The geological and geographical conditions of the territories determine the range of methods for their archaeological study. In the Vychegdy River Valley (Komi Republic, Arkhangelsk region), the main relief-forming factor in the late Pleistocene and Holocene was highly dynamic channel processes, which, along with global and local climate changes, undoubtedly had a direct impact on the nature of its settlement. This has determined the relevance of the application of paleorecondology, a discipline that studies the deformation of riverbeds in the geological and historical past. However, the prospects for applying the results of such studies are broader. These data may be relevant for improving the effectiveness of exploration methods and planning activities for the preservation of archaeological heritage.

Key words: archeology, adaptation, paleocol studies, geomorphological mapping, geochronology, paleoecology, Holocene, European northeast of Russia, Vychegda River.

Introduction

The life of mankind has always been inextricably linked with rivers as a source of water, food and transport artery. Therefore, when solving, for example, problems of adaptation to the natural environment, in most cases, paleolandscapes of river valleys are reconstructed, in the formation of which riverbed processes took part to some extent. The latter are the subject of study in ruslology, a branch of knowledge located at the intersection of geomorphology and hydrology and studying the formation and dynamics of riverbeds (Chalov, 2008; Chernov, 2009). Of the wide range of its branches, paleo - and historical ruslology - the study of deformations of riverbeds in the geological and historical past, as well as related issues of the formation of river floodplains-are of the greatest importance for archeology (Chalov, 1996).

The data of Russian studies are used to some extent in almost all archaeological research. For example, a description of the location of a monument inevitably contains information about its spatial relationship with the components of the river landscape (the most common ones are "above-floodplain terrace", "modern riverbed", or

* The work was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, projects N 11 - 06 - 00337-a, 11 - 05 - 00538-a.

"old lake"). In foreign science, data from this discipline in the last two decades are used in the framework of alluvial archaeology [Alluvial Archaeology..., 2003] and fluvial geoarchaeology [Goldberg and Macphail, 2006, p. 117]. They work in the field of environmental approach, landscape and geoarchaeology. There are four main trends in the application of riverbed geomorphology data, which is primarily aimed at reconstructing the history of the river landscape and its correlation with the chronology of important paleoecological events: 1) the influence of riverbed processes and floodplain formation on the settlement of human communities and their adaptation to local landscapes (for example: Waters and Raversloot, 2001; Brunei et al., 2004; Bronnikova et al., 2010); 2) the impact of human activities, especially the productive economy with its irrigation/irrigation systems, etc. the impact of deforestation on the environment, in particular on the nature and speed of erosion and accumulation processes within river valleys (for example, in the case of small rivers).: [Chester and James, 1991; Bessonova and Klyuev, 2010]); 3) determining the potential of a particular region for further study, namely, establishing the preservation of archaeological objects (assessing the areas of river washouts over different time intervals) and identifying promising sites for searching for buried kula-containing sediments not only for research, but also for research purposes. planning activities for the preservation of archaeological heritage (for example: [Turnbaugh, 1978; Allen, Hey, Miles, 1997; Howard et al., 2008]); 4) reconstruction of narrow-local paleolandscapes and natural settings that are synchronous to monuments associated with floodplain deposits, as well as establishing the genesis of kula-containing deposits (for example: [Murasheva, Panin, and Fetisov, 2009]).

The research area and the history of its archaeological and geomorphological study

Vychegda is the largest right tributary of the Northern Dvina, a typical plain river. Its basin is located in the north-east of the East European Plain (the southern regions of the Komi Republic and the Arkhangelsk region), most of it is located within the Vychegda-Mezen lowland, and only in the upper reaches of Vychegda it skirts from the south the destroyed folded structures of the low Timan ridge. The total length of the river is 1,131 km (fig. 1).

The main relief - forming factor in the studied region in the late Pleistocene-Holocene is highly dynamic riverbed processes, which, along with global and local climate changes, undoubtedly had a direct impact on the nature of development and settlement of these territories. Geomorphologically, the Vychegda riverbed and valley are highly variable. The river is characterized by the free development of channel deformations - the absence of their lithological restrictions-and intensive meandering. In the late Pleistocene and Holocene, as well as now, the river constantly changed its position at the bottom of the valley, eroding both the floodplain and the adjacent terrace ledges and the main slopes of the valley. At the same time, it formed new sections of the floodplain, the morphology of which was determined by the type of channel and the hydrological regime of the river.

