The article analyzes the letters of Baron R. F. von Ungern-Sternberg, a famous figure of the White Movement and the national liberation struggle of the Mongols in the early 20th century, to the White Guard officer P. P. Malinovsky. They contain interesting information that throws light on the pan-Mongol plans in 1918-even before the pan-Mongol movement, supported by ataman G. M. Semenov, began in Transbaikalia in 1919. From these letters follow plans to unite the Mongolian population of Inner and Outer Mongolia, integrate them with the Buryat Mongols, as well as with the Kazakhs, Manchus and Tibetans. These letters shed light on the plans to consolidate the power of the Semenovites in Transbaikalia. All known information about the biography of P. P. Malinovsky and copies of the recently found originals of two of these letters are given. A short telegram from R. F. Ungern to P. P. Malinovsky is published.

Keywords: Baron R. F. von Ungern-Sternberg, ataman G. M. Semenov, P. P. Tumbair-Malinovsky, pan-Mongolism, Mongolia, China, Civil War in Russia.

TETTERS FROM BARON R.F. VON UNGERN-STERNBERG TO P.P. MALINOVSKY AS A HISTORICAL SOURCE

Sergius KUZMIN, Jurgen VON UNGERN-STERNBERG

The paper publishes letters from Baron R.F. von Ungern-Sternberg, well-known general of the White forces in Russian Civil war and national liberation movement of Mongols in the beginning of the twentieth century, to Officer P.P. Malinovsky. These letters contain interesting data regarding Pan-Mongolian plans in 1918, i.e. before the Pan-Mongolian Movement had started in Transbaikalia. The movement was assisted by Ataman G.M. Semenov. Ungern's letters contain information on the plans of unification of Mongolian people in the Inner and Outer Mongolia, their integration with Buryat-Mongols, as well as with the Kyrgyz (=Kazakh), Manchus and Tibetans. They also bring to light the plans of consolidation of Semenov's forces in Transbaikalia. The paper shows all known data on Malinovsky's biography as well as publishes copies of recently discovered originals of

Sergey L. KUZMIN-Candidate of Historical Sciences, Candidate of Biological Sciences, Senior Researcher at the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences; ipe51@yahoo.com;

von UNGERN-STERNBERG Jurgen-Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Seminar on Ancient History. University of Basel, Switzerland, j.vonungern-at-unibas.ch.

Sergius KUZMIN - PhD (in History), PhD (in Biology), Senior Research Fellow, Institute of Oriental Studies, RAS. Moscow. ipe51@yahoo.com;

Jurgen von UNGERN-STERNBERG - Professor, Doctor of Philosophy, Doctor of Sciences (in History), Fachbereich Alte Geschichte. Universitat Basel, Switzerland, j.vonungern-at-unibas.eh.

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Ungern's two letters. The authors also publish a brief telegram related to contacts between R.F. Ungern and P.P. Malinovsky.

Keywords: Baron R.F. von Ungern-Sternberg, Ataman G.M. Semenov, P.P. Tumbair-Malinovsky, Pan-Mongolism, Mongolia, China, Civil war in Russia.

In 1977, the Polish publicist and researcher V. S. Michalowski published a well-known book about Baron R. F. von Ungern-Sternberg (1885-1921). In this book, among other important materials, he cited in Polish translation two letters of Baron Ungern to P. P. Malinowski [Michalowski, 1977, p. 26-27]. One of Ungern's letters was also published in the updated edition of his book [Michalowski, 2000, p. 44-15]. Then L. A. Yuzefovich, in his book about Ungern, translated one of these letters into Russian and added the text of another letter - according to a copy from the archive of the White Guard historian I. I. Serebrennikov, stored in the State Archive of the Russian Federation [Yuzefovich, 1993, pp. 223-224; GARF, f. 5873, op. 1, d. 8, l. 8-8ob.]. In the collection of documents about Baron Ungern published in 2004, both letters from the book of L. A. Yuzefovich were published and a translation from Polish of the third letter from the book of V. S. Michalovsky was added [Baron Ungern..., 2004, pp. 70-71].

