UDC 902

A. S. Pilipenko 1, A. G. Romashchenko 1, V. I. Molodin 2, I. V. Kulikov 1, V. F. Kobzev 1, D. V. Pozdnyakov 2, O. I. Novikova 2

1 Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS

10 Akademika Lavrentieva Ave., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia

E-mail: alexpil@mail.ru

2 Institute of Archeology and Ethnography SB RAS

17 Akademika Lavrentieva Ave., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia

E-mail: molodin@sbras.nsc.ru

In the IX-VII centuries BC, during the transition period from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age, a large settlement of Chicha-1 appeared on the territory of Baraba. New features of the social organization of the settlement's population were also reflected in the practice of burying infants directly in their homes. In this paper, an attempt is made to find out the motivations for selecting infants using the methods of DNA structure analysis. The results of the analysis of the sex of the buried indicate a conscious choice of boys for burial in dwellings. The presence of different variants of mitochondrial DNA haplotypes in two infants buried in the same dwelling indicates that there is no direct maternal relationship between them. Some of the detected MTDNA haplotypes of infants, which are not typical for the ancient and modern population of the region, are currently distributed in the territories extending south and southwest of Baraba (Central and Western Asia, the Middle East, and the Caucasus).

Introduction

In the IX-VII centuries, during the transition period from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age, the forest-steppe zone of Western Siberia underwent processes that were somewhat comparable to civilizational ones (Molodin et al., 2004). At this time, a population appeared in the Barabinsk forest-steppe, apparently migrating from the west, south-west. As a result, a mixed ethno-cultural population with new (introduced) features of social organization was formed here.

In the previous epochs of the developed and late Bronze Age, the territory of Baraba was already penetrated by the population from the south-western regions of modern Central Asia and Kazakhstan. The earliest migration impulse dates back to the very beginning of the Advanced Bronze Age, probably to the turn of the third-second millennium BC, as evidenced by the paste cross beads, carnelian beads with etching marks, and other objects from Central Asia found at the Sopka-2 burial ground. Anthropologists note the appearance of specific Caucasian features in bone material (Molodin, 1988). The next wave of migration dates back to the second half of the second millennium BC: the autochthonous population-representatives of the Krotovo culture-was replaced by newcomers of the Caucasian carriers of the Andronovo (Fedorovskaya) culture.

As a result of the long-term co-existence of native speakers of the alien Andronovo and aboriginal cultures, a layer of the population was formed that represented the Irmen culture of the Late Bronze Age (Molodin, 1985), which, in fact, became autochthonous for the region. At the end of the Bronze Age, several migrants moved to the Barabinsk forest-steppe and Kulundinsky Steppe.-

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1. Chicha-1 ancient settlement, excavation 10, dwelling 10, burial 1 (a) and 2 (b). View from the south.

traffic flows from the west and southwest. First, they were carriers of the roller ceramics culture (Kiryushin and Udodov, 1992, p.89), and then of the Begazy-Dandybaevskaya culture (Molodin, 1981, p. 15-17; Udodov, 1988, p. 107-110). Traces of another stream of migrants from the south-west, related to the transition from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age, were recorded at the Chicha-1 settlement. Here the alien population co-existed with the autochthonous Late Irmian, apparently entering into not only cultural, but also blood-related relations with the latter (Molodin, 2006b). The above-mentioned migration flows moving through the Baraba forest-steppe in the Bronze Age undoubtedly caused an extremely difficult ethno-cultural situation in the region.

Gradually, new forms of socio-cultural organization were formed among the bearers of the Late Irmen culture. They manifested themselves, for example, in the creation of a large ancient settlement Chicha-1, elements of housing construction, the construction of powerful fortifications, the beginnings of handicraft, and, most likely, in changes in some aspects of spiritual culture (Molodin et al., 2004). These innovations are reflected in the funerary practice. It was possible to identify necropolises left by both the autochthonous population and migrants (Molodin, 2006a).

