UDC 903.3

P. V. Volkov

Institute of Archeology and Ethnography SB RAS 17 Akademika Lavrentieva Ave., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia

E-mail: wolf@archaeology.nsc.ru

The analysis of finds in the dwellings of native speakers of various cultures of the Russian Far East made it possible to carry out a planigraphic reconstruction of these structures. Differentiation of the habitat space into special functional zones and recording of chronologically consistent evolution of ancient dwellings provided data for studying the processes of population adaptation to the changing climatic conditions of the Holocene epoch.

Key words: Neolithic, dwellings, reconstruction, evolution, adaptation, functional analysis, planigraphy.

Introduction

Human habitations in the Holocene epoch are known from many archaeological sites. Most of the publications are the results of field research, but there are also works devoted to generalizing the results obtained during excavations [Boriskovsky, 1958; Brodyansky, 1975; Derevyanko E. I., 1991; etc.]. In such publications, when analyzing the collected data, archaeologists usually pay special attention to the architectural reconstruction of ancient buildings. The typology of the studied objects is most often based on the features of their external contour, the degree of depth in the soil, size and spatial orientation. However, such important areas in archaeological reconstruction as determining the functional purpose of structures, the specifics in the organization of living space, the location and nature of recreation areas, work areas inside dwellings and in the adjacent territories remain out of attention.

The method of functional analysis of artifacts provides an opportunity to understand many and not secondary aspects of the life of people of the past. Information about the" what is what " of household items or tools left in dwellings can serve as a basis for functional and planographic zoning of the living space of people of the studied era. Experimental studies in archaeology allow us not only to determine the location of work sites, hearths or places of supposed entrances to residential structures, but also to trace the possible spatial relationship of different activity zones of the inhabitants of ancient buildings. It is also productive to identify the systematic organization of living and working spaces by the population of the studied territories - one of the most important elements of human culture.

The purpose of this work is to test the method of functional - planigraphic zoning of dwellings, systematize and create a database for comparative analysis of paleoeconomical and technological innovations of the inhabitants of North Asia in the Holocene epoch. Tasks:

The work was carried out within the framework of the Federal Program "Scientific and scientific-pedagogical personnel of innovative Russia" for 2009-2013 (state contract 02.470.11.0353), the program of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences 25.1.3. "Cultural heritage of the population of the south of the Russian Far East in the Neolithic and Early Metal age" and according to the research plan IX. 81. 1. 1. " Development of cultural traditions and adaptation strategies of the oldest population of North and Central Asia".

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- conducting experimental, traceological and functional analysis of materials from archaeological collections obtained during excavations of various buildings in the Russian Far East;

- research and comparative characteristics of the economic activity of the inhabitants of the studied objects;

- determining the specifics of the distribution of recycled tools on the area of household and residential structures.

Based on the obtained data, it is proposed to carry out functional zoning of the buildings under study, propose their functional typology, trace their chronologically consistent evolution, and determine the prospects for such research.

Source database

Materials from two archaeological cultures in the Amur River basin, Malyshevskaya and Talakan, were selected for comparative studies (Derevyanko A. P., Medvedev, 1993; Nesterov and Mylnikova, 2002). Collections of artifacts were obtained as a result of excavations on Suchu Island (Lower Amur) and on the Ust-Talakan monument (Bureya River). For comparative analysis, data on the housing of the Osinoozersk Neolithic culture (Middle Amur basin) were additionally used (Okladnikov and Derevyanko, 1973). The material is presented in chronological order from the earliest dwellings of the IV th millennium. BC on Suchu Island to structures on the Ust-Talakan monument dated to the first millennium BC.

Suchu Island, located near the village of Mariinsky in the Khabarovsk Territory, has long attracted the attention of archaeologists. More than 120 housing pits were discovered here. The total length of the island section occupied by the remains of residential structures is more than 750 m*.

As a result of the work of the Bureya archaeological expedition of the Institute of Archeology and Ethnography of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Talakan group of archaeological sites was discovered and is still being studied in the Middle Amur region (Nesterov and Mylnikova, 2002). The most thoroughly studied parking lot is located on the left bank of the Burei River, 3 km upstream from the village. Talakan.

