UDC 572+903 ' 15

The enamel covers of seven permanent lower teeth were examined, which made it possible to determine that the burial site contained the remains of a young woman. The most important race-differentiating features are concentrated on the female molars; they form a very rare complex, which is found in several modern and ancient ethnic groups of the Caspian-Aral region and the northern regions of the Indo-Gangetic interfluve. According to the Parthian woolen textiles found in the burial site, it can be assumed that the woman's origin is connected with Northwestern India and is a representative of the Parthian culture. The history of the relationship of the Xiongnu Empire with Parthia and China shows the cultural influence of the population of Northwestern India and Kashmir on the inhabitants of the deep regions of Central Asia. An anthropological find from the burial mound No. 20 in Noin-Ul confirms that people from this area of the Parthian state could have been integrated into the Xiongnu society at the turn of the eras.

Key words: tooth effacement, tooth enamel hypoplasia, southern gracile odontological type, Xiongnu empire, Parthian culture, Northwestern India.

Introduction

In the mounds of the Xiongnu nobility of the famous burial ground in the Noin-Ula Mountains in Northern Mongolia, the bones of the buried were not preserved everywhere and only fragmentary, since in ancient times all burials were plundered (desecrated). The robbers ' target was primarily buried. All the wooden lacquer sarcophagi containing the bodies of the deceased were broken. The remains of people, weapons and other valuables that were on the deceased, the robbers pulled out of the grave. What happened to the human remains next is anyone's guess. For example, the Xiongnu themselves used the skull of a Yuezhi chieftain killed by Shanyu Laoshan in the mid-70s of the second century BC to make a bowl from which, when concluding contracts with representatives of the Chinese court, they drank a mixture of sacrificial blood with an intoxicating drink. There are written records of some cases of robbery. Thus, it is known that "in the kingdom of Zhao-di, the Wuhuans gradually strengthened and excavated the graves of the Xiongnu Shanyu in revenge of Mode" [Bichurin, 1950, part 1, p. 144]. P. B. Konovalov, who studied ordinary Xiongnu burial grounds on the territory of Buryatia, noted that in most of the disturbed graves, the skulls of the buried are absent [1976, p. 158]. Among nomadic peoples, desecration of graves belonging to enemies during the struggle for power and land has been one of the main symbolic acts of the victors ever since the Scythians.

The authors of the excavations, S. A. Teploukhov, P. K. Kozlov, and S. A. Kondratiev, have left evidence of a few anthropological finds from the Noin-Ula burial mounds; their data was also used by S. I. Rudenko*.

* Pelvic bones were found in mound No. 24 (Teploukhov, 1925, pp. 17-18). In mound No. 6," the deceased was apparently dragged out of the coffin and thrown into the eastern corridor in a sitting position", the bones almost decayed [Zhizn..., 2006, p. 211]. Leg bones, a cranial cap, a piece of temporal bone, and a cervical vertebra were found in the Ballodovsky mound [Khodukin, 1926, p. 11]. Leg bones and teeth were found in the "Mongol" mound (Archive of the Russian Geographical Society, f. 2, d. N 239), and in Andreyevsky, under the cover of the burial chamber, a fragment of a human head was found.

It was probably not possible to determine the gender, age, and race of those buried at that time. To date, nothing from the anthropological material of the Noin-Ula burial ground has been preserved. Modern anthropological studies mention only one female skull of the Paleosibirian type (Debets, 1948, p. 123). Therefore, any bone remains of buried people found in the Noin-Ula mountains are of great scientific interest.

In 2006, a joint Russian-Mongolian archaeological expedition investigated Mound No. 20 in Noin-Ula (Polos'mak, Bogdanov, Tseveendorzh, and Erdene-Ochir, 2008). In ancient times, it, like other burial mounds, was plundered. The wooden burial chamber, located at a depth of more than 18 m, was crushed and filled with ground water and fine clay, the sarcophagus was broken into chips, the remains of the buried were not found. However, in the felt-covered carpet covering the floor of the burial chamber, well-preserved enamel covers of seven permanent lower teeth were found. At first glance, such material can not carry meaningful information that allows you to get an idea of an individual (to determine his gender, age, race); after all, there are no dental tissues from which molecular paleogenetics could make their own definitions. But this find is truly unique, because the crowns of teeth have features that characterize some important anthropological features of the individual.

Characteristics of paleoanthropological material

Anthropological material from the burial is represented by well-preserved enamel covers of seven permanent lower teeth-the right and left canines (C), the right and left first premolars (P ₁), the left second premolar (P ₂), and the left first and second molars (_M1, _M2).