In this regard, of particular interest are the burials of infants found on the Chicha-1 monument in separate residential buildings of both aboriginal and alien populations (Figure 1). Molecular genetic studies of the DNA structure of these buried persons should help determine the origins of the alien population of the Chicha-1 settlement, since such a rite was not typical for indigenous peoples. residents of Baraba from previous historical periods. It was widely distributed among representatives of ancient agricultural cultures of Central and Western Asia (Alekshin, 1986, pp. 151-153). In the literature, this phenomenon is associated with construction sacrifices [Baiburin, 1983, p. 61-62; Formozov, 1984, p. 240; Kuzmina, 1994, p. 97], with rituals aimed at preventing the illness and death of future children [Antonova, 1990, p. 105], the idea of returning the deceased [In the same place; Alekshin, 1986, p. 152], the cult of fertility (Bibikov, 1953, p. 197-198; Antonova, 1990, p. 106-107). There are ethnographic sources that testify to the burial of children according to a special rite, which is based on the idea that a child who has not reached a certain age belongs not to the world of people, but to the world of spirits, in connection with which he was endowed with certain mystical qualities. Thus, the Kargins ' children were wrapped in koshma, then in birch bark and hung from a tree or placed in a hollow tree (Usmanov, 1980, p. 109). Aerial burial of stillborn or dead infants on a tree was arranged by the Barabinsk Tatars (Titova, 1976, p. 132). Among the Ob Ugrians, dead children whose souls were considered very dangerous (Karjalainen, 1994) were buried in separate cemeteries under roots and in tree hollows wrapped in birch bark (Sokolova, 1980, p.130, 137). At the same time, the ethnography of the peoples of Siberia does not contain information about the burial of dead children in residential buildings. Obviously, this tradition did not take place here. In this paper, an attempt is made to

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to study the features of the burial rite of infants recorded on the ancient settlement by the methods of molecular genetic analysis of their DNA structure.

Materials and methods

Fragments of skeletons of eight out of ten infants were used for DNA extraction, and their burials were found in the dwellings of the Chicha-1 settlement (Molodin et al., 2004) (Table 1). Each dwelling contained one or two burials. The sample includes samples of infant bones from different parts of the settlement: four from the "citadel" (site II) (Fig. 2) - the area of autochthonous population for that period; four from the periphery (one buried from site III and three from site IV), probably inhabited by migrants [Ibid.]. Burials of two children in one dwelling are represented by pairs of samples-N 3, 4 (dwelling N 20, site II) and 6, 7 (dwelling N 10, site IV).

Whole femurs of good macroscopic preservation were used for the study from six of the eight skeletons, and fragments of tubular bones of a lower degree of preservation were used from the other two skeletons.

Pretreatment of bone material and isolation of DNA. The bone surface was mechanically cleaned of dirt and foreign DNA. After removing the outer layer of bone tissue (approx. 1-2 mm), the surface was treated with hydrogen peroxide or sodium hypochlorite and irradiated with ultraviolet light (30 min on each side). Fine bone powder was drilled from the inner region of the bone fragments, from which DNA was extracted.

Total DNA was isolated by treating bone powder with 5 M guanidinisothiocyanate buffer pH 11 (48 h at 65 °C) and sequentially extracting it first with a mixture of phenol and chloroform, and then with chloroform. DNA was precipitated from the aqueous phase in the presence of 1M NaCl with isopropyl alcohol. The DNA was stored in an aqueous solution at -20°C.

Determination of the sex of the buried. Sex was determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of DNA fragments specific for X and Y chromosomes of pericentromeric alphoid repeating sequences of nucleotides with a size of 130 pairs of nucleotides (bp) (from the DXZ1 sequence with a size of 2.0 thousand bp ~5 thousand copies on the X chromosome) and 170 bp (from the DYZ3 sequence 5.5 thousand bp ~1 thousand copies on the Y chromosome). PCR specific for X - and Y-chromosome DNA fragments was performed in different test tubes. For amplification, the corresponding pairs of primers were used: XI (5, -aatcatcaaatggagatttg-3,), X2 (S'-gttcagctctgtgagtgaaa-2') for the X chromosome, Yl (S'-atgatagaaacggaaatatg-3'), Y2 (5'-agtagaatgcaaagggctc-3'). The reaction mixture with a volume of 25 µl included: 75 mM Tris HCl (pH 9.0); 20 mM (NH4) 2 S0 4; 0.01 % Tween-20; 3.0 mM MgCl2; 0.2 mM of each dNTP; 1 cM of each primer; 1 mg / ml of BSA; 5 µl of total DNA solution; 0.75 activity units (units). act.) of thermostable DNA polymerase. Amplification mode: 95°C 3 min and 42 cycles - 95°C 30 s, 55°C 30 s, 72°C 30 s. The results of the reaction were visualized by separating the amplification products in a 4% polyacrylamide gel (PAAG), followed by staining them with ethidium bromide. When the gel was exposed to UV radiation, specific bands were observed: 130 bp for the X chromosome and 170 bp for the Y chromosome. If specific sequences of both X and Y chromosomes were detected in the DNA sample , the individual's gender is male; if X-chromosome DNA was detected and there was no product for the Y-chromosome (only a band of 130 bp), the individual's gender is female.

