path of discovery of civilization: Tr. Margian. archeol. expeditions. Saint Petersburg: Nauka Publ., 2010, pp. 210-256.

Sevastyanova E. A. Petroglyphs of Mount Tunchukh / / Voprosy arkheologii Khakasii. Abakan: Kn. izd-vo, 1980, pp. 103-107.

Sokolova L. A. Stela iz Chernovaya VIII s znamennymi bykami i neizvestnymi povozkami [Stele from Chernovaya VIII with famous bulls and unknown carts]. St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg State University, 2001, pp. 129-132.

Sokolova L. A. Okunevo and Harappa - evidences of contact // Ancient cultures of Eurasia: materials of the International Scientific Conference, proc. 100th anniversary of the birth of A. N. Bernshtam. St. Petersburg, 2010, pp. 87-94.

Shvets I. N. Zazyety okunevskogo izobrazhitel'nogo tipa v naskalnom iskusstve Kazakhstana [Stories of Okunevsky fine art in the rock art of Kazakhstan]. Naskalnoe iskusstvo v sovremennom obshchestve: mat-ly Mezhdunar. nauch. konf. - Kemerovo: Izd. Kem.gosudarstvennogo un-ta, 2011, pp. 134-140.

Appelgren-Kivalo J. Altaltaische Kunstdenkmahler. -Helsinki: Finnische Altertumsgesellsihaft, 1931. - 327 s.

Belinskij A., Kalmykov A. Neue Wagenfunde aus Graben der Katakombengrabkultur im Steppengebiet des zentralen Vorkaukasus // Rad und Wagen: Der Ursprung einer Innovation Wagen im Vorderen Orient und Europa. - Mainz am Rhein: Verlag Philipp von Zabern, 2004. - S. 201 - 220.

Devlet M.A., Devlet E.G. Felsbilder mit Wagendarstellungen in Sibirien und Zentralasien // Rad und Wagen: Der Unsprung einer Innovation Wagen im Vorderen Orient und Europa. -Mainz am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern, 2004. - S. 237 - 246.

Jettmar K. Petroglyphs and Early History of the Upper Indus Valley: The 1981 expedition - a preliminary report // Zentralasiatische Studien. - 1982. - N 16. - P. 293 - 308.

Langdon S. The Return of the Horse-Leader // Archaeology. - 1989. - N 93. - P. 185 - 201.

McMahon A., Tunga O., Bagdo M. New Excavations at Chagar Bazar 1999 - 2000 // Iraq. - 2001. - Vol. LXIII. - P. 201 - 222.

The article was submitted to the Editorial Board on 27.12.12, in the final version-on 01.04.13.

page 100

Permanent link to this publication: