UDC 903.43

A. P. Borodovsky 1, S. V. Gorokhov 2

1 Institute of Archeology and Ethnography SB RAS 17 Akademika Lavrentieva Ave., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia

E-mail: 32S@mail.ru

2 Novosibirsk State Pedagogical University

28 Vilyuiskaya St., Novosibirsk, 630126, Russia

E-mail: gorohov100@rambler.ru

DEFENSIVE STRUCTURES OF THE UMREVINSKY PRISON (archaeological research 2002-2004)*

Umrevinsky Ostrog is one of the unique sites associated with the development of the Upper Ob Region by the Russians in the initial period of the entry of the territories of the south of Western Siberia into the Russian state. As a result of archaeological research, it has been established that its defensive structures are represented by internal and external ramparts, a moat, an embankment, a corner tower, a rear and a platform. Two construction periods have been identified; the first is associated with the construction of a palisade in the form of a tyn and earthen defensive structures - the first third of the XVIII century; the second - with the construction of a corner embankment tower, the construction of which was accompanied by a complex of ritual actions (mortgage burial, mortgage coin) - 1730-1734. By the end of the XVIII century, the defensive fortifications fell into disrepair, and a necropolis began to form on the territory of the prison.

Introduction

In the territory of the Novosibirsk region, the first Russian prison appeared in 1703 at the mouth of the Umreva River [Minenko. 1989] (Fig. 1). During the first decade of the XVIII century. there was a purposeful placement of defensive structures on the left and right banks of the Ob River, in the direction from north to south. The construction of the Umrevinsky prison was favored by two circumstances: defeats inflicted on the Kyrgyz in 1701 by detachments of Alexey Krutikov (at Bozhye Ozero and Pachinsky village on the Tomi River) and Ivan Tikhonov Velikoselsky (in the Karakaz tract), and the withdrawal of the Kyrgyz by the Dzungars in 1703 to the hinterlands of their khanate [Kyzlasov, 2003, p.139]. In 1702, serving people under the leadership of the Tomsk son of the boyar A. Kruglikov, having climbed up the Ob River from the Urtam prison to the Umreva River, determined the location of the new prison. A year later, it was placed 450 m above the mouth of the Umreva River on the bank of the Umreva channel. Ob for the protection of Russian settlements on the southern border of Tomsk Uyezd from Kalmyk raids and performing administrative functions on the Ob right bank to the mouth of the river. In the south, as well as to strengthen control over the Chat Tatars, whose yurts were located in the vast Ob floodplain opposite the confluence of the Oyash, Umreva and Poros rivers.

Umrevinsky prison lasted less than 100 years, was transformed into a necropolis, and most of the inhabitants moved to the village of Umreva. In the future, there were no settlements on this place. The last time it was marked on the map by Professor A. Zaitsev in 1895 when laying the line of the Siberian Railway [Geologicheskie issledovaniya..., 1896, p. 13]. In the XX century, the prison was forgotten, and for a long time its location remained unknown. Situation from-

* The work was carried out with the financial support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (project N 08 - 06 - 00429) and a grant from the President of the Russian Federation to support leading scientific schools (NSH-6568.2006.6).

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Fig. 1. Location of the Umrevinsky prison.

It changed at the end of the last century, when the location of this monument was re - established by the efforts of the chief archaeologist of the Novosibirsk region S. V. Kolontsov and thanks to the recommendations of the local historian K. P. Zaitsev [Borodovsky, 2002; Borodovsky and Borodovskaya, 2003, p.10-11; Borodovsky and Kosareva, 2003, p. 15-18].

The size of the Umrevinsky prison was considerable. Its interior space is a 53 x 65 m (3,420 m2) rectangle. The area, together with the earthen defensive structures, is approx. 7700 m2. Umrevinsky prison was larger than Lyapinsky (42 (39.5) x 26 (24) m) and Kazymsky (58 (42) x 40 m) on the middle Ob River (Fig. 2); it is most similar in size to the Sayan one (on the middle Yenisei) [Skobelev, 1999], the length of the earthen fortifications of which was 270 m (65 x 70). From an architectural and planning point of view, the Siberian forts were different versions of quadrilaterals (Balandin, 1974), which were stretched along the river bank, usually along the north - south line. This form was convenient for organizing defense and making the most rational use of the land inside them. At the same time, the configuration of the prisons took into account the terrain. Defensive lines in some areas could bend and adapt to the landscape [Gorodostroitelstvo..., 1994, pp. 30-35; Chernaya, 2002, p. 151]. Therefore, the plan of the Umrevinsky prison (topographic survey of 2002) does not differ in the correctness of its geometric shape (Fig. 3).