Table 1. Paleoanthropological material from the Chicha-1 settlement used for DNA analysis

Sample number

Burial place of the remains

Skeleton fragment

1

Site II, excavation 6, housing For, border 2

The femur

2

"excavation 7, dwelling 9, border 1

" "

3

"excavation 17, dwelling 20, border 1

" "

4

"excavation 17, dwelling 20, border 2

" "

5

Site IIIb, excavation 5, dwelling 8, border 1

Fragments of tubular bones

6

Site IV, excavation 10, dwelling 10, border 1

The femur

7

The same, page 2

" "

8

Site IV, excavation 12, dwelling 11, border 2

Fragments of tubular bones

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2. Magnetogram of the Chicha-1 hillfort with marked boundaries of excavations (numbers correspond to their numbers).

Amplification of GWS I mitochondrial DNA. Amplification of the nucleotide sequence of the first hypervariable segment of the non-coding region of mtDNA (GVS I mtDNA) was performed using two PCR variants. The nested PCR method involves two consecutive rounds of PCR. The first round of PCR with external primers L16046 (5 '- ttctttcatggggaagcagattt-3') and H16401 (5 '- attgatttcacggaggatggtg-3') was performed in a volume of 25 µl. The reaction mixture included: 75 mM Tris HCl (pH 9.0); 20 mM (NH4) 2SO4; 0.01 % Tween-20; 5.0 mM MgCl2; 0.2 mM of each dNTP; 1 µM of each primer; 1 mg / ml of BSA; 5 µl of total DNA solution; 0.75 u act. thermally stable DNA polymerase. The reaction was carried out in the following mode: initial denaturation - 95°C 3 min, then 10 cycles -95°C 1 min, 55°C 1 min, 72°C 1 min and 30 cycles in the mode - 95°C 23 s, 55°C 23 s, 72°C 23 s. The second round of PCR (336 bp product) was performed in a volume of 50 µl with internal primers L16073 (5 '- ccacccaagtattgactcaccc-3') and H16367 (5'-ctatctgaggggggtcatccat-3'). The reaction mixture included: 75 mM Tris HCl (pH 9.0); 20 mM (NH 4) 2 SO 4; 0.01% Tween-20; 5.0 mM MgCl2; 0.2 mM of each dNTP; 1 µM of each primer; 4 µl of the product of the first round of PCR and 1.5 units of act. thermally stable DNA polymerase. The reaction was carried out in the following mode: 95°C for 3 minutes and 25 cycles -95°C for 23 seconds, 55°C for 23 seconds, 72°C for 23 seconds.

Amplification of the 5'-region of DHW I (between positions 16004-16193 of the Cambridge reference sequence) was performed with primers L16004 (5' - ccattagcacccaaagctaagattc-3') iN16193 (5' - gtacttgcttgtaagcatg-3') [Adcock, Dennis, Easteal, 2001]. The reaction mixture with a volume of 50 µl included: 75 mM Tris HCl (pH 9.0); 20 mM (NH4) 2SO4; 0.01 % Tween-20; 5.0 mM MgCl2; 0.2 mM of each dNTP; 1 µM of each primer; 1 mg / ml of BSA; 5 µl of total DNA solution; 1.5 u act. thermally stable DNA polymerase. Amplification mode: 95°C 3 min and 40 cycles - 95°C 30 s, 55°C 30 s, 72°C 30 s.