By now, these letters are widely known. They contain interesting information that throws light on the pan-Mongol plans in 1918-even before the pan-Mongol movement, supported by ataman G. M. Semenov, began in Transbaikalia in 1919. But at the end of 1918, to which these letters refer, G. M. Semyonov and his subordinate R. F. Ungern 1 only recently established themselves in Dauria 2. From these letters follow plans to unite the Mongol population of Inner and Outer Mongolia, integrate them with the Buryat Mongols, as well as with the Kirghiz (as the Kazakhs were then called), Manchus and Tibetans (peoples who were engaged in their own nation-building after the collapse of the Qing Empire and the proclamation of the Republic of China). Finally, these letters shed light on the plans to consolidate the power of the Semenovites in Transbaikalia.

Most notable in this context is the reference in Ungern's letter of December 17, 1918, to the Philadelphia Conference of All Nations and the fact that he associated it with the feminist movement. Indeed, the International Congress of Women in The Hague in April 1915 led to the creation of the International Women's Committee for Lasting Peace, which was particularly active in the United States. On the other hand, after President W. Wilson's "Fourteen Points" on the conditions of peace (January 1918), the movement was represented at the Congress of Oppressed or Dependent Peoples, which met in Rome in April 1918.

In October 1918, a mass meeting of members of this movement was held in Philadelphia, which met in the same room of the Independence Hall building where the 13 colonies of America declared their independence [Evening Public Ledger, Philadelphia, October 26, 1918; The Seattle Star, October 31, 1918 (with a map and text of the declaration)]. The meeting culminated in the" Declaration on Common Goals of Independent Central European Peoples " of October 26. It began with the words:

"We are representatives of more than 50 million people who make up the chain of peoples lying between the Baltic, Adriatic and Black Seas, represented by Czechoslovaks, Poles, Yugoslavs, Ukrainians, Ugro-Rusyns, Lithuanians, Romanians and Italian Irredentists who intend to return their homeland to the Greeks, Albanians, Zionists and Armenians, completely or partially subject to foreign domination... "[Collection of the Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington D.C.].

From this introduction, it is clear that the movement at that time was exclusively European, directed against the Austro-Hungarian, Russian, and Ottoman Empires.

1 Then still a colonel, not a general.

2 South-east of Transbaikalia and west of the Amur region.

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It is noteworthy that Ungern not only knew about it, but also tried to unite with it something like a Pan-Asian movement.

As for the combination of the peoples ' movement and the women's movement, the Congress of Oppressed or Dependent Peoples was held under the auspices of the American delegation of the International Committee of Women for Lasting Peace at the post-war Congress in Washington on December 10-11, 1918.

Ungern must have known something about the connections between the two movements. That's why he thought about the feminist movement. But his dismissive review of Emmeline Pankhurst (1858-1928) indicates that he saw the women's movement only as a tool for implementing his plan to unite the "peoples of the Mongolian root", as well as consolidate the multi-ethnic population of Harbin in favor of the White Movement.3
In any case, his suggestions show that Ungern did everything possible to ease his difficult situation (see, for example, his letter of September 17). Like the Bolsheviks (see [Znamenski, 2012]), he understood the critical importance of national feelings for the outcome of the Civil War.

Very interesting is Ungern's suggestion in his letter of November 30, 1918, to use tungsten for making coins. There are no other similar examples. It is doubtful that tungsten is a suitable material from the metallurgical point of view. But perhaps there was another reason. At room temperature, tungsten has almost the same specific gravity as gold, and therefore it was used to falsify gold bars or coins that passed only a cursory check. Did Ungern mean something like that? His use of the word "repainting" in the previous sentence suggests this.

