UDC 902.674

V. S. Myglan ¹, I. Y. Slyusarenko ², A. Y. Mainicheva ²

¹ Siberian Federal University

79 Svobodny Ave., Krasnoyarsk, 660041, Russia

E-mail: vladimir@forest.akadem.ru

² Institute of Archeology and Ethnography SB RAS

17 Akademika Lavrentieva Ave., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia

E-mail: sligl963@yandex.ru; annmaini@gmail.com

The article considers the results of dendrochronological analysis of the towers of the Kazym (Yuil) prison, which are exhibits of the Open-air Historical and Architectural Museum of the Institute of Archeology and Ethnography of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Based on the obtained data, the time of construction of the prison was established-1745. Reconstruction of the dynamics of fires showed that it was rebuilt due to the death of its predecessor in a fire in 1742. Clarification of the construction history of the Kazym prison confirms the version about the constant renewal in various, but related forms of structures of Russian wooden architecture.

Keywords: dendrochronological analysis, Kazym (Yuil) prison, Open-air Historical and Architectural Museum, construction history, Russian wooden architecture.

Introduction

The use of the dendrochronological method for dating architectural (archaeological) monuments has almost a century of history (starting with the works of the founder of the method - A. Douglas). Currently, there are a number of large dendrochronological centers abroad (the Laboratory for the Study of Annual Rings (USA), the Federal Institute of Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (Switzerland), etc.) and in Russia (in Yekaterinburg and Krasnoyarsk). They study a wide range of issues related to bioindication of natural and man-made processes, reconstruction of climate changes, dynamics of fires in the past, etc. In relation to the Asian part of Russia, dendrochronological studies are conducted mainly on environmental issues, so despite the presence of a significant number of wooden architecture monuments, the number of works devoted to determining the time of construction of architectural (archaeological)buildings in The number of objects is small (Shiyatov, 1980; Shiyatov and Khantemirov, 2000; Myglan and Vaganov, 2005; Myglan et al., 2006). The authors of the proposed article, engaged in purposeful collection and study of wood from Siberian prisons (RFBR project No. 08-06-00429a "Dendrochronological study of Russian prisons in Siberia"), would like to draw attention to these aspects and show the possibilities of the method by the example of dating the towers of the Kazym (Yuil) prison.

Kazymsky ostrog was located on the Kazym River (now Berezovsky district of the Tyumen region). In 1969, it was examined by an archaeological team under the leadership of

* The work was carried out within the framework of the thematic plan (R & D 1.5.09) and the AVCP " Development of the scientific potential of the Higher School of Economics (2009-2010) "(the RNP project.2.2.1.1 / 1822) Rosobrazovaniya with the financial support of the Russian State Science Foundation (project N 08-01-18094e) and the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (project N 08 - 06 - 00429).

V. I. Molodina. On the site of the prison, the log cabins of two fortress towers, a dilapidated building called the hut-barracks by the expedition participants, the remains of several barns and traces of more than 100 other buildings for residential, economic and religious purposes have been preserved (for more details, see: Molodin and Dobzhansky, 1978). In 1973, the North and South Towers were moved to Novosibirsk, and after restoration, they, along with the Saviour's Church from Zashiversk, formed the basis of the open-air museum exposition of the Institute of History, Philology and Philosophy of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences (now the museum is managed by the Institute of Electronic Engineering of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences) (Fig. It was completed in 1972 by G. E. Komin, who took samples of wood from two of the best-preserved towers (four samples from the South and three from the North) and a barrack hut. The results of their dating showed that the construction of the Southern Tower was carried out no earlier than September 1744, and the Northern Tower-no earlier than May 1745. However, as the researcher noted, these results are preliminary, since for absolutely reliable dating it is necessary to have at least five samples from each structure [Komin, 1980, p. 126].

The lack of available historical sources and ambiguity in their interpretation have given rise to different judgments about the date and circumstances of the foundation of the Kazym prison. V. I. Kochedamov [1968] suggested that it, like a number of others, arose during the campaign of Prince S. Kurbsky in 1499-1500. According to V. I. Molodin and V. I. Dobzhansky [1978], the appearance of the Kazym prison should be associated with the first half of the XVII century, since it could have been created to collect sable yasak. V. N. Kurilov and A. Yu. Mainicheva [2005], after analyzing the planigraphy of the settlement, came to the conclusion that the construction of the prison was carried out in several stages. stages. At the end of the 1730s, a fortified winter shelter with a watchtower was built, then the "Amanat hut" and the hut. Later, most likely in 1745, a tyn with two passing towers was built around the winter quarters. After 1751, the prison lost its significance as a fortification and was used as a fairground gathering place until the beginning of the XX century.

Thus, there is uncertainty about the time of construction of the Kazym prison. Therefore, in 2008, samples were taken from its towers for repeated dendrochronological analysis.

Materials and methods

In the Open-air Historical and Architectural Museum of the Institute of Electric Power Engineering of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Novosibirsk), core material from the North and South Towers of the Kazymsky Ostro was selected using special drills for taking samples from dry wood.-

Fig. 1. General view of the towers of the Kazym Prison on the territory of the Open-air Historical and Architectural Museum of the Institute of Electric Power Engineering of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. In the foreground is the South Tower.

Photo by V. P. Mylnikov.

Results of cross-dating of samples from the towers of the Kazym prison

Notes: S, Z, Y, V are the initial letters of the cardinal directions; the northern and southern walls of the entrance opening are divided into east (east) and west (west) piers.

ha*. For representativeness of the sample, cores were taken from each wall of the tower, but only from logs that retained fragments of bark or bast on the outer surface, since in this case it is possible to reliably determine the year of timber harvesting (with accuracy in year, season), and therefore the time of construction of the monument. Due to the lack of such logs, no samples were taken from the south wall of the North Tower. The sample consisted of 10 cores from the North Tower and 13 from the South Tower (see table).

Since the main material for the construction of the ostrog towers was scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) wood, a 484-year tree-ring scale (covering the period from 1523 to 2006) was used to date the monument. The scale was constructed according to the standard method [Shiyatov et al., 2000] for the pine forest site, located within a radius of 5 km from the Kazym prison (63 ° 33 'N, 69° 10' E). In addition, wood samples were taken from eight trees with fire "drying holes"in order to reconstruct fires in this area.

* The authors are grateful to Yu. A. Abdulina for her assistance in selecting the samples.

The width of the growth rings was measured on a semi-automatic LINTAB system (with an accuracy of 0.01 mm). The measured series were dated using a combination of graphical cross-dating [Douglass, 1919] and cross-correlation analysis (in the package of specialized programs for dendrochronological studies - DPL [Holmes, 1984] and "TSAP V3.5" [Rinn, 1996]).

Results and discussion

At the first stage, individual growth series measured from the logs of each tower were subjected to a cross-dating procedure in order to determine the location of chronologies relative to each other and to identify "dropped" rings in individual series (Figure 2). Such rings turned out to be less than 0.5 %, and the largest number of them occurred in 1625, 1704 and 1826 (i.e., the number ofE. it was during these years that some trees did not form a growing ring due to extreme environmental conditions).

At the next stage, the generalized growth series for each tower were compared with the 484-year tree-ring scale (1523-2006). Figure 3 clearly shows the synchronicity of growth variability and the coincidence of "reference" areas in the intervals of 1625-1645, 1690-1705,and 1720-1730, which confirms the correctness of the cross-dating. For most trees, the time of formation of the podkorov ring occurred in 1744, and only two trees-in 1743 (see the table). Comparison of the results with the data of G. E. Komin showed that there is a discrepancy in the definition of the year of tree felling. He obtained the following dates: for the South Tower - 1738 (one sample) and 1744 (three), for the North Tower-1740,

2. An example of cross-dating of samples from the Northern Tower of the Kazym prison.

1-sample Z_15; 2-Z_11; 3-C_12; 4-C_16; 5-B_17; 6-B_15.

3. Comparison of the generalized growth series obtained for the Northern (1) and Southern (2) towers of the Kazym prison with the 484-year tree-ring chronology (3).

1744 and 1745. It should be noted that 1744 was determined from four of the seven samples, and earlier dates of other samples can probably be attributed to the loss of some of the peripheral rings in them. It is not by chance that G. E. Komin chose the latest date when the towers were constructed [1980, p. 126].

To clarify the felling season, the structure of the last (lifetime) annual ring of samples from the Southern and Northern Towers was analyzed (Fig. 4). The analysis showed that the process of late wood formation was completed in 1744. Consequently, the trees used for the construction of the North and South Towers of the Kazym prison were harvested in the autumn of 1744-winter of 1745. If we compare our data with those obtained by G. E. Komin, the results of dating coincide for the Southern Tower and have a discrepancy for the Northern One. In one of the samples analyzed by him, "there are several layers of cells from 1745" [Ibid.], and in ten of the studied samples, no such cells were found. It would be wrong to determine the time of tree felling for the construction of a building based on a single sample, so our date is more correct.