Field studies in 2004 at the Neolithic settlement of Gromatukha (Okladnikov and Derevyanko, 1977) revealed traces of a ground structure in a layer dating back to the Late Neolithic Osinoozersk culture. Based on the excavation plans, diagrams were drawn up that reflect the configuration of the structure's walls, spatial orientation features, the location of hearths, and the distribution of artifacts found on the floor of the dwelling (Volkov, 2006).

The earliest materials selected for this study date back to the fourth millennium BC, i.e., to the time of the Malyshev culture, dating from the sixth to fourth millennium BC (Derevyanko and Medvedev, 2002). These are dwellings on Suchu Island (Fig. 1). For example, for one of them (N 26), a radiocarbon date of 5870 ± 45 BP (SOAN-4624) was obtained, which means that-

Fig. 1. Plans-schemes of dwellings 24 (a), 25 (b), 26 (c), 5 (d) on Suchu Island according to field research data.

* For information about the island and some data on excavations and the results obtained, see, for example: [Okladnikov, 1980, pp. 28-31, 42, 50; Derevyanko and Medvedev, 1996; Medvedev, 2001].

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2. Plan-scheme of the Osinoozersky dwelling in the settlement of Gromatukha according to field research data.

corresponds to the beginning of the IV millennium BC. Another dwelling (N 5) the materials obtained allow us to date the second half of the IV millennium BC. It can also be associated with the Malyshev culture (Medvedev, 1996). The seasonal Osinoozero dwelling studied by planigraphic methods (Volkov, 2006) (Fig. 2) dates back to 1740-1500 BC (Nesterov, Alkin, Petrov et al., 2005). Three residential structures (N 5-7) on the Ust-Talakan monument (Fig. 3) are radiocarbon dated to the second half of the first millennium BC (Nesterov, 1995).

During excavations of dwellings, their area and spatial orientation, the location of hearths, and in some cases the place of entry were determined, differences in the shape of the external and sometimes internal boundaries of the structure were noted, as a rule, chaotic scattering of finds over their area. However, there are no reasoned conclusions about the functional purpose of the structures.

3. Plans-schemes of dwellings 5 (a), 6 (b), 7 (c) on the Ust-Talakan monument according to field research data.

Method of functional and traceological analysis and results of research on the tools of the studied residential and utility structures

Laboratory studies of stone artefacts collected on the territory of housing complexes were based on the method of experimental tracological analysis developed by S. A. Semenov and G. F. Korobkova [Semenov, 1957; Korobkowa, 1999; et al.], and on the method of analysis of micro-polishing of stone tools by L. Keeley [Keeley, 1980]. We also used the experience of a synthesized trasological technique adapted for working with materials from archaeological collections from Paleolithic and Neolithic sites in North Asia (Volkov, 1999).

An MBS-10 binocular with one-sided side illumination of the observed object and a discrete magnification mode from 16 to 56 times was used for general traceological examination of artifacts. For detailed functional analysis, specialized microscopes MSPE-1 with a smooth magnification change mode from 19 to 95 times and powerful two-way shadowless illumination were additionally used. The main research tool was an Olympus BHT-M microscope specially adapted for microtransology with shadowless illumination through the lens and a magnification mode from 100 to 500 times. For a comparative analysis of wear marks on ancient stone tools, materials from the Siberian Reference Collection of Traceological Standards were used [Ibid.].

As a result of the tracological analysis of materials from archaeological collections, the functions of recycled tools discovered during excavation work on the territory of the studied complexes were determined. Artifacts are divided into three categories: A - tools related to hunting; B - fishing; C-processing of wood, bone, and stone (see the table). To the last group

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The composition of the tools of the studied complexes, units.

Monument

Construction number or name

Category

Total guns

But

In

With

Suchu

24

8

0

1

9

25

8

0

4

12

26

12

1

17

30

5

15

0

13

28

Gromatukha

Osinoozerskoe dwelling

16

0

2

18

Ust-Talakan

5

15

0

4

19

6

11

0

3

14

7

14

0

7

21

included are tools that are not directly related to hunting or fishing. As a rule, they relate to domestic fisheries that are not activities for obtaining food sources and primary processing of hunting and fishing products (for example, primary processing of hides in preparation for cutting or sewing). This category includes tools for splitting stone, woodworking, bone-cutting, and working with horns.