The area of field work carried out by 2011 covers two sections of the Vychegda Valley, which are most rich in archaeological sites: 1) from the village of Kortkeros to the village of Nebdino (42 km); 2) from the village of Pozheg to the village of Lebyazhsk (90 km). As a model, we selected a section of 26 km from the village of Kortkeros to the village of Vazhkurya (Kortkeros district of the Komi Republic), for which the channel geomorphology data were verified, supplemented with radiocarbon dating results, and a full-fledged analytical work was carried out. In total, 17 archaeological sites of different times and cultures have been discovered here and explored to varying degrees. Most of them are confined to the surfaces of sandy floodplain terraces. An exception is the Pezmog IV site, where cultural remains lie buried in ancient sediments buried by modern alluvium at a depth of 3.8 m from the modern surface (Fig. 2).

G. M. Burov, who was the first to conduct large-scale archaeological surveys in the Vychegda river valley and gave its detailed physical and geographical description, was the first to introduce the data of ruslology into the study of the antiquities of the Vychegda basin [1965, pp. 12-45]. Later, he presented a reconstruction of the Holocene history of the landscape and natural habitat of the ancient population of the lake district. Sindor [Burov, 1967, pp. 8-36]. The floodplain deposits of the Vis and Simva River valleys were studied in detail, spore-pollen diagrams were obtained, and on the basis of the works of I. S. Shchukin [1960] and M. A. Velikanov [1958], the stages of development of the riverbeds of these rivers were reconstructed. Changes in the landscape and climate were compared with archaeological events - periods of settlement of the microdistrict by primitive groups.

Subsequently, the data of riverbed geomorphology were practically not used in the archeology of the European northeast of Russia. Only in the early 2000s A.V. Volokitin and Yu. A. Tkachev attempted to reconstruct the history of the development of the Vychegda riverbed section in order to determine its features

Figure 1. Research area on the map of Eastern Europe.

Fig. 2. Vychegdy Valley section (Alos / Prism satellite image, 2.5 m resolution), a - archaeological sites: I-Vazhkayag II, II-Vazhkayag I, III-Pezmog IV, IV-Pezmog II, V-Mortshuyaty II, VI-Mortshuyaty I, VII-Nidz II, VIII-Nidz I, IX-Pezmogty-1, X-Pezmogty-2, XI-Pezmogty-3, XII - Pezmogty-6, XIII-Pezmogty-4, XIV-Pezmog burial ground, XV-Pezmogty-5, XVI-Pezmog I, XVII-Pezmog III; b - places of ogbor samples for radiocarbon analysis (numbering corresponds to that in the table).

formation of culture-containing deposits and reconstruction of the landscape inhabited by the population of the Parch-1 and -2 sites, which are unique floodplain monuments of the Mesolithic era in the region [Volokitin. Mayorova and Tkachev, 2003; Volokitin and Tkachev, 2004]. At the same time, Yu. A. Tkachev based his research on the works of E. V. Shantzer on the structure and formation of alluvial formations of lowland rivers [Shantzer. 1951, 1966].

As a result of systematic research in 1999-2009 on the section of the Vychegdy Valley from the village. Priozerny to S. Pezmog [Volokitin, Zaretskaya, Karmanov. 2006; Karmanov, 2008] raised questions that cannot be solved exclusively by the methods of archeology. So. The most interesting features were the location of the floodplain locality of the Early Neolithic Pezmog IV (Figs. 2, 3) and the topography of the Middle Neolithic dwellings Pezmogty-1, -3 - 5 (see Figs. 2,4), identified in the inter-slope depressions of dunes and separated by a ridge of the highest of them from the swamp massif. Attempts to reconstruct the narrow-scale paleolandscapes inhabited by the Neolithic population have developed into interdisciplinary studies of the natural habitat of ancient collectives and their adaptation to the changing Holocene landscapes of the Vychegda Valley (Karmanov et al., 2011).

Methods and approaches

The use of riverbed geomorphology data in archaeology is most effective with a wide geographical and chronological framework. Correct conclusions about the chronology and history of the riverbed development can be made only on the basis of studying a relatively long section of the valley. In our case, the reconstructed sequence of floodplain generations corresponds to the Late Glacial-Holocene period and thus covers the entire history of human development and settlement of the river valley.