The nature of tooth abrasion

The surfaces of the vestibular tubercles of molars and premolars are more erased compared to lingual ones, and the vestibular surfaces below the cutting edges of the canine crowns are obliquely polished (Table 1, Fig. 1). These features indicate a psalidont ("upper") type of bite, in which the upper incisors cover the lower ones and, in general, the upper row of teeth slightly protrudes beyond the upper teeth. the lower one. This bite is typical for modern humans (it occurs in different groups with a frequency of up to 80 %). Only in some modern populations there is a high frequency of other forms of bite. Pronounced asymmetry in the obliteration of the molar and premolar tubercles, as well as the canine surfaces, is a sign of a deep psalidont bite, in which the upper teeth extend far into the lower row. This bite is possible with a very faceted lower jaw. The smallness of the latter can also be indicated by the small size of the teeth (Table 2). The gracefulness of the dentoalveolar apparatus is an argument in favor of the conclusion that the individual under study is a woman.

Belonging of the examined teeth to a woman is also confirmed by the shape of the molar crowns. According to A. A. Zubov and N. I. Khaddeeva, who studied the relationship between the shape of dental crowns and human gender in 12 odontological samples of different racial groups [1993, p. 141], the frequency of four-tufted forms of the first and second upper molars in most groups is higher in women than in men. Thus, all other ethnogenetic conditions being equal, in the odontological sample, teeth with four tubercles may occur more frequently in women.

The degree of tooth decay suggests that the individual's biological age is 25-30 years.

Morphological features of dental crowns

Crown shape Y4 (no hypoconulid_{First lower molar (M} 1 ).) 1, 1). In most populations, the four-hill m1 is rare. However, the frequency of occurrence of the first lower molar of the Y4 form, reaching 30 %, is noted in southern Caucasian racial groups. According to A. A. Zubov and N. I. Khaddeeva (Zubov, 1973; Zubov and Khaldeeva, 1989), this form of tooth is found in Pamirs with a frequency of 30.3 %, in Ossetians - 38.1%, in Azerbaijanis - 19.4%, in the population of Dagestan-20.3%, in groups of North-Western Europe and in the population of India-from 10 to 20%, in the Caucasian groups of Central Asia - from 10 to 13%. Scott and Turner (1997) recorded a four - humus _m1 with a relatively high frequency (10-20%) on the territory of Western Eurasia. In Mongoloid populations, the frequency of its occurrence does not exceed 3 %. According to A. A. Zubov, the regularity of the world distribution of chet-

jawbone with three teeth [Zhizn..., 2006, p. 123], in Kondratyevsky in the eastern corridor - a femur and four teeth, in mound No. 25 near the coffin-five bones of human limbs, a pelvic bone, part of the skull cap [Ibid., p. 122] , in mound No. 23 near the coffin - four bones and at the end of the eastern corridor-three arm bones, cervical vertebrae, and foot bones [Ibid., p. 121].

Table 1. Assessment of the degree of tooth effacement according to A. A. Zubov [1968]

1. Teeth from mound No. 20 in Noin-Ul. L - lingual side; V-vestibular side. 1-four-domed first molar (4 M ₁); 2-distal trigonid crest (drtg) per M; 3-three-domed premolars.

Table 2. Main diameters of dental crowns, mm

rehbugor "M ₁" consists precisely in connection with race, and not with territory... highest frequencies... everywhere they follow the spread of the Caucasian racial type" [1973, p. 128]. Thus, the shape of the crown of the first molar can be assumed with a high degree of probability that the individual in question belongs to the Caucasian race.

Distal trigonid crest (drtgd). This trait, combined with the four - protuberant tooth type (Figs. 1, 2), is a key odontological characteristic of this individual. Its importance is explained by the peculiarities of the global distribution of drtgd.

drtgd is most often found in combination with pyatibugorkovym _m1 and is an important racial diagnostic feature of the "eastern" odontological complex. In Mongoloid, Australoid, and Veddoid populations, the frequency of this trait reaches 50-55 % (Zubov and Khaldeyeva, 1993; Zubov, 2006). Moreover, its maximum values are typical for the population of Mongolia, China, and Vietnam. On average, drtgd is rarely or very rarely recorded, sometimes with a frequency close to zero, in representatives of the "western" odontological trunk - in the northern and central Caucasian groups [Ibid.]. An exception is the southern branch of the Caucasian race, which belongs to the so - called southern granite odontological type: it includes groups with a high (10-20 %) occurrence of this trait. According to A. A. Zubov, N. Gashimova, and N. I. Khaldeyeva [Zubov, 1980; Zubov and Gashimova, 1982; Zubov and Khaldeyeva, 1989], such groups are found among the population of Northern and Western India (the frequency of drtgd ranges from 4.5 to 19.0 %, on average 10.7%), Azerbaijan (4.5 - 9,5 %, an average of 7,2 %), Dagestan (0-12%, an average of 6,3 %).