What is common to the tool compositions of all the analyzed constructions is the dominance of recycled tools related to hunting and processing of its products (category A). Slightly fewer tools for processing stone and wood (category C). There are only a few traces of working with fishing products. More detailed functional data on the studied tools were used in the analysis of the economic activity of the inhabitants of each of the studied dwellings.

Analysis of the economic activity of the inhabitants of the studied objects

The tools of Dwelling 24 on Suchu Island are mainly provided with tools related to the processing of hunting products. Knives for cutting meat dominate, followed by scrapers, punctures for processing animal skins. In general, the composition of the tools can be considered typical for the inhabitants of the hunters ' shelter (Fig. 4, a).

The tools from dwelling 25 of the same monument look somewhat different. In addition to knives for processing meat, adzes for working with wood and several arrowheads were found here (Fig. 4, b). In general, as in dwelling 24, there were no signs of intensive industrial activity inside the dwelling. However, the set of tools may indicate not only the processing of hunting products that took place here, but also the possible manufacture of hunting equipment.

4. Proportions of tools of various functions in the composition of tools from dwellings 24 (a), 25 (b), 26 (c), 5 (d) on Suchu Island.

The tools available from Dwelling 26 on Suchu Island are quite diverse. Most of the tools are knives for cutting meat. There are quite a few anvils used for working with stone, and woodworking adzes. Other tools are presented below

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in small quantities, but they are diverse in functional types: chisels, polishes, chisels, punctures, pestles, skobel, chippers (Fig. 4, c). In general, the set of tools indicates not only the diversity in the production activities of the inhabitants of the dwelling, but also the high intensity of work.

Tools from dwelling 5 on Suchu Island can be described as industrial, primarily related to the processing of wood and stone. A relatively large number of arrowheads were interpreted as evidence of the manufacture of hunting equipment here. The tools are generally diverse (Fig. 4, d).

A set of recycled tools from the Osino-Ozersk culture dwelling in the Gromatukha settlement indicates the domestic activity of the inhabitants. The vast majority of artifacts are attributed to tools for consumption and processing of hunting products (Figure 5).

5. Proportions of tools of various functions in the composition of tools from the Osinoozersky dwelling.

6. Proportions of tools of various functions in the composition of tools from dwellings 5 (a), 6 (b), and 7 (c) in the Ust-Talakan settlement.

Tools from dwelling 5 on the Ust-Talakan monument are mainly represented by hollows used for processing hides. In addition to them, relatively few scrapers and quite a variety of tools for working with stone were found. The production activity of people was clearly specialized here (Fig. 6, a).

In the tools from dwelling 6 of the same monument, scrapers predominate. Other categories of tools are represented only by a small number of anvils and hollows. We can talk about the" specialization " of the inhabitants of a given dwelling in one production process (Fig.

Judging by the composition of the tools, the activity of people in dwelling 7 on the Ust-Talakan monument was relatively diverse. All the types of weapons used here are presented in relatively equal quantities. According to the functional-planigraphic analysis, this dwelling was defined as a place of work and overnight stay (Fig. 6, c).

It is easy to see that the composition of the tools considered is relatively diverse. The production activity of the inhabitants of each dwelling is almost unique. Functional analysis of tools showed the specifics of production, but did not reveal the features in the organization of production space by the inhabitants of the studied structures.

Functional and planigraphic analysis of the considered residential and utility structures

The planigraphic analysis of the territories of residential complexes consisted not only in drawing on the contour of the studied structures the places of detection of certain disposed tools identified as a result of tracological analysis. The mutual location of hearths as a source of heat and/or light, the size of functional sites, the distance from the entrance, walls, and center of structures, the spatial orientation of the studied structures, the location of raw material storage facilities, the localization of blanks that were not completed in the production process, the degree of wear of various tools, the nature of the processed material, and the area required for a particular production process were taken into account, signs of the use of basic or auxiliary tools, places of accumulation of industrial waste, the location of ceramics left by people, the location of places of preparation, storage and consumption of food, the nature of the landscape of the territory, time and season of habitation, etc.