Amplification of the second hypervariable segment of the non-coding region of mtDNA (GWS II) in segment 16517-00160 was performed in a reaction mixture of 50 µl, similar in composition to the previous one, with primers L16517 (5 '- catctggttcctacttcagg-3') and H00160 (5' - tgtaatattgaacgtaggtgcgat-3'), at - 95°C 3 min and 42 cycles - 95°C 30 s, 55°C 30 s, 72°C 30 s.

PCR products were detected by electrophoretic separation in 4% PAAG, followed by staining with ethidium bromide and irradiation with ultraviolet light.

The nucleotide sequence of amplified mtDNA regions was determined by direct automatic sequencing using BigDye Terminator v3.1 Cycle Sequencing (Applied Biosystems, USA), according to the manufacturer's recommendations. Sequencing primers L16114 (5'-ggggacgagaagggatttga-3') and H16347 (5'-tttcgtacattactgccagccac-3') were used to sequence the PCR product. The DNA samples were analyzed using an automatic ABI Prism 310 Genetic Analyzer sequencer (Applied Biosystems, USA).

The obtained mtDNA sequences from the remains of ancient individuals were compared with Cambridge-

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Using the DNAStar software package (DNAStar Inc., USA) and the Sequence Scanner program (Applied Biosistems, USA), we used the mtDNA reference sequence to detect specific nucleotide substitutions and determine haplotypes [Anderson et al., 1981].

Measures against contamination. All stages of working with the ancient material were carried out in a specially equipped isolated room using special clothing, face masks, glasses, and sterile gloves. All working surfaces in the room were regularly treated with a 5% solution of sodium hypochlorite and irradiated with ultraviolet light. At all stages, sterile reagents and plastic dishes, tips for automatic dispensers with filters were used. DNA extraction and PCR were monitored for the absence of foreign DNA contamination in all components of the solutions. Repeated DNA extractions from the same bone samples were performed at different times. The sequence of nucleotides of hypervariable segments I and II of mtDNA was determined for all employees working with ancient DNA.

Results

Sex of infants from burials in the dwellings of the Chicha-1 settlement. Specific nucleotide sequences of both X and Y chromosomes were identified in all eight total DNA samples. The sex of each infant was determined using two or more independently isolated total DNA samples. PCR for each DNA sample was repeated twice. In all cases, the extraction and purity controls of the PCR system indicated the absence of contamination. Thus, we reliably established the male sex of all infants subjected to the study (Table 2).

Haplotyping of buried mtDNA. Sequences of mtDNA GVS I nucleotides were determined for six samples. For samples N 1, 2, 4, and 6, the nucleotide sequences of the GWS II region in segment 16517 - 00160 were additionally determined and the presence of the A00073G transition in them was shown. Comparison with the reference sequence of nucleotides in the control region of mtDNA revealed haplotypes and determined their belonging to haplogroups, according to the currently accepted classification [Richards et al., 1998, 2000] (Table 2).

The mtDNA haplotypes of all children differ. Consequently, individuals N 3, 4 and 6, 7 buried in pairs in dwellings N 20 and 10, respectively, cannot be direct relatives on the maternal side. This circumstance suggests that either several families lived in some of the dwellings of Chichi-1, or this community had a polygamous structure of family organization.

The male sex of all the examined infants and the absence of maternal kinship among the buried children in pairs indicate the possibility of the existence of a specific ritual among the population of the Chicha-1 settlement associated with a special attitude towards male children. The latter was inherent in communities with a pastoral way of economy and groups with an appropriating system of economy and existed until ethnographic modernity [Litvinsky, 1958, p. 31-33; Zadneprovsky, 1962, p.99].

The fact that the identified infant mtDNA haplotypes belong to different West Eurasian haplogroups indicates that there is no significant East Eurasian influence on the gene pool of the settlement population, as well as a high degree of their phylogenetic heterogeneity.