According to modern data, the Vychegda Valley was periodically inhabited by small groups of ancient people starting from the Mesolithic period (Archeologiya..., 1997). Each period was characterized by the development of nova-

Figure 3. Location of Pezmog IV: view of the terrace and floodplain outcrop, section stratigraphy and radiocarbon dating results (date numbering corresponds to that in the table), a-soil and vegetation layer; b-sand (result of floods); c-buried soil; d-sandy loam; e-loam; d -peat; f - loam with a low peat content; h - clay; i-loamy peat with sand (kly-containing deposits); k - fragments of a ceramic vessel; l - fragments of charcoal.

4. Topography of Pezmogty-3, -4 Neolithic dwellings.

It is possible to trace the forms and mechanisms of adaptation of newly arrived groups to the changed natural and climatic conditions. Opportunities for their reconstruction are provided by river landscapes, since the sequence of ancient landforms has been preserved, creating a kind of chronicle of their development.

The range of methods used for paleo-word studies and at the same time archaeological reconstructions is quite wide. The current trend is the further development of the use of isotopic and luminescent dating of alluvial deposits to establish an accurate chronology of natural events (for example: [Howard et al., 2009; Housley et al., 2010]) and their synchronization with historical ones, as well as so-called remote studies. First of all, these are geophysical surveys (ground-penetrating radar, electrical exploration), analysis of satellite images, aerial photographs and cartographic material, usually using GIS technologies (for example: [Bates M. R., Bates C. R., 2000; Rajani, Rajawat, 2011]). In general, the set of methods used and their hierarchy depend on the geography, geological structure, and historical development of the region under study.

The high dynamics of riverbed processes in the Vychegda Valley as the main factor of relief formation in the late Pleistocene - Holocene led to a unique set of methods and techniques in terms of geographical and chronological framework:

1) mapping of various archaeological sites at different times and analysis of their spatial distribution;

2) assessment of the information content of the available source base and prospects for its further study;

3) analysis of satellite images and topographic maps;

4) drawing up a geomorphological map with indication of different-age generations, floodplain segments-

above-floodplain terraces and the position of paleoroussels at each stage of their development;

5) field research, including excavation of archaeological sites and search for new objects; visual survey of significant components of the landscape, in particular dunes, paleorouches, riverbed ramparts, hollows, etc.; study of alluvial stratigraphy (drilling and inspection of outcrops); selection of organogenic samples for radiocarbon dating from sediments significant for paleoecological reconstructions, in particular from peat layer bases (documenting the beginning of peat formation) and paleorusel fillings (dating the time of channel death); sampling for spore-pollen and botanical analysis, OSL dating; geophysical studies to study the morphology of the bottom of paleorusels and stratigraphy of sand terraces;

6) radiocarbon and optical-luminescent dating of sediments composing floodplains and river terraces. Radiocarbon dating of organogenic samples of various origins was especially widely used. In our work, we used the results of dating Late Glacial and Holocene ancient sediments (mainly peat and stripped loam buried by subsequent generations of alluvium); deposits of upper swamps (lowland and sphagnum peat from wells drilled in the Kala-Nyur swamp); and archaeological samples (carbon deposits on the fragments of an Early Neolithic vessel, coal from bonfires). Their subsequent analysis took into account the fact that peat accumulation in dead paleorusls and hollows could not begin immediately, but after some time (depending on local conditions), so we selected a series of dates obtained from several samples to determine the age of each floodplain generation and the First above-floodplain terrace.

The use of such a set of methods ensures mutual verification of the results, which makes it possible to obtain correct data. Moreover, the proposed set is not strictly limited and can be supplemented with other methods and techniques, the use of which will be dictated by the material obtained during field work.

Research results

Analysis of satellite images and large-scale topographic maps made it possible to identify seven different-aged surfaces (generations) in the floodplain and on the low terrace of Srednyaya Vychegda, in the relief and structure of each of which the next stage of riverbed development in the Holocene is depicted (Figs. 5, 6) . To determine the absolute age of these generations

5. Geomorphological map of the Vychegda Valley (Vazhkurya village - Kortkeros village), verified by radiocarbon dating data. 1-7-floodplain segments: 1-modern (late SA, 1-0 thousand BP), 2-middle SA (2-1 thousand BP), 3-early SA (2.5-2.0 thousand BP), 4-SB (5.0-2.5 thousand BP), 5-middle-late AT (7-5 thousand BP), 6-early AT (8-7 thousand BP), 7-DITCH (10-8 thousand BP); 8-modern riverbed and ancient lakes; 9-ledge I of the above-flood terrace (8 - 14 m, Late Valdai, MIS 2) with age generations: T1a (9-10 m, 10.5-10.0 Ka BP), Tib (13-14 m, 14.0-10.5 Ka BP), Tic (8-10 m, > 14 KA BP); 10-ledge II above-floodplain terraces (25-35 m, end of the Moscow glaciers, MIS 6); 11-paleorusls on the First terrace; 12-unspoiled surfaces of the First terrace; 13-archaeological site.