Research methods

Archaeological excavations on the territory of the Umrevinsky prison began in 2000 on the initiative of the Scientific and Production Center for the Preservation of Historical and Cultural Heritage under the administration of the Novosibirsk region. under the leadership of A.V. Shapo-

Fig. 2. Diagram of the ratio of prison areas.

3. Topographic plan-scheme of the Umrevinsky prison.

a-ditch; b-shaft; c-tower; d-tyn; e-excavation.

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4. Combination of a geophysical map and a topographical plan of a part of the territory of the Umrevinsky prison, a -excavation; b-tower; c-tyn; d - ditch; d-shaft; d-uncovered burials.

valova*. They covered the northern part of the defensive structures on an area of approx. 100 m2 (Fig. 3). From 2002 to 2004, archaeological work on the monument was carried out by one of the authors of the publication**. Three sections of defensive structures were examined (Fig. 3): the south-western corner at the edge of the terrace near the vzvoz from the river (96 m2 was opened) in order to identify the remains of the tower [Borodovsky. 2002; 2003] for its reconstruction for the 300th anniversary of the prison in 2003; the western line of the rear fortifications (212 m2 uncovered) and half (western) of the southern one (81 m2 uncovered).

In 2002, prior to the excavation work, the natural science method of shallow induction frequency sensing was applied using an electromagnetic scanner EMS-2, which was first used on the Ostrog monument. The structure of the soil in the southern half and in the north-eastern corner was studied to a depth of 0.5 m (the work was performed by Yu. A. Manstein). The result of applying this method is a geophysical map of the soil resistivity to electromagnetic waves (Fig. 4), on which the differentiation of terrain sections by this indicator is reflected by a 14-component color scheme (from bright orange to bright blue). Orange shades represent a certain structure that resembles in its outline and location a fragment of the earthen defensive fortifications of the Umrevinsky prison. When the geophysical map and topographic plan were combined, it coincided with the moat. The moat on the map is bordered on both the outer and inner sides by a blue color scheme. It is combined with the ramparts on the topographic plan.

* Shapovalov A.V. Report on the archaeological research of the Umrevinsky prison in the Moshkovsky district of the Novosibirsk region in 2000-Archive of the Scientific and Production Center for the Preservation of Historical and Cultural Heritage under the administration of the Novosibirsk region.

** Borodovsky A. P. Report on the archaeological research of the Umrevinsky prison in the Moshkovsky district of the Novosibirsk region in 2002-Archive of the Scientific and Production Center for the Preservation of Historical and Cultural Heritage under the administration of the Novosibirsk Region.

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A moat is formed by removing soil, so there are no areas below it that are disturbed by humans. The shaft, on the other hand, is a structure formed by disturbed soil. Therefore, the greater the shift towards the blue part of the color scheme, the greater the power of such soil. Each color corresponds to a ground thickness of 3.57 cm (50 cm/14 colors). The structure of the disturbed layer can only be determined to a depth of 0.5 m. Areas with a higher ground thickness, regardless of its size, are shown in the most intense blue color on the geophysical map. This is not related to the capabilities of the EMC-2,but is determined by its specific settings for this study [Borodovsky and Manstein, 1998]. Using the proposed method of interpretation of the geophysical map, it was possible to refine the planigraphy of earthen defensive structures and identify hidden structural elements that could only be discovered during excavations [Gorokhov, 2003, 2006a, b].