Table 2. Mitochondrial DNA haplotypes and sex of the remains of infants from the Chicha-1 settlement

Sample number

GVS I haplotype

mtDNA haplogroup

Number of independent DNA extractions

Number of sequenced GVS I mtDNA sequences

Nucleotide at position 00073 of GVS II mtDNA

Paul

1

16093 - 16224 - 16311

K

2

2

G

Male

2

16183A->C-16189-16249

U1a

3

4

G

"

3

16189 - 16260 - 16270

U5b

2

2

-

"

4

16356 - 16362

U4

3

6

G

"

5

-

-

-

-

-

"

6

16069 - 16126

J

2

3

G

"

7

16366

H

2

3

-

"

8

-

-

-

-

-

"

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Discussion of the results

The Chicha-1 ancient settlement is one of the largest known settlements in the Urals during the transition from Bronze to Iron age (Molodin et al., 2006). Analysis of artefacts, primarily ceramics, revealed the ethnocultural heterogeneity of its population. The territory of the ancient settlement is divided into two main habitat zones: the citadel (sites I, II) and the periphery (sites III, IV), which probably correspond to the zones of residence of two different ethno-cultural groups (Molodin, 2006b). The "citadel" is associated with the first stage of development of the territory of the ancient settlement by the autochthonous population for Baraba (first Irmenians, and then Late Irmenians) with the participation of migrants from various regions of Western Siberia (Molodin et al., 2004). The development of zones III and IV occurred under the dominance of the alien population from the western and south-western regions, most likely from the territory of modern Kazakhstan. Apparently, for a long time, two ethno-cultural groups co-existed in the settlement, preserving their specific cultural and economic structure (Molodin, 2006b). Traces of the presence of culture carriers from the territories located to the north and northwest of Baraba (Atlymskaya, Krasnoozerskaya, Zavyalovskaya and Suzgunskaya) were also found on the ancient settlement. This indicates that the settlement was also inhabited by representatives of the cultures of the taiga and forest-steppe belts of Western Siberia. There is a very high probability of the carriers of these cultural formations entering into marital contacts with the main inhabitants of the settlement, which made the ethno-cultural situation on the monument even more difficult.

Burials found in dwellings either adjoined the eastern or western wall of the pit, or were located near one of the corners of the dwelling and, as a rule, were inscribed in a row between the post pits. The fact that the burial of infants was carried out intentionally in the dwellings allows us to suggest that the population of Chichi-1 had a specific funeral rite (Molodin et al., 2004). Undoubtedly, the rite in question did not apply to all infants who died in the settlement. The ancient population of the late Bronze Age was characterized by a high level of infant mortality (Chikisheva, 2000). Calculations made for the burial ground of the Irmen culture Zhuravlevo-4 showed that 29% of all those buried were children and adolescents, with infants predominating (Bobrov, Chikisheva, Mikhailov, 1993).

The selection of only children under one year old for burial in homes also indicates that the population has a specific rite. The genetic evidence we obtained for the absence of girls among eight infants indicates a conscious choice of boys for burial in dwellings.

On the ancient settlement of Chicha-1, there were paired burials of infants in three dwellings. Having established whether there are family ties within such couples, you can find out what is the basis of the rite and its essence. In children buried in twos in dwellings N 10 and 20, mtDNA is represented by different haplotypes. Therefore, infants are not related on the maternal side. These data do not exclude the relationship of those buried on the paternal (male) line. However, additional analysis of Y-chromosome markers is required to verify the latter assumption.

This rite was not typical for the ancient autochthonous population of Western Siberia [Ibid.], although some burials of children in settlements are known [Molodin et al., 2003]. Such burials are noted, for example, on the monument of the Elunin culture Berezovaya Luka in Altai (Kiryushin, Tishkin, Grushin, 1999). Perhaps the rite was borrowed from the ancient inhabitants of Central Asia. They have had this tradition since the fourth millennium BC (Litvinsky, 1952). In the agricultural cultures of the East, children were buried under the floor, walls, and threshold of their homes (Ghirshman, 1954, p. 30). Burials of infants in dwellings are a characteristic feature of the Petrine culture of Northern Kazakhstan (the beginning of the advanced Bronze Age) [Zdanovich, 1988, p. 133], and geographically and chronologically similar monuments of the Nurtai type in Central Kazakhstan [Tkachev, 1999, p.22-24]. Thus, the rite under consideration tends to the territories southwest of the Barabinsk forest-steppe (Molodin et al., 2003, p. 315).