The housing schemes presented below reflect the results of the planigraphic analysis performed. Selected work sites (places of various kinds

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industrial activities), recreation areas for residents, the location of foci, intended and strictly fixed entrances to structures is determined. The detection of compact accumulations of raw materials, production waste, semi-finished products, finished products and tools was considered a sign of the existing work site. The recreation area was determined by the presence of comfortable areas of the dwelling area relative to the fire, entrance, places of intensive work or activities that require specially vacated space. Pre-entry sites, if they were not recorded during excavation work, as well as in cases where the entrance to the dwelling was supposed to be through the roof, were allocated according to the "residual principle", i.e. the pre-entry site was considered a place relatively remote from the central hearths, unsuitable for recreation and free from industrial activities.

7. Scheme of functional zoning of dwellings 24 (a) and 25 (b) on Suchu Island.

Suchu Island dwellings

Planigraphic analysis of dwelling 24 did not reveal any stable pattern in the distribution of artifacts in the area under study. Most of the tools, production waste, or workpieces were scattered, apparently quite chaotically. There was no systematic pattern in the distribution of tools and their differentiation by the degree of wear and tear and by categories of economic activity. The only result of the planigraphic analysis was the allocation of relatively large areas where the most diverse labor activity was carried out (Fig. 7, a).

Similar results were obtained from the planigraphic analysis of dwelling 25. However, in the center of this structure, a hearth that had been functioning for quite a long time was discovered during field research. The artifacts were located at an average distance of about 1.5-2.0 m from it. But the planigraphic analysis did not reveal any significant specifics in their localization. Although on the plan of the dwelling it was possible to note the concentration of hunting tools in its north-eastern part, in general, no special consistency in the planigraphy of artifacts was found even in the detailed functional definition of tools (Fig. 7, b).

It should be assumed that in the residential structures of the type under study, there was no stable pattern in the dislocation of work sites or recreation areas. Probably, their formation occurred spontaneously, without special reference to the cardinal directions, the entrance area or the hearth.

The dwelling is located synchronously with the one described above. Its distinctive feature is its size: this is the largest structure on this monument. As a result of the planigraphic study, several characteristic household zones were identified (Figure 8).

The center of a dwelling is a place of several hearths. The presence of tools that fix the production site is not assumed here. It is obvious that the activity of the inhabitants of the dwelling in the specified place was connected exclusively with the heat treatment of food, cooking, possibly drying clothes and other similar activities.

8. Scheme of functional zoning of dwelling 26 on Suchu Island.

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9. Scheme of functional zoning of dwelling 5 on Suchu Island.

which are not registered. The distance from the traces of burning in the hearths to the functionally allocated zones is quite natural and sufficient for lighting and comfortable heating of the "working space".

Knives and tools for processing meat were found in the north-eastern sector of the dwelling. The working area here is relatively compact and clearly localized. It is quite logical to assume the specialization of this site of housing. Evidence of meat recycling has been found, probably preparing it for heat treatment. If the "home" processing of hunting products was a female occupation, then this area of the dwelling can be interpreted as "female", usually the left part of the entrance to the room*.

No tools were found in the north-western part of the dwelling. This zone can be considered a pre-entry zone. Judging by the proportions of the structure, the entrance area had a sufficient, quite ordinary size in such cases.

In the area farthest from the entrance of the dwelling, traces of work with stone (finishing, editing tools) and wood were found. The concentration of tools here (relative to the estimated area) is not very high. This area can be interpreted as a recreation area (obviously for night use) and as a production "domestic nature" ("revival" of stone elements of tools, work with horn and wood).

The western sector, to the right of the entrance, is probably "men's territory". A very small number of tools for working with stone and wood were found here. Obviously, there was no regular, long-term production activity at this site.

Each of the zones identified by us in dwelling 26 has a fairly large area and is clearly limited to" clean " space, where no traces of industrial activity of the inhabitants were found. In general, the organization of space seems quite logical and in many ways resembles that inside the round dwellings of the peoples of ethnographic time.