Among the ancient population groups with the studied anthropological differentiating features of the dental system, the southern granite odontological type, which is characterized by a fairly high frequency of occurrence of the distal trigonid crest, was identified in the Caspian-Aral region. On the territory of the Eastern Caspian region (within the borders of present-day Northwestern Turkmenistan), according to the materials of the Altyn-Depe necropolis (III-II millennium BC), the frequency of M ₁ 4 is 18.4 %, drtgd-15.1 % (data from O. Babakov et al., cited in fig. according to: [Aksyanova and Geldieva, 2002, p. 42]), based on materials from several necropolises of the Uzbek culture (last centuries BC - first centuries AD), - 18.4%, drtgd - 8.3 % [Ibid.]. In the series of late Sarmatians from the Kazybaba burial ground on the Ustyurt plateau in the Southwestern Aral Sea region, the frequency of M ₁ 4 reaches 17.5 %, drtgd-20.0 % (data on. Bagdasarova, cit. by: [Ibid.]).

Thus, the crown of the first molar can be considered as a unique find: it contains very important information that allows us to make assumptions about the areas with which the origin of this individual could be associated - the Caspian region. The North Caucasus, the Caspian-Aral Sea region, and North-Western India.

Inter-root enamel congestion. In the practice of odontological research, this trait is taken into account on the second molars of both the upper and lower dentition rows, so we do not have comparative data on the global distribution of the trait for the first molars. The studied tooth is characterized by direct-

my enamel-cement border on the vestibular side of the tooth crown (score 2).

Crown shape X4_{Second lower molar (}M2 ). (no hypoconulid). The chetyrehbugorkovaya form of the second lower molar is found everywhere in almost all ethno-territorial groups. The lowest frequencies of this form of this tooth (10-30 %) correspond to American Indians, Eskimos, and Ulchi. High frequencies (more than 80 %, and in some cases 100 %) are common within the large Caucasian race (Zubov, 1973; Zubov and Khaldeyeva, 1989; Scott and Turner, 1997). In most groups of representatives of the most diverse races and in the ancient Caucasian series, the frequency of four-hill _M2 varies from 40 to 80 %. In mestizo populations, as the proportion of the Caucasoid element increases, the percentage of four-humus types of the second lower molar increases. However, the presence of such a tooth in the subject is not a strong reason for concluding that it is Caucasian.

Inter-root enamel congestion. On a global scale, the second molars (both upper and lower) are characterized by the maximum frequency of occlusions (points 4-6). The frequency of occurrence of this trait in Mongoloid groups is high (up to 90 %), in Caucasian groups-much lower: northern Caucasians have about 40 %, while southern Caucasians have about 20 %. The tooth studied by us has no enamel leakage (the shape of the enamel-cement border is described by a score of 2), which can be considered a Caucasian feature.

The first and second lower premolars (_P1, _P2). The premolars of a given individual show a high degree of differentiation. Both teeth have two well-developed lingual tubercles, i.e. they are three-tubercled and are described by a score of 5 (on the A. A. Zubov scale) (Figs. 1, 3). A. A. Zubov, based on his own data on Lithuanians, Estonians and Kazakhs, as well as information from Japanese researchers T. Sakai, I. Sasaki and X. Hanamura concluded that the classification of races by the number of tubercles of the second lower premolar is hardly appropriate. The frequency distribution of differentiated second premolars (similar in shape to molars) does not reveal any connection with large racial divisions of humanity and does not have a regular geographical localization [Zubov, 1973]. The three-hummock first premolar is rare. A. A. Zubov noted it in groups of Lithuanians and Kazakhs (1.4 - 3.9 %). There is no comparative basis for this feature.

Enamel hypoplasia

Of particular interest are the enamel defects found on the canines and premolars and the first molar of an individual, which are diagnosed as striated hypoplasia (Figure 2). They have the appearance of small furrows of altered enamel, which alternate with unchanged enamel tissue. Hypoplasia is caused by a lack of enamel tissue and is formed on permanent teeth during their mineralization under the influence of a violation of mineral and protein metabolism in the child's body. Localization of signs of hypoplasia on the tooth crown, as well as the group belonging of the affected tooth, largely depends on the age at which the child was affected by the stress factor; for permanent teeth, this is the age from 0.5 to 6.5-7.0 years. Metabolic disorders in the body occur simultaneously on all teeth with the same formation time. When determining the age of hypoplasia formation, the localization of its manifestations on the tooth crown is taken into account (Hillson, 2003).