6. Reconstructed positions of the Vychegda riverbed during the formation of various floodplain generations. 1 - modern Vychegda riverbed; 2 - second generation (P2); 3 - third (PZ); 4 - fourth (P4); 5 - fifth (P5); 6 - sixth (P6); 7 - seventh (P7); 8-fragments of pre-Holocene channels; 9-ledge and surface I above-floodplain terrace; 10 - ledge of the II above-floodplain terrace; 11-unspoiled surfaces of the I terrace; 12-archaeological site.

Radiocarbon dating of their constituent deposits was performed. A total of 49 dates were obtained (see Table, Fig. 2). Based on the pattern of floodplain manes and oxbow lakes and their relative positions, it was possible to reconstruct the position of the riverbed during the formation of six of the seven selected generations. Fragment seven is still found in the only place of the floodplain, so reconstruction on it is impossible. The same can be said about the scattered traces of an even older channel on the remains of the First above-flood terrace. These stages in the development of the river landscape were compared with the data of spore-pollen analysis (Golubeva, 2010; Karmanov et al., 2011). As a result, the spatial-temporal correlation of its various components and archaeological sites was established, and in some cases the data obtained were unexpected (Figure 7). Here we will focus on the most interesting points.

The formation of the first aboveground terrace took place in the Late Dryas 10 500 - 10 000 L. N. in cold conditions. Then its surface was occupied by sparse areas of forest, partially processed by the wind, and dunes were formed parallel to the riverbed of that time and perpendicular to the modern one. The fundamental question is when these surfaces became stable. The first results of OSL dating of the upper sedimentary horizons of above-floodplain terraces-5,850±670 BP (GdTL-1167) - indicate that a rather thick layer of terrace alluvium was reworked by wind, and already in the second half of the Holocene.

However, on one of the Aeolian dunes oriented along the edge of the terrace adjacent to the riverbed at that time, a monument of the Middle Vychegod Mesolithic Pezmogty-6 culture was left about 9,000 years AGO (see Figs. 5, 6, 7, a). Cultural remains lay in several clusters in the lower podzolic and upper illuvial horizons. reflecting the structure of an ancient workshop site. At the same time, it should be noted that most of the Mesolithic monuments in the Srednyaya Vychegda valley are confined to the surface of the second above-floodplain terrace, formed by fluvioglacial sands on the surface of the Vychegda (Moscow) moraine and also facing the riverbed at that time.

Thus, it seems that there were several periods of wind processing of sand terraces, and they covered different areas. Probably, the activation of Aeolian processes was facilitated not only by general climatic conditions, but also by local conditions, the openness of certain spaces to the action of winds, which changed during the development of the valley. Establishing the spatial and temporal regularities of the development of these processes in the valley requires special research.

Another example is the Early Neolithic site of Pezmog IV, located on the edge of the Old River area at the beginning of the Atlantic Holocene period, in

Radiocarbon dates obtained for the research area*

End of the table

* Dates that indicate the age of the alluvial surface are shown in bold.

7. Spatial correlation of archaeological sites and synchronous sections of the Vychegda valley. a-Mesolithic (site, 9.0 thousand BP); b-Early Neolithic (location, 6.8 thousand BP); c-Middle Neolithic (seasonal dwellings, 5.9-5.8 thousand BP) and Early Bronze Age (flint processing workshop, 4.5-4.0 thousand BP); d-Late Iron Age century (burial ground, XII-XIII centuries AD) and the current situation (p. Pezmog, founded at the end of the 16th century).