P. P. Malinovsky's biography is poorly known. It was said that he was in prison on charges of embezzlement of state funds. Then, in 1911, after the declaration of independence of Outer Mongolia, he found himself in its capital. Under the patronage of the Russian Consulate, he got a job as an artillery instructor for the Mongols; in addition, he organized a printing house [Korostovets, 2004, pp. 217-218]. The Mongols were very pleased with him. From the theocratic monarch of Mongolia, Bogdo-gegen VIII, he received the aristocratic title of tumbair-gong. Participant of the First World War. In 1918, he lived in Manchuria. In 1919, he was a representative of Semenov in the exclusion zone of the CER [AVPRI, f. Mission in Beijing, op. 761, d. 1579, l. 9b.]. He did not take part in the Russian Civil War; in the mid-1920s, he committed suicide in Nice after a major card loss [Yuzefovich, 1993, p. 223] or because of a serious illness, as Rolf von Ungern claimed-Sternberg (see below). His grave in the Nice cemetery has not been preserved. The name "Tumbair-Malinovsky (book) + 1925" is stamped on a memorial plaque at the cemetery, signed "Union of Russian Officers of the Great War participants - to the deceased Russian soldiers buried in Nice and its environs" [Alapaevsky martyrs...]

Since these letters of Baron Ungern to P. P. Malinowski have so far been known only in Polish and (reverse) Russian translations, it is of interest to find the originals of two (most important) of them. According to an inscription by Rolf von Ungern-Sternberg (1880-1942)4 dated February 10, 1926, these letters were brought to him by Malinovsky, a former Russian officer, during his stay in Nice (Berlioz Hotel) in the spring of 1925. Rolf Ungern also noted that a few days later Malinovsky committed suicide, as he was very ill. Rolf Ungern passed these letters on to Paul von Ungern-Sternberg (1858-1927), then the family's genealogist, and then they passed on to his son Erwin (1900-1991). Erwin handed them over to Jurgen von Ungern-Sternberg. Apparently, Erwin Ungern showed Michalovsky these letters.

3 joules. Palmer does not attach much importance to this letter [Palmer, 2008, p. 110].

4 During the First World War, he served as first secretary of the Russian Embassy in Paris, then as Charge d'affaires in Portugal until 1918 (Wistinghausen, 1987, pp. 481-522).

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The letters were written by R. F. Ungern himself, in ink on yellow A4 writing paper, in Russian. A comparison of them with the published translations revealed significant inaccuracies in the latter - apparently related to illegibility of handwriting and a specific style of letters, which complicated the initial translation into Polish, and then - the reverse translation into Russian.

Below we present a facsimile and a set of both originals (Figures 1-4), a set of copies from the GARF published by L. A. Yuzefovich, as well as our comments on all three letters.

In addition, we publish a short telegram relating to Roman Ungern's contacts with Malinovsky, which the latter gave to Rolf Ungern along with two letters (see Figure 5-6). It is written by hand (probably by a telegraph employee) on faded yellow paper-the telegraph letterhead used on the CER (judging by the markings). On the reverse side is written "Malinovsky", and also attached is a piece of white paper with Ungern's own handwritten remark. It is noteworthy that in the postscript to this telegram, Ungern calls Malinovsky "the wisest man." Ungern sent this telegram on October 13, 1919, from Harbin to Dauria station. On October 18, the telegram was forwarded from Dauria to the "management" (possibly the Board of the CER) Malinovsky, who was Semenov's representative in the CER zone (see above). In this telegram, Ungern orders Colonel E. D. Zhukovsky to come to Harbin immediately, and Malinovsky should not give him money.

These orders are probably related to problems in Ungern's Asian Mounted Division. Zhukovsky was then acting division commander (Ungern was on a business trip to Manchuria and China from February to September 1919). Zhukovsky showed arbitrariness and in the summer of 1919 almost got on trial. In early October 1919, staff officer P. K. Dzino and V. L. Safronchik, both from the Asiatic Division, were sentenced in Chita for financial fraud [Kuzmin, 2010, pp. 104-105, 219]. In general, the situation in Siberia worsened for the Whites, and they were forced to retreat under the pressure of the Red units from October 1919.

letters

N 1

P. P. Malinovsky 5

September 17, 1918 Dauria

Dear Pavel Petrovich,

Thank you for your two letters. They breathe an unshakeable faith in success. On my last trip to Chita, I lost this faith. I'm ashamed to admit it, but you can be sure that when we agreed, I did not think that there would be no return to the inclined plane. While you have time, change the paint. Passivity and apathy of some people ruin everything 6. An unexpected external shake-up can save you. I'm not going to apologize for dragging you into this anyway. It won't make you feel any better. If you want, proceed further, and I will do my best to assist you here. The local prince has nothing to go to; I'll send the family diplomat on horseback there. I need to see Ogloblin 8 and bow to him.