Earthen defensive structures

The earthen defenses of the Umrevinsky ostrog, represented by a moat and ramparts, have a sub-square shape in plan and are located on long sides along the river along the north-east-south-west line (see Figs. 3, 4). The dimensions are 86.5 x 70 m, which in units of measurement at the beginning of the XVIII century corresponds to 40 x 31.2 printed fathoms [Shost'in, 1975, p. 256]. Based on visual observation and analysis of the geophysical map, you can get an idea of the planigraphy of earthen defensive structures. The moat surrounds tyn ostrog and is interrupted once in front of the proposed northern entrance. There is also a gap between the outer and inner shafts. The western part of the moat is almost invisible on the ground, because it is destroyed by a dirt road. The ramparts on both sides of the moat are not visually continuous. Internal is observed in the northern and eastern sections, as well as in the extreme eastern quarter of the southern part of defensive structures. At the same time, there is a gap directly in the south-eastern corner. In the western part of the inner moat can not be traced. It may have been destroyed by a dirt road. The outer rampart is observed on the western and southern sides. In the south, there is a gap corresponding in width to that in the area of the northern entrance. The outer rampart can also be traced in the extreme western quarter of the northern part of the earthen defensive structures, directly on the north-eastern corner and on the central section of the eastern side (the length of this section is approximately half of its length). Geophysical data allow us to significantly improve the-

5. Moat on the south-western section of earthen defensive structures. 1-section diagram of the moat [Kratkiy artilleriyskiy voenno-istoricheskiy leksikon..., 2006, p. 137]; 2-stratigraphic section; 3-modern view of the moat in the area of the south-western tower (2007 survey); 4-stratigraphy of its filling for 2003-2007.

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6. Stages of clearing the remnants of the Western Tyn (1-4).

the planigraphy thread. The northern moat, at least in one place, has artificial filling, which is not identified on the ground. There are four plots with the same filling in the eastern moat, and one in the southern moat. The inner and outer shafts are solid. The fact that they are not traced everywhere on the ground may be due to their natural destruction, but the masses of artificially displaced soil are clearly recorded by EMS-2.

5). Its width is 1.5 - 2.0 m, at the level of the mainland - 0.35 - 0.4 m, and its depth is 0.6-0.8 m (from the level of the mainland) (Borodovsky, 2002). During 2003 - 2007, observations were made on the filling of this section of the ditch, which allow us to judge the intensity and nature of the changes taking place. The most powerful filling was formed at the bottom (12-14 cm), completely leveling the lower structural element of the ditch. The walls are covered with a layer of soil 1-2 cm thick. During the observation period, the entire surface of the moat was covered with vegetation. The insignificant size of earthen defensive structures is due to the fact that in the XVIII century. they are gradually losing their former importance for the defense of the jails (Shapovalov, 1997).

Rear fortifications

Immediately below the sod layer, the filling of the rear groove in the form of a strip of yellow loam began to be traced (Fig. 6, 1). The groove is present in all the studied areas. Its width is up to 50 cm, depth is up to 87 cm from the mainland level (Fig. 7, 3), which fully corresponds to the standards of the end of the XVII century - 1 - 1.5 arshina (71.0 - 105.5 cm).

There are different distances between the tynins preserved in the groove (see the table). The absence of tynin on a number of sections of the groove, as well as the presence of voids in its filling, indicate that some of them were pulled out after becoming unusable.

As a rule, before construction work, the exact number of logs for the "tyn forest" was determined. For example, by order of Voivode Popov, at least 1,500 of them were prepared for the repair of the Ilim prison in 1753. The number of tiers between towers was taken into account. In the description of the Ilim prison (1703), it is indicated: from the Spasskaya roadway Tower to the naugolnaya, on the right side of the fortifications at a distance of 12,000 fathoms (2.16 m x 12 = 25.92 m), 115 tynins are installed, from the naugolnaya to the middle Bogoyavlenskaya roadway on a section of 61 fathoms long (2.16 m x 61 = 131.76 m)- 648 (see: [Vasilevsky, Molodin, Sedyakina, 1978]).

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7. One of the preserved fragments of the western tyn (1, 2) and the tyn groove after removal of the filling (3).