This assumption is confirmed by the results of a genetic analysis of the structure of GWS I and II mt of the DNA of infants from the Chicha-1 settlement dwellings. Haplotypic diversity of infant mtDNA (tab. 2) to some extent reflects the high heterogeneity of the mitochondrial gene pool of the entire Chichi-1 population. Although the identified structural variants belong to the cluster of Western Eurasian mtDNA haplogroups, they differ in time and place of origin on the continent, as well as in their prevalence in modern human populations.

The most representative lines in the studied group were the lines of the UK cluster, which unites haplogroups U and K (samples N 1-4). Superhaplogroup U is one of the oldest haplogroups in the West Eurasian cluster. Its age is over 50 thousand years (Richards et al., 1998). Haplogroup U lines are the second most common in the gene pools of Caucasian populations in western Eurasia and are second only to haplogroup H variants. There are several subgroups within the superhaplogroup U

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(U1-8), which are evolutionarily different and spatially disjointed in modern human populations (Macameyer et al., 2001).

Three of the six mtDNA samples studied are part of superhaplogroup U. mtDNA of sample N 2 with haplotype 16183 A - >C-16189-16249 belongs to haplogroup U1a. In modern human populations, haplogroup U1a is distributed mainly in the Middle East (Druze (Israel) - 6.7 %, Kurds-3.8%, Turks - 3.2%) and the Caucasus (Adygeans-6.0 %, North Ossetians-3.5 %) [Macaulay et al., 1999; Richards et al., 2000]. In the gene pools of European populations, lines of this group are rare, in isolated cases. The exception is the Central Mediterranean population ( 3.8 %) [Di Rienzo and Wilson, 1991; Francalacci et al., 1996; Torroni et al., 1998; Richards et al., 2000]. As a minor component of the lineage, haplogroup U1a is present in the gene pools of many modern Central and Central Asian populations (Kolman, Sambughin, and Bermingham, 1996; Comas et al., 1998, 2004). Variants of haplogroup U1a are completely absent in the gene pools of the modern indigenous population of Southern Siberia [Derenko et al., 2003], Finno-Ugric and Samoyedic peoples of Western Siberia [Derbeneva et al., 2002; Derbeneva et al. Gub'ina, Osipova, and Willems, 2005], as well as Finno-Ugric and Turkic-speaking ethnic groups of the Volga-Ural region (Bermisheva et al., 2002).

The specific distribution of haplogroup U1a in modern populations allows us to explain its presence in the Chichi-1 population by migration to the Baraba forest-steppe of ancient population groups from the south and/or southwest, probably from the territory of modern Kazakhstan. This is also confirmed by archaeological data [Molodin, 2006a, b]. Indeed, variants of haplogroup U1a were found in representatives of the ancient population of Kazakhstan in the transition period from Bronze to Iron [Lalueza-Fox et al., 2004]. In addition, they are present in the gene pool of the Advanced Bronze Age population of Xinjiang (~1800 BC) (Cui Yinqiu, 2003). By the way, the latter may also be due to the migration to Baraba from the territory of modern Central Kazakhstan, first by Andronovites [Kuzmina, 1994; Molodin and Komissarov, 2004], and then by carriers of the Begazy-Dandybayev culture [Molodin, 1998].

The presence of the" alien " component is also noted by the presence of the U3 haplogroup line in the gene pool of the Chichi-1 population. The variant with a nucleotide substitution at position 16343, which belongs to this group, was previously detected in an adult woman buried in the territory of the Chicha-1 settlement (Molodin et al., 2006). The distribution patterns of haplo groups U3 and U1a in modern human populations are broadly similar. Probably, the presence of haplogroup U3 in the gene pool of the Chicha-1 settlement population is also associated with the introduction of its variants from ancient Central Asian or Middle Eastern populations.