Your loyal Colonel Baron Ungern 9

5 A copy from the GARF, based on the book by L. A. Yuzefovich [Yuzefovich, 1993, p. 223].

6 L. A. Yuzefovich [Yuzefovich, 1993, p.47] rightly notes that Ungern was annoyed by the atmosphere in Chita occupied by Semyonov.

7 L. A. Yuzefovich [Yuzefovich, 1993, p.223] suggests that this is the Mongol Kharchin prince Fushenga.

8 Possibly P. P. Ogloblin (1872-1940), with whom he was a member of the 3rd Trans-Baikal Separate Cossack Brigade in 1917. Ungern fought in Persia. In the autumn of 1918, Ataman Semenov promoted him to Major General.

GARF, 9 f. 5873, op. 1, d. 8, l. 8-8ob. (cit. by: [Yuzefovich, 1993. p. 223]).

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1. Letter No. 2 of November 30, 1918, p. 1.

2. Letter No. 2 of November 30, 1918, p. 2.

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3. Letter No. 3 of December 17, 1918, p. 1.

4. Letter No. 3 of December 17, 1918, p. 2.

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5. Ungern's telegram.

6. Ungern's telegram with a handwritten note.

N 2

Dear Pavel Petrovich,

Your number with Popov by means of Kotenev about repainting 10 is sewn with white threads 11. Now try to get some information, or at least start reeling in the details, about minting a tungsten 12 coin as soon as possible. There are about 3000 pounds of it in Chita. Find out the price, size, maybe the cars in Japan that minted our silver small coin are suitable, or order new ones. We'll pay them with tungsten. Coat of arms: double-headed eagle, with obverse: zab [aikal] coat of arms 13 and the price of the coin (average arif [metric] ratio of [1 unit] of gold + 1 unit] of silver[a]. However, as you wish. Just the idea of printing paper, having a deposit of tungsten is impossible. The price should be calculated in Russian, Chinese, French 14. Get in touch with the engineer Mysakovsky 15 and Nikitin (vladetel gost [initsy na] st [antii] Manchuria)16. A fortune teller predicts your trial in Mongolia, so read on

10 For a possible explanation, see higher.

11 It is not clear what this is about. Perhaps, about plans to issue money in Chita occupied by ataman G. M. Semenov.

12 Tungsten was extracted from local mines in Dauria.

13 One of them is the coat of arms of the Russian Empire, the other is apparently the coat of arms of the Trans-Baikal Region, approved in 1859.

14 Refers to linking to these currencies. The plan to issue tungsten coins failed. Booms in the" capital " of ataman G. M. Semenov Chita were printed from February 18 to August 17, 1920 [Shikanova, 2003, pp. 344-353], i.e. before the occupation of Transbaikalia by the Reds.

15 Mysakovsky Kirill Ustinovich. staff captain, in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and the Russian Army in the Training Cavalry Division before the evacuation of the Crimea. On December 28, 1920, in the 2nd Squadron of the Gallipoli Division (http://forum.vgd.ru/174/60778/20.htm).

16 In the winter of 1917, the headquarters of Semenov and Ungern were formed in the Nikitinskoe Podvorye hotel at the Manchuria station [Melikhov. 2003].

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Don't go to Verkhneudinsk. Act through the black boy. By the way, fish it out in Hailar 17 to see it. Don't be offended, it's better this way 18.

Try to attract the Legal Entity to me. Tomilina in Harbin in the Supreme Court. At the same time, I want the boy to go to college in Japan or Tianjin. How much does it cost?