In the examined individual, only very slight changes in the mesio-vestibular region of the crown, near the neck of the tooth, are observed on the first molar. On the left canine, the location of the enamel defect cannot be accurately determined, since the lower edge of the vestibular surface of the enamel cover is destroyed posthumously. The most pronounced stress marker is marked just below the middle of the crown. At 1.4 mm higher, a more weakly expressed lesion is observed. On the right canine, the main stress marker is fixed at 6.7 mm from the neck of the tooth, at a distance of 7.8 mm - a faint trace. On the first left premolar, hypoplasia is less pronounced than on canines, its signs are localized just above the middle of the crown: at a distance of 5.3 mm from the neck - the beginning of stress, traces of which then gradually fade, but weak stripes remain until the end of crown formation. On the first right premolar, an intravital enamel chip of the disto-lingual angle of the crown is marked, accompanied by traces of caries. Signs of the main violation of enamel mineralization are observed at a distance of 5.6 mm from the neck, weak stripes remain until the crown formation is completed. On the second left premolar, there is an intravital enamel chip on the disto-vestibular surface, which was not accompanied by the development of caries. The main focus of hypoplasia is located 2.5 mm from the neck of the tooth.

The nature of localization of hypoplasia marks indicates that the most acute stress, which caused underdevelopment of the tissues of the forming permanent teeth, was experienced by the buried woman at the age of 4 to 6.5-7 years. According to M. I. Groshikov, when the calcification of teeth is disturbed before 3-4 years of life, the masticatory surfaces of premolars and second molars are affected [1985, p. 45]. We do not observe these lesions in this individual. The stress factor that caused hypoplasia of the buried woman's teeth was not eliminated until the end of their formation, i.e., before 6-7 years.

Right side teeth

2. Traces of enamel hypoplasia on canines and premolars.

Fig. 3. Surface of natural tooth wear (left canine-C).

4. Linear traces on the horizontal surface of artificial erasure of the left _P1. The arrow points to randomly arranged lines and cavities of abrasive particles.

5. Linear traces on the oblique (vestibular) surface of artificial obliteration of the left _P1.

Artificial abrasion of enamel. Traumatic enamel damage is of interest: facets of artificial abrasion are visible on the occlusal surface of the first left premolar and on the vestibular side of the crown (Fig. 3). Tracological features of this section of the crown of the first right premolar and traces of abrasion on other teeth were studied by P. V. Volkov, Doctor of History. Microscopic examination of the damaged surfaces of dental crowns revealed two types of erasure.

The erasure zone of the first type appears as a flattened area with a sharp edge of contact with an intact surface. The surface of the abrasion is uniform and has the character of polishing (Fig. 3). No anomalous deformations can be traced on it. The genesis of this type of erasure may be due to the contact of homogeneous materials, in this case, the contact of teeth with a psalidont form of bite. This type of erasure is characteristic of the entire odontological material under consideration.

The second type of erasure is marked on the first left premolar (Fig. 4); the deformed surface area appears as a flattened area with a smoothed edge edge. The surface of erasure is homogeneous, has the character of a mixed external influence (polishing and sanding). Linear traces and shallow caverns can be traced on the described surface. The orientation of linear traces on deformed occlusal and vestibular surfaces is different. On the occlusal surface (horizontal plane), the orientation of linear traces is chaotic (Fig. 4). On the vestibular surface (inclined plane), linear traces are oriented mainly along the vertical axis of the tooth (Fig. 5). Cavernous traces are recorded mainly on the occlusal surface of the tooth. Erasure of the second type is probably the result of

contact of the dental surface with an elastic filamentous artifact contaminated with small particles, for example, during repeated local biting of some soft and elastic tissue. Given the archaeological findings, it can be assumed that the woman snapped wool threads when embroidering (making a carpet, etc.). According to P. V. Volkov, the thread was clamped in her teeth and torn off with a short sharp movement with a pull down. The relatively high content of abrasive particles (most likely sand) can be explained by the looseness of the thread. Such features may correspond to wool yarn made by spinning (twisted thread).