To clarify the construction history of the Kazym prison, we analyzed the reconstructed dynamics of fires in the territory under consideration. The study of samples with traces of fire "pod-sushin" showed that there were fires in the forest area adjacent to the Kazym prison in 1625, 1742 and 1989. In order to specify the extent of damage, we briefly describe the consequences of the 1989 fire, which one of the authors observed in 2006 (i.e., in a few years).

4. Photo of the structure of the subcrustal annual ring.

A - sample from the North Tower C_16; B - sample from the South Tower 312.

Fig. 5. Current state of the forest plot in the area of the Kazym prison after the fire of 1989.

Photo by V. S. Myglan.

16 years old). In the pine forest located in the immediate vicinity of the territory of the prison, there were areas of completely burned forest (up to 1000 ^m2), a significant number of dead trees (in the form of dead wood and dead wood), burnt anthills (Fig. 5). At the site of the monument, the logs left after the towers were transported to Novosibirsk were severely burned from the outside parties. We can say that the decision to move the towers to the open-air Historical and Architectural Museum saved them from damage or even death in a fire in 1989. In the light of the consequences of this fire, the previous one - 1742-is of particular importance. Since only they caused damage to cambium cells and the formation of fire "drying holes" in the trees currently growing, it can be assumed that the fire of 1742 was no less destructive and it was in it that the predecessor of the Kazym prison burned down. Most likely, this circumstance forced the authorities to rebuild the prison, which was already abolished in 1751. Our assumptions are indirectly confirmed by the almost complete absence of archaeological finds on its territory (Molodin, 1980, pp. 136-140).

Conclusions

The results obtained allow us to state that mass harvesting of trees for the construction of the towers of the Kazym prison was carried out in the autumn of 1744-winter of 1745, although some were cut down in 1743 and in the spring of 1745. Thus, the time of construction of the prison, most likely, should be considered 1745. Reconstruction of the dynamics of fires showed that, probably, the Kazymsky prison was rebuilt due to the death of its predecessor in the fire of 1742. Clarification of the construction history of the Kazym prison confirms the version about the constant renewal in various, but related forms of structures of Russian wooden architecture.

List of literature

Komin G. E. Dendrochronology of Kazymsky gorodok / / Historical and architectural museum under the open sky: principles and methods of organization. Novosibirsk: Nauka Publ., 1980, pp. 121-126.

Kochedamov V. I. K voprosu o datirovke pervykh russkikh stroyk v Sibiri [On the dating of the first Russian buildings in Siberia]. KSIA, 1968, issue 113, pp. 68-72.

Fortress and Temple: Trends in the movement of Russian culture in architectural creativity. Novosibirsk: Izd-vo IAET SB RAS, 2005, 96 p. (in Russian)

Molodin V. I. Arkheologicheskaya razvedka po reke Kazym [Archaeological exploration on the Kazym River]. Istoriko-arhitekturnyj muzej pod opyknom nebo: printsipy i metodika organizacii. Novosibirsk: Nauka Publ., 1980, pp. 127-140.

Molodin V. I., Dobzhansky V. I. Arkheologicheskoe issledovanie Kazymskogo ostroga [Archaeological research of the Kazym prison]. Novosibirsk: Nauka Publ., 1978, pp. 191-202.

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Myglan V. S., Slyusarenko I. Yu., Oidupaa O. Ch., Garkusha Yu. N. Tsarsky kurgan Arzhan-2 in Tuva: dendrochronological aspect / / Archeology, Ethnography and Anthropology of Eurasia. - 2006. - N 4. - p. 130-138.

Shiyatov S. G. Datirovka derevennykh sooruzheniy Mangazei dendrochronologicheskim metodom [Dating of wooden structures of Mangazei by dendrochronological method].

Shiyatov S. G., Vaganov E. A., Kirdyanov A.V., Kruglov V. B., Mazepa V. S., Naurzbaev M. M., Khantemirov R. M. Methods of dendrochronology. Krasnoyarsk: Krasnoyarsk State University, 2000. 1: Fundamentals of dendrochronology. Collecting and receiving tree-ring information: textbook. -method. stipend. - 80 s.

Shiyatov S. G., Khantemirov R. M. Dendrochronological dating of shrub wood from the archaeological settlement of Yarte VI on the Yamal Peninsula // Antiquities of Yamal. - Yekaterinburg; Salekhard: Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2000. - Issue 1. - pp. 112-121.

Douglass A.E. Climatic cycles and tree-growth: A study of the annual rings of trees in relation to climate and solar activity. -Washington: Carnegie Inst, 1919. -Vol. 1. - 127 p.

Holms R.L. Dendrochronological Program Library / Laboratory of Tree-ring Research. - Tucson: The University of Arizona, 1984. - 51 p.

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The article was submitted to the Editorial Board on 13.11.08.

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