Functional and planigraphic zoning of the territory of residential complex 5 was made based on the totality of the data obtained (Figure 9). Differentiation of tools by functional categories showed that all tools related to meat processing and stone splitting were located outside the dwelling, and the vast majority of tools for working with wood were located inside it.

Accumulations of chips, flakes and micro-flakes indicate the process of splitting the stone. All finds of this kind were found outside the dwelling on its southern and north-western sides. There are no signs of stone splitting inside the structure. If we take into account that this process requires good lighting, then it becomes clear why work sites are organized in the open air, and from the midday and evening sun.

Judging by the location of specialized knives, butchering of animal carcasses also took place outside the dwelling, near its south-western wall. This site is also optimal when taking into account the local wind rose (the dominant ones are northern and north - eastern). If the assumption about processing frozen meat is correct, then its location in the cold season is precisely on the leeward side of a residential structure seems quite natural.

The entrance to the dwelling was not found in the course of field research. Probably, the penetration of inhabitants inside the room occurred through a chimney or other special hole in the roof. Perhaps this circumstance also determined the creation of an external platform for working with large fragments of meat production - the entrance through the roof could not be spacious.

The pre-entry area inside the dwelling could be the north-northeast sector. There are no finds here, except for the Tesla, and other traces of household or industrial activity of the inhabitants.

In the central part of the dwelling there was a hearth. However, it probably was not the accumulating center of life activity of its inhabitants. None of the artefact accumulations are directly related to the place where the fire was burning.

Among the finds of the complex there is a series of arrowheads without visible signs of use. All of them, with one exception, are found in

* For possible functional divisions into the" male and female sides " of pre-entry housing plots from the standpoint of "defensive ergonomics", see [Volkov and Medvedev, 2004].

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relative congestion in the eastern sector of the dwelling (zone 1). Woodworking tools were also found on the same site. It is quite appropriate to interpret this zone as a place of production of hunting equipment.

The discovery of ceramic vessels mainly in the south-western sector may indicate the use of this zone as a place for cooking and consuming food (zone 2). Here they also made stone tools from blanks prepared outside the home. Processing was carried out by grinding. This process, unlike splitting a stone, is relatively long, involves "home" comfort and does not require good lighting.

There are relatively few finds in the north-western sector of the dwelling. The purpose of the site is not clear.

In general, the structure 5 can be described as a production and residential premises. The habitat time is relatively short and probably winter. A characteristic feature is the differentiation of the production processes that took place here in the manufacture of woodworking tools and hunting equipment.

Osinoozerskoe dwelling on the settlement of Gromatukha

The structure is noticeably smaller in area than the dwellings of the Malyshev culture. Its total area is approx. 18-19 m2, the comfort zone is about 6, and the focal area is 4 - 5 m2. The base of the dwelling was buried in the ground. Apparently, during its construction, turf was removed from the construction site. Some lowering of the floor to the center and to the exit is hardly noticeable and can be explained by periodic sweeping of household garbage, which also moved part of the soil. The roof supports probably rested on the daytime surface (traces of characteristic pits or grooves were not found during excavations). The frame of the dwelling, apparently, was made of poles. The overlap of the structure was a thin birch bark casing. Judging by the size of the dwelling, it could easily accommodate 5 - 6 people in the daytime.

According to the planigraphic reconstruction, the external contour of the structure had an irregular oval-rounded shape. The entrance was located on the southwest side. Opposite it, about 1 m away, was a hearth. The most comfortable place for people to rest was the part of the dwelling farthest from the entrance (Fig. 10).

Based on a set of data from functional and planigraphic analysis, the structure can be interpreted as a light collapsible and transportable structure for seasonal settlement of a small group of hunters.

10. Scheme of functional zoning of the Osino-Ozersk dwelling in the settlement of Gromatukha.

Dwellings on the Ust-Talakan monument

The tools from dwelling 5 are quantitatively dominated by hollows - tools used at the second stage of processing animal skins. Their predominance over the number of scraping tools is unusual. It is possible that the area under study shows signs of specialization in production activities. It is quite possible not only to divide the general work with hides into stages, but also to allocate this dwelling as a specialized workplace (Fig. 11, a). In such cases, it is also natural to create an "external" working area - polishing requires a relatively large area.