On the issue of Southwestern Xiongnu contacts

The seemingly modest odontological material studied provided unique information. As it was established, the remains of a woman who died at the age of 25-30 years were found in mound No. 20 in Noin-Ul. The characteristic wear on the teeth indicates one of her activities-sewing, embroidery. In our opinion, it is indisputable that a woman belongs to a large Caucasian race, to those anthropological variants of it that belong to the southern gracile odontological type. The molars of a woman concentrated not neutral, but the most important race-differentiating features, which, occurring in a population with a relatively low frequency, can diagnose her ethnogenetic status. Moreover, these features are associated in a very rare complex, which is found in several modern ethnic groups inhabiting the foothills and mountains along the western coast of the Caspian Sea and the northern regions of the Indo-Gangetic interfluve. In ancient odontological series, this complex is present in the population of the Caspian-Aral region. This territory and Northwestern India were part of Parthia at the end of the first century BC and the beginning of the first century AD. Here at the beginning of the first century AD. there was a large state with its capital in Taxila, which was briefly subordinate to the Parthians. It is likely that the young woman whose remains were found in mound No. 20 in Noin-Ula was a bearer of the Parthian culture. This assumption is supported by woolen fabrics and embroidered curtains of Parthian manufacture found in this burial. Parthia was for a long time an intermediary in trade between China and Rome; the possibility of direct trade was excluded. The Xiongnu often appeared between China and Parthia. The desire of nomads to control transcontinental trade routes was one of the three prerequisites for the formation of the Xiongnu state [Kradin, 2002, p.234]. The western edge (as the ancient Chinese called the small states in the Tarim basin) is rightly considered a window to the western world; the northern and southern routes of the Great Silk Road passed through it, and its oases and pastures were of great economic importance for the Xiongnu. For a long time, the Xiongnu had undivided political influence over East Turkestan and the western part of what is now Gansu Province. Even after the actual subordination of a number of small states of the Tarim basin to the Han court, their rulers continued to protect the interests of the Xiongnu lords [Klyashtorny, 1992, p.119].

The southern oases of East Turkestan have been inhabited since ancient times by natives of Northwestern India and Kashmir. When their penetration (infiltration) into this territory began is not known exactly, since Indian influence on the political and spiritual life of East Turkestan spread peacefully [Vorobyova-Desyatovskaya, 1992, pp. 77-78, 115]. By the second century AD, "according to local documents written in Kharoshti in northwestern Prakrit, the number of the local Indian population was already significant" [Ibid., p. 115]. This population in the late 1st century BC - early 1st century AD was a conductor of the Dokushan Parthian Gandhara culture deep into Central Asia. Taking into account new materials from the Noin-Ula burial mound No. 20, it can be assumed that the Xiongnu Shanyu camps were occupied by Western embroidery masters who created magnificent embroidered curtains based on the samples they knew, large fragments of which were found in several Noin-Ula burial mounds (N 6, 20, 25) [Rudenko, 1962, tab. LX-LXIX]. The Xiongnu possessed a large number of imported wool products. Thus, Du Du, the author of "Discourses on the Border," wrote that their woolen blankets, patterned curtains, awnings, carpets, and fur products lay in heaps like mountains (cit. according to [Lubo-Lesnichenko, 1994, p. 231]).

In East Turkestan, thanks to "the introduction of Indian writing and the penetration of Indian languages... local non-written peoples have found a written tradition" [Vorobyova-Desyatovskaya, 1992, p. 115]. One of these peoples could be the Xiongnu. Justifying the possibility of the existence of a written language among the Xiongnu, L. N. Gumilev refers to the testimony of one of the participants of the Chinese embassy, who visited the Funan state in 245-250 (in the territory of the present - day China). Cambodia): The Funan script, which used an Indian script, resembles that of the Xiongnu. In this case, the Xiongnu script (which is mentioned in an ancient source as a matter of course) was of Indian origin (Gumilev, 1998: 106-107). Given the Xiongnu's close contacts with the Bas population-

Seina Tarim, where the Indian script was distributed, this point of view as a hypothesis (before the discovery of real samples of Xiongnu writing) has every right to exist. Indian writing may have been used in the steppe to transmit local non-Indian languages. Tamga-shaped signs of the Xiongnu on Chinese lacquer dishes, birch bark, ceramic and bone products, which have recently been found in the mounds of the nobility, resemble symbols of Indian writing (see, for example: [Miller, Ollard, Dimadzhaev Erdenebator, 2008, fig. 5. 2, 5; L'Asie..., 2000, p. 128 Minyaev, 2009]). The burial of a woman found in mound No. 20 of the Noin-Ulin Xiongnu burial ground, whose origin is most likely related to Northwestern India, indicates that not only Han Chinese speakers, but also Westerners, were integrated into the Xiongnu society.

It is difficult to say definitively whether Mound No. 20 in Noin-Ul was built specifically for a young woman who could be the wife of a high-ranking Xiongnu, or she, being in a different status, only accompanied the deceased shanyu. We know too little to be categorical. Further investigation of the mound materials will help clarify this issue.

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The article was submitted to the Editorial Board on 18.05.09.

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