mtDNA sample N4 with haplotype structure 16356-16362 belongs to haplogroup U4. This group is distributed differently in modern human populations than the haplogroups U1a and U3 discussed above. Its frequency increases from west to east. Despite the fact that haplogroup U4 is present in the gene pools of many populations in the Middle East [Richards et al., 2000; Metspalu et al., 2004; Di Rienzo and Wilson, 1991], its frequency here does not exceed 3 % (Syrians - 2.9 %) [Richards et al., 2000]. In Europe, its frequency is slightly higher and reaches a maximum of 5.4 % in populations of North-Eastern Europe [Sajantila et al., 1995, 1996; Richards et al., 1998, 2000; Tolk et al., 2000]. The highest frequencies of this group are found in the gene pools of Finno-Ugric and Turkic peoples of the Volga-Ural region (the highest frequencies in this region are Komi-Zyryans-24.2 %, Chuvash-16.4 %) [Bermisheva et al., 2002], as well as Finno-Ugric and Samoyedic peoples of Western Siberia and adjacent territories Eastern Siberia: Mansi-16.3 %, Khanty-18.6%, Nganasan - 20.8%, and Chum salmon - 28.9% (Derbeneva et al., 2002; Derbeneva et al., 2002; Gubina, Osipova, and Willems, 2005). In the south of Western Siberia, haplogroup U4 is found in Altaians and Khakasians (Derenko et al., 2003; Damba et al., 2003). In Central Asian populations, it occurs with a small frequency [Comas et al., 1998, 2004]. Thus, the Finno-Ugric and Samoyedic peoples of Western Siberia are characterized by the maximum frequencies of haplogroup U4 lines.

The mtDNA haplotype marked with the motif 16356-16362 (sample N 4) is ancestral to one of the groups of variants of haplogroup U4 common in Western Siberia. Thus, a group of lines characterized by the motif 16113C-16356 - 16362, which is estimated to be ~19 thousand years old, is widespread in the gene pools of the Mansi and Khanty regions (Malyarchuk, 2004).

Therefore, the discovered variant of haplogroup U4, most likely, was present for a long time in this territory and its carrier should be attributed to the autochthonous part of the ancient population of the Baraba forest-steppe. It is noteworthy that the haplotype of haplogroup U4 was found in an infant buried in a dwelling on the territory of the "citadel" - a sector of the settlement where the population supposedly native to Baraba lived.

mtDNA sample N 3 with haplotype 16189 - 16260 - 16270 It belongs to haplogroup U5b. The lines of this group are distributed throughout Europe, reaching frequencies of approx. 5 % in North-Eastern European populations (excluding the Sami population) [Sajantila, 1995, 1996; Richards et al., 2000]. Soposta-

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In general, the frequencies of haplogroup U5b lines are typical for populations in the Volga-Ural region (Bermisheva et al., 2002). In populations of the Middle East, Caucasus, and Central Asia, there are only isolated lines of it. In Western Siberia, haplogroup U5b was found in the mitochondrial gene pool of Altaians with a frequency of 2.7 % [Derenko et al., 2003]. No variants of haplogroup U5b were found in the gene pools of the Finno-Ugric and Samoyedic peoples of the north of Western Siberia.

Haplogroup K, which includes the mtDNA sample N1 with the haplotype 16093 - 16224 - 16311, widely distributed in populations of the western half of the Eurasian continent. Haplogroup K lines are represented in the gene pools of most populations in Europe, the Middle East, and the Caucasus with a frequency of 3 to 10 % (on average, approx. 6 %) [Macaulay et al., 1999; Richards et al., 2000]. They are less common in populations of Central Asia and the Volga-Ural region (Comas et al., 1998, 2004; Bermisheva et al., 2002). In modern populations of Western Siberia, few lines of this haplogroup are present only in the gene pools of Finno-Ugric peoples.