15-20 m from the terrace slope cut by it (see figs. 5. 6, 7, b). Cultural remains are found in sediments of the ancient alluvium facies (see Fig. 3), i.e., by the time the cultural layer was formed, the paleosl was no longer active. This layer lies only a meter above the low-water cut and is obviously the result of seasonal (summer) activity of the ancient population, when the water level in the river was low. Probably, only the site of the monument was studied here, the main activity was carried out on the surface of the terrace. The exact position of the active riverbed at that time is impossible to determine: it was located within the belt of channel deformations of the last 2,000 years. However, judging by the fact that the location was revealed in the coastal cliff as a result of modern lateral erosion of the river, the channel was located at some distance from it (see Fig.

The Middle Neolithic population left their homes (Pezmogty-1, -3-5, Lyalovskaya culture, 5 900 - 5 800 5, 6, 7, c) on the edge of the terrace that was adjacent to the already swampy lake at that time. According to paleogeomorphological reconstructions, these dwellings were located far from large bodies of water, which indicates their functioning in winter. If the proposed reconstruction is correct, it may change our understanding of the features of the development of the region and the life support system of its inhabitants in the Neolithic. In similar conditions, the population of the early Bronze Age period organized a flint-working workshop in the blowing basin (III millennium BC). However, it could function far from watercourses and reservoirs and in the warm season, and floodplain and swamp lakes could serve as water sources.

In the Late Iron Age (XN-XN centuries), a cemetery was located on the dune surface near the eastern edge of the terrace, adjacent to the swampy forest (see Figures 5, 6, 7, d). The geomorphological situation in this area was close to the modern one: the ancient lake Pezmogty already existed, which was formed 2.2-2.1 thousand years ago. The Vychegda riverbed was located 1 km from the burial ground. This position of the resting place is in good agreement with the ritual practice of the ancestors of the Komi-Zyryans - carriers of the Vym archaeological culture.

Data discussion

The results obtained in some cases turned out to be unexpected and require verification in the course of further research. For example, it is crucial to determine the time of stabilization of the terrace surfaces, the Aeolian processing of which undoubtedly affected the preservation of archaeological sites. In general, data on the position of floodplain generations of different ages allow us to conduct a targeted survey of these sites in order to search for monuments (for example, a settlement synchronous to the burial ground) and especially locations associated with alluvial deposits.

In the process of interaction between archeology, riverbed geomorphology and geochronology, "pitfalls" have been identified that should be kept in mind in the course of further research. Thus, there is a discrepancy between the time resolution of archeology and paleorecondology. While archaeological evidence suggests the existence of a settlement during a single season or a one-act industrial complex, geomorphological and geochronological data do not allow us to judge such short-term events. However, this is compensated by the fact that the chronology of archaeological sites, based on the comparative typological method or radiocarbon analysis, is determined for the Stone Age and Early Metal Epoch by at least a century period.

The rigid relationship between the spatial position of archaeological sites and the synchronous elements of the river landscape (as a rule, terrace ledges with adjacent buried dead riverbeds or now functioning watercourses and reservoirs) is based on the stereotype that primitive settlements, especially Neolithic and Bronze Age, should be located near watercourses or reservoirs as necessary components of the life support system. Our research has revealed the possibility of finding Middle Neolithic dwellings at a distance from them. Despite the rare occurrence of such cases, they should be kept in mind in future work.

In some parts of the river valley, paleo-layers of different times may overlap. However, the probability that the river will flow exactly along its already dead channel is extremely insignificant, since its hydrological regime, lithological situation and vegetation are changing. However, features of the topography of archaeological sites, such as their location on relatively narrow sections of terrace remains or their capes, can make it difficult to correctly conclude the spatial relationship of archaeological sites and the specific generation of floodplains.

Conclusion

These are the results obtained when studying a small section of the Vychegda Valley. Undoubtedly, the expansion of the research area will allow us to more fully recreate the paleogeographic background on which the river valley was settled, and the conclusions drawn now will be supplemented and, possibly, corrected. However, it is already obvious that for the archaeological study of the selected site, the use of paleorecondology (channel geomorphology) data is effective and significantly improves the quality of the source base.

Not all river valleys are characterized by such landscape variability, but most rivers, especially at the confluence of tributaries, have areas with active channel dynamics, and, therefore, our experience can be applied to their research. You can specify three main areas where the data of Russian studies will find their application in archeology: 1) solving the problem of adaptation of primitive groups to the changing natural environment; 2) identifying promising areas of river valleys for searching for monuments; 3) planning measures for the preservation of archaeological heritage objects.

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The article was submitted to the Editorial Board on 18.04.12, in the final version-on 13.07.12.

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