Please send a thoroughbred stallion [with] my Hungarian to Dauria 19, Officer[skaya] ul [itsa] sot[nick] or esaul Tanaev, N at home, I think, 29 or 30. Kro [ome] konsk [ogo] reserve there it is also necessary to make preparations for sending the crew[a] and other [long] horses Changchun-Chin-jia-tun 20. Provide the necessary advance payment. They will go under the brand name bought by the Japanese from us. I also make it difficult for you: we need 2 good drivers. I sent you car No. 24 yesterday, wandering around. Do not refuse to send a large amount of written paper and envelopes. How are you doing, do not lose heart, soon our side will take, if only the allies will fight, and all is well. I apologize for a lot of requests and instructions.

Uv[waiting for you], bar[on] Ung[1] 30 X1/[191]8 21

N 3

Dear Pavel Petrovich,

Another case in Harbin. Ask Consul Popov[in] Harbin 22, the program and conditions for recognizing delegates to the All Nations Conference in Philadelphia 23, and the way to send your own people there. We need to send representatives there Inner and Outer Mongolia, Tibet, Buryats, Kirghiz, Manchuria [ - ] in a word, Asia 24. I think that the peace conference will break up before it arrives, while the conference of all nations will continue to exist even in the event of war. Having their own representatives there, they can provide unexpected help. Representatives from Vn [Utrennaya,] Vn[ney Mongolia] and Buryats - will be ready for the congress in a month. Tibet-in 2 months. I started this business and almost completely forgot it. Please send me an answer by express, otherwise I'll be in an awkward position. Of course, so that they don't know that our fingers are involved in this business.

Then try to incite your clever girl to the slogan "Women of all countries, unite". Let her write a letter to Dura Pankhurst 25 / That in the West women have achieved equality, it is necessary to come to the aid of the Eastern sisters, the latter have matured already, but there is no leader, the leaders of the new Russia, like Semyonov, sleep and see the equality of their mistresses and other nonsense. It will also be a small stone.

In Harbin, it is necessary to arrange a small society of 26 Jewish women, Japanese women, Chinese women, Mongols, Russians, Armenians, Poles, an American woman, honorary patroness Madame Horvath.

17 Main town of Barga, CER station. By that time, the station was captured by Ungernovtsy.

18 It is unclear who this person is, or why Ungern tried to get him into college.

19 Refers to the Dauria railway station, where Ungern's Asiatic Mounted Division was located.

20 The city of Changchun is located in southern Manchuria, so the distance to Dauria was more than 1 thousand km. Obviously, the shipment was planned via the CER.

21 Digits are illegible.

22 G. K. Popov - Russian (white) Consul General in Harbin in 1917-1920.

23 See above.

24 Later, in Mongolia. Ungern proposed to create a union of Tibet, Xinjiang, Outer and Inner Mongolia, Barga, Manchuria, and Shandong as autonomies within the Qing Empire, which he intended to restore [AVPRF, f. 0111, op. 2. p. 104. d. 47, l. 45-46ob.; RGVA, f. 39454, op. 1, D. 9, pp. 104-107; Magsarzhav, 1927, pp. 207-210]. He saw such an alliance as a counterweight to Han China. Ungern considered the Kirghiz (as the Kazakhs were then called) to be one of the peoples of the "Mongolian root" who should unite to recreate the empire of Genghis Khan.

25 E. Pankhurst (1858-1928) - leader of the British Suffragette movement.

26 Noteworthy information given that R. F. Ungern is otherwise known as an anti-Semite.

27 Refers to K. A. Benoit (1879-1959), daughter of architect A. Benoit and wife of General D. L. Horvath (1858-1937), then manager of the CER exclusion zone.

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or the wife of an ambassador in Beijing or Tokyo. The newspaper should be published once a month in many languages 28.

I am very grateful to you for your hard work day and night. I'm just afraid you'll get tired of serving. It's too painful for these political swings to prop up.

Uv[azhayushchy] you, Paul [kovnik] bar[he] Ung[1]

17 XII [19]18

Dauria

TELEGRAM

China Eastern Railway. Telegraph 13 X N 34 / 18X in Upr[auth] Telegram. Upr [instruction] to Lieutenant Colonel Malinovsky. 18 / X from Dauria N 427. Received: 18 X th 1918 at 17 h 25 m. from [signature?] according to prov [ode] 3. Accepted [signature] 29

Razr. With word count. 20-18 th X h. 9 h. 45

Don't give Zhukovsky any money to come here and warn him that otherwise he will be escorted by the commandant of Harbin to be arrested

65 Colonel Ungern

Malinovsky 30

To the wisest of regiments [Nick] bar[she] Ungerna 25 II 1919 Harbin 31

list of literature

Alapaevo Martyrs. http://pandia.org/text/78/300/48364-5.php.