mtDNA of sample N 6 contains nucleotide substitutions at positions 16069-16126, which makes it possible to unambiguously determine its belonging to the West Eurasian haplogroup J [Richards et al., 1998]. Haplogroup J originated about 45 thousand years AGO in the Middle East; here the greatest variety of lines of this haplogroup is revealed. Modern Middle Eastern populations are characterized by the highest frequencies of this haplogroup in mitochondrial gene pools - an average of 12 % [Richards et al., 2000; Metspalu et al., 2004]. In some populations of this region, its frequency exceeds 20 %: among the Bedouins of the Arabian Peninsula-25 % [Di Rienzo and Wilson, 1991], among the Arabs of Saudi Arabia-22.5 % [Abu-Amero et al., 2007]. In European populations, the frequency of haplogroup J is somewhat lower - about 10 % [Richards et al., 2000]. It is found with a similar frequency in populations of the Caucasus - on average, less than 8 % (maximum in North Ossetians-9.6 %) [Macaulay et al., 1999; Richards et al., 2000; Comas et al., 2000; Bermisheva et al., 2004]. Haplogroup J lines are present as a minor component in the gene pools of populations in Central and Central Asia, as well as in the south of Western Siberia [Derenko et al., 2003]. Among the Finno-Ugric peoples of Western Siberia, the frequency of haplogroup J is significantly higher and comparable to the European and Middle Eastern levels (Mansi-12.2 %, Khanty-11.9 %). The structure of GWS I of mtDNA sample N 6 coincides with the founder variant of haplogroup J. It is known that haplotypes with the identical structure of GVS I can differ in nucleotide substitutions in other mtDNA regions. Having determined the structures of these DNA regions, we can further clarify the additional phylogenetic information content of the detected mtDNA variant.

Only one nucleotide substitution at position 16366 was detected in GWS I of mtDNA sample N 7. Apparently, this structural variant is a direct derivative of the Cambridge reference sequence and belongs to the West Eurasian haplogroup H. Haplogroup H occurs with the greatest frequency in the population of Western and Northern Europe (40-50%), with a frequency of 20-40 % in Southern, Southwestern, and Eastern Europe, with a frequency of less than 20 % are from the Middle East and India (Torroni et al., 1996). It is present with a rather high frequency in the mitochondrial gene pools of the Finno-Ugric peoples of Western Siberia (Mansi-14.3 %, Khanty-19%, Komi - 26.9%) [Gubina, Osipova, Willems, 2005; Derbeneva et al., 2002], which brings them closer to the populations of Europe and the Middle East. A high frequency of haplogroup H variants was observed in Shors (21.4 %) [Derenko et al., 2001]. With lower frequencies, the H-group lines are present in the gene pools of the Samoyed (Chum Salmon - 10.5 %, Nganasans - 8.4 %) and some peoples of the south of Western Siberia. Haplogroup H contains a large number of subgroups (over 15) [Loogvali et al., 2004]. High information content of some H subhaploes is shown in phylogeographic studies of human populations (Achilli et al., 2004). Therefore, using only information concerning the structure of the mtDNA GVS I nucleotide sequence in the case of haplogroup H in the analysis is not very informative. Detailed phylogeographic analysis requires identification of a specific subgroup (Roosralu et al., 2007).

So, it is of undoubted interest that mtDNA variants of a relatively small sample of infants buried in the Chicha-1 settlement dwellings belong to those Western Eurasian haplogroups, a significant part of which is absent or represented with insignificant frequencies in the gene pools of modern population groups in the region. Along with mtDNA lines that are now common among residents of territories located south and southwest of Baraba (Kazakhstan, Central Asia, the Middle East, and the Caucasus), the analyzed sample also contains carriers of ancestral variants of haplogroups common among the modern indigenous population of Western Siberia.

It is not yet possible to conduct a full-fledged comparison of the mtDNA gene pool features of the groups that inhabited the central and peripheral parts of the settlement territory, due to the small size of the sample studied. To do this, it is necessary to analyze additional DNA samples from paleoanthropological materials.

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time. Excavations of the necropolis belonging to the ancient settlement (Molodin et al., 2004), the eastern periphery of which was formed by migrants (Molodin, 2006a), allow us to hope that with the use of remains from the necropolis, it will be possible to better characterize the genetic differences between the autochthonous and alien populations. Undoubtedly, it is necessary to study the structure not only of the nucleotide sequences of the control region, but also of other mtDNA fragments. At this stage of work, using genetic data, we can state the presence of a mixed - autochthonous and alien - population on the ancient settlement, which is consistent with the conclusions obtained in the analysis of archaeological sources.

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