A certain specialization can also be traced in the works of the inhabitants of dwelling 6 (Fig. 11, b). The tools used here are dominated by scraping tools used in the first stage of the hide processing process. Other tools are represented only by a small number of retouchers and polishes. There is reason to believe that this structure, like the neighboring building 5, was a specialized workplace.

The activity of the inhabitants of dwelling 7 (Fig. 11, c) is comparatively more diverse. The set of working tools left here is represented by almost identical numbers of scrapers, scrapers, meat cleavers, etc. The intensity of their use is relatively insignificant. All this may be a consequence of the fact that the structure served mainly as a living space, a place to spend the night. This assumption is also supported by the traces of wooden bunks found here.

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11. Scheme of functional zoning of dwellings 5 (a), 6 (b), 7 (c) on the Ust-Talakan monument.

A comparative analysis of the considered Talakan dwellings gives grounds to assume the specialization of structures, a peculiar territorial division of labor, and the tendency of their inhabitants to differentiate premises into residential and working ones. Similar functional and planigraphic characteristics were obtained for three other objects of the monument.

Comparative characteristics and typology of the studied structures

It is very difficult to develop a sufficiently rigid functional typology of residential structures of the time under study. Probably, the formation of work sites or the organization of recreation areas in many cases occurred spontaneously. At the same time, a number of observations will help us identify some regularities (Figure 12). In addition to the obvious division of structures into relatively "large rounded" at a relatively early time and "small sub-rectangular" at a late chronological stage, it is rational to pay attention to other important features.

In early, rounded dwellings, fire pits are almost always located in the center of the structure. To warm up large volumes, an intense fire was required, and it is probably impossible to place the hearth otherwise than in the center of the structure. Around it, the inhabitants of the dwellings organized places of their rest or work.

Traces of fire at a later time are not necessarily found in the geometric center of structures. There is not only a "displacement" of foci along the centerline of housing structures, but also their placement on the entrance areas or even in front of the entrance to the dwelling. Places of work and recreation of the inhabitants of these structures are not so rigidly "tied" to the fire. There is reason to assume that at a relatively late stage of the chronological period under consideration, people used foci of rather complex and diverse structures [Volkov, 2006; Volkov, 2006]. For their comparative study and determination of the relationship between the type of hearth and the way the habitable space is organized around it, a methodology has been developed and a database is available [Volkov, 1994; Volkov, 1995]. However, even now it can be noted that at a later time, not the location of the hearth determined the place of work and rest of people, but on the contrary, the fire was lit where it was convenient to work or relax comfortably.

Early dwellings are characterized by "combining work and rest" in areas that are optimal for sleeping. In later structures in recreation areas, as a rule, there are no traces of production.

At an early stage of the period under review, almost all production operations were carried out in the home. At a later time, some work sites are moved to the "outer space", and the inhabitants of residential structures begin to" specialize " at any particular stage of the production process. It is possible that this was also reflected in the internal arrangement of externally standard buildings.

At the chronological stage of the existence of Talakan structures, the division of the internal habitat into right and left pre-passage parts, which was noted for early structures, is preserved. In later dwellings, one can note a tendency to organize work sites on the left, "female" side of the entrance, while in the right, traces of production are often absent.

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12. Summary scheme of functional zoning of the studied dwellings.

Special features of the spatial orientation of buildings should also be noted. Buildings of the early period are "indifferent" to the surrounding landscape, while later ones are "inscribed" in it. Suchu Island's dwellings are not oriented towards the midday sun or the riverbank. When building an almost circular structure, all this probably did not matter.

At a later time, the situation changed. For example, the Osinoozerskoe dwelling described above is located on a coastal terrace at the confluence of the small Gromatukha River with the full-flowing Zeya. The valley of the latter is bounded by rocks and rather steep hillsides. The morning appearance of the sun due to the nature of the relief of the left bank of the Gromatukha river occurs at a point with a noticeable deviation to the south. Visibility from the settlement square is limited. The main entrance to the dwelling was oriented towards the sector of maximum visibility. In this direction is the mouth of the Gromatukha River. The entire lower Zei Valley is also clearly visible from here. The visual perspective in this direction is maximum. On the northern side, the site of the settlement is covered by the slope of a nearby hill 30 m away. It turns out that the entrance to the dwelling is also protected from the coldest winds in the Zei Valley, which, taking into account the terrain, can only be from the north. It is in this direction that the rear part of the residential structure is facing. The shortest route to the coast of Zeya and the mouth of the Gromatukha river leads in a southerly direction. It is easy to see that the optimal spatial orientation of the entrance to the dwelling has been chosen.