Baron Ungern in Documents and Memoirs, Moscow: KMK, 2004.
From Genghis Khan to the Soviet Republic. Улаанбаатар: Адмон, 2004.

Kuzmin S. L. Istoriya barona Ungerna [The History of Baron Ungern]. Experience of reconstruction, Moscow: KMK Publ., 2010.

Магсаржав Н. Монгол улсын шинэ туух. Улаанбаатар, [1927] 1994.

Melikhov, Bely Harbin. Mid-20s. M .. 2003.

Shikanova I. S. Denezhnye znaki ataman G. M. Semenova v sobranii ON GIM [Money signs of ataman G. M. Semenov in the collection ON GIM]. Numizmaticheskii sbornik RIM. T. 16. Moscow, 2003 (Trudy GIM, issue 138).

Yuzefovich L. Autocrat of the Desert (The phenomenon of the fate of Baron R. F. Ungern-Sternberg). Moscow: Ellis Luck, 1993.

Yuzefovich L. Autocrat of the Desert. Baron R. F. Ungern-Sternberg and the world in which he lived. Moscow: Ad Marginem. 2010.

Michalowski W.St. Testament barona. Warzsawa, Ludiowa Spol. Wyd., 1977.

Michalowski W.St. Testament barona Ungerna. Warzsawa, Amber. 2000.

Palmer J. The Bloody White Baron. London, 2008.

Wislinghausen H. von. Der Estlander Rolf Baron Ungern-Sternberg als russiseher Diplomat 1905-1917 // Zeitschrift fur Ostforschng. Bd. 36. 1987.

Znamenski A. Red Shambala: Magic. Prophecy, and Geopolitics in the Heart of Asia. Wheaton, Illinois. 2011.

REFERENCES

Alapaevskie mucheniki. http://pandia.org/text/78/300/48364-5.php.

Baron Ungern v dokumentakh i memuarakh. Moscow: KMK, 2004.

Iuzefovich L. Samoderzhets pustyni (Fenomen sud'by barona R.F. Ungern-Sternberg). Moscow: Ellis Lak. 1993.

Iuzefovich L. Samoderzhets pustyni. Baron R.F. Ungern-Sternberg i mir, v kotorom on zhil. Moscow: Ad Marginem, 2010.

Korostovets I.Ia. Ot Chingiskhana do Sovetskoi respubliki. Ulaanbaatar: Admon. 2004.

28 As far as we know, no such society was created, and the newspaper was never published.

29 Both signatures may belong to postal employees.

30 is written on the back in blue pencil.

31 Written in Ungern's handwriting on a pasted piece of white paper, in the same black ink as her letters to Malinowski.

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Kuz'min S.L. Istoriia barona Ungerna. Opyt rekonstruktsii. Moscow: KMK, 2010.

Melikhov G. Belyi Kharbin. Seredina 20-kh godov. Moscow, 2003.

Michalowski W.St. Testament barona Ungerna. Warzsawa, Amber, 2000.

Michalowski W.St. Testament barona. Warzsawa, Ludiowa Spol. Wyd., 1977.

Palmer J. The Bloody White Baron. L., 2008.

Shikanova I.S. Denezhnye znaki atamana G.M. Semenova v so-branii ON GIM // Numizmaticheskii sbornik Gosudarstvennogo istorieheskogo muzeia. T. 16. Moscow, 2003 (Trudy GIM, vyp. 138).

Wistinghausen H. von. Der Estlander Rolf Baron Ungern-Sternberg als russischer Diplomat 1905-1917 // Zeitschrift fur Ostforschng. Bd. 36. 1987.

Znamenski A. Red Shambala: Magic, Prophecy, and Geopolitics in the Heart of Asia. Whcaton, Illinois. 2011.

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