Structures on the Ust-Talakan monument also had a" link " to the area. The wind direction and paths to the river were also taken into account. Probably, the northern (north-western) or, on the contrary, southern exposure of the entrances is not accidental here. Much was determined by the season of construction, the neighborhood of other structures, and other individual needs of the inhabitants ' everyday life. What is important is not so much consistency in such actions of people, as the possibility of implementing the plan.

Of course, both in the architecture of buildings and in the economic activities of people, much was determined by the climate. The dwellings of Suchu Island, unlike those of Talakan, are located in a slightly different natural and climatic region. The basis of the paleoeconomics of the bearers of the Malyshev culture was probably not hunting, as in the case of the inhabitants of the shores of Burei, but fishing. Other economy, way of life-different and housing.

Seasonal fishing during the period of mass spawning of fish involves the participation in this life-defining process of the maximum number of workers. "Fishing here (in the Amur region - P. V.), unlike hunting activities, did not require people to constantly move after the objects of fishing. Regular spawning of fish gave people great opportunities for mass harvesting of food. Efficient work for several weeks provided high-calorie food for a whole year. The advantages of fishing over hunting in this part of the region are still obvious. The population was quite naturally fixed in places that were convenient for this kind of seasonal activity. This is especially evident in the materials of the Malyshev culture" [Volkov, Derevyanko, Medvedev, 2006, p. 14].

The main occupation of native speakers of the later Talakan culture was hunting, which does not require a large team. In this case, luck is on the side of a dynamic group. A small team of hunters does not need large residential structures. A small structure is easier to adapt to the specific needs of the inhabitants, the tasks of fishing, as well as the terrain, the specifics of the microclimate in a particular season of the year. Dynamism is the main feature of the adaptation success of the region's population at the late stage of the chronological period under consideration. This is where the evolution of residential buildings in the Holocene epoch was most clearly manifested. A small team turned out to be more viable. The large dwellings of Malyshev's time were replaced by residential structures of the early metal era that were transformed to meet the changing climate.

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Conclusion

Of course, the conclusions drawn in this paper are preliminary in nature. The number of materials used for research is still small. Functional and planigraphic analysis of the oldest dwellings in the region has only just begun. But the proposed typology can serve as a starting point for studying the richest archaeological material of the Far East. The continuation of data collection and systematization is extremely promising. This will make it possible not only to trace changes in the paleoenvironment or in the architecture of buildings of the Holocene epoch, but also to create the necessary database for studying the processes of adaptation of the ancient population.

In the adjacent territories of Japan and Korea, a huge number of Neolithic and Early Metal dwellings have been excavated, numbering in the dozens. Reconstruction of the functional zoning of human habitation space opens up opportunities for characterizing the archetype of the oldest structures, studying paleoeconomics, the specifics of production, organization of everyday life, lifestyle of people of the past, and the processes of their adaptation to climate changes in the region.

List of literature

Boriskovsky N. I. Izuchenie paleoliticheskikh zhilishch v Sovetskom Soyuzu [Study of Paleolithic dwellings in the Soviet Union].

Brodyansky D. L. Archaeological sources on the history of dwellings of the peoples of the Amur region and Primorye // Questions of source studies and historiography. Vladivostok, 1975, issue 4, pp. 65-80.

Volkov P. V. Experimental studies of ancient heating fires // Methodology and methodology of archaeological reconstructions. Novosibirsk: IAET SB RAS, 1994, pp. 104-111.

Volkov V. P. Technical research in the archaeology of Northern Asia. Novosibirsk: Izd-vo IAET SB RAS, 1999, 192 p. (in Russian)

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The article was submitted to the Editorial Board on 24.03.09.

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