List of preserved tynins of the Western Tyn

Square

Number of tynins

Row length, m

Distance to the next^) tynin(s), m

Security features

AJ4

2

-

-

Integers

AL-AP

14

3,3

4,25

"

OW-AH

23

5

3

1 tlen-11 whole - 10 tlen-1 whole

ash

1

-

0,7

The whole one

ASCH

1

-

0,5

"

AE-AYU

8

-

1,3

Integers

BA

1

-

2,2

Tlen

BB

1

-

0,8

"

BV

3

-

0,7

"

BG

2

-

0,4

"

bk

3

-

5,5

Integers

BM-BO

3

1

1,7

"

BS

1

-

3,5

The whole one

BT-BC

17

2

4,2

9 whole-8 perishable

In the western tyn of the Umrevinsky prison there could be up to 366 tyn. Of these, 21% were preserved (see the table). For the construction of the tyn, each log was split into two halves (Fig. 8), which were most often installed in the groove with the convex side outwards, but some tyn - on the contrary. The number of logs prepared for the western rear could be up to 183.

Several holes from the pillars were located on the eastern side of the western tyn at a distance of 0.8 to 2.4 m from it. The intervals between them ranged from 2.3 to 4.0 m. In the direction of the south-western tower, these pits were gradually removed from the rear groove. It was not possible to establish their presence in the immediate vicinity of the tower. Perhaps the holes from the pillars were dug during repeated construction.

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Figure 8. Diagram of the main stages of the rear wall manufacturing technology.

There are no graves here (Fig. 9). These pillars were supports for a platform built on the inner side to the western rear (Fig.10). The paired arrangement of some pits is probably due to the repair of supports. On the north-western edge of the prison, holes from pillars were not found. Perhaps they were destroyed as a result of active anthropogenic impact (dirt road and plowing).

The channel of the southern tyn at a distance of 28 m from the south-western embankment of the tower is interrupted and resumed only after 6 m. This may be explained by the fact that there was a gate of the southern entrance to the prison or there was a passage (or impassable) tower without a ribbon pile-columnar foundation. However, the break in the tyn trench does not fully correspond to the break in the system of ditches and ramparts recorded on the ground (see Figure 3). A series of pits of various sizes follows along the entire length of the excavated part of the southern tyn from the outside of the prison. Perhaps they were left over from the elements of the necropolis fence, which was formed on the territory of the prison in the XIX century. The same pits are located in the area of the tynova trench rupture.

In the excavation of the western Tyn, numerous forged iron nails and several staples were found (Fig. 11). They could fasten elements of the rear and platform, as well as wooden funeral structures.-

9. Fragment of the Russian necropolis in the southern part of the western Tyn excavation.

10. Model of rear fortifications without a platform (1) and with a platform (2).

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11. Nails (1) and staples (2) from excavations of wooden defensive structures.

12. Cores found in the immediate vicinity of the Umrevinsky prison.

They are found in graves directly adjacent to the tyn. However, all the nails were found only in grave pits. It can be assumed that some of them once held together the elements of the rear fortification and later fell into the graves during their construction. However, since nails are completely absent outside of the grave pits, most likely they were not used during the construction and repair of the rear and platform. In addition, most of the relatively large specimens were located around the perimeter of coffins and decks and, apparently, held their parts together. Short nails (approx. 2,5 cm) could not serve to fasten the elements of the rear and most likely belonged to shoes similar to those recorded in one of the burials in the central section of the inner space of the prison.

Two staples (7 - 8 cm) found near the tyn groove at a distance of about 18 m from each other, on the contrary, were not located in the grave pits and could be fastening elements of the tyn or, more likely, given their size, a platform (Gorokhov, 2007). Typologically, they are similar to those used in the construction and repair of ships. When the ships became unusable, the staples were removed and could be used for other purposes. Thus, according to written sources, in the vicinity of the Chaussky prison, plank blocks were laid out (Minenko, 1990). Similar facts were revealed in the archaeological study of Mangazeya (Vizgalov, 2006).

The design of the rear and platform was probably due, among other things, to the needs of artillery. This is indirectly indicated by the findings of 2002. In 200 m north of ostrog, on the territory of the forester's personal plot, a cluster of 15 iron cores with a diameter of 4.2 cm and a mass of 310 g was found, which corresponds to a caliber of 3/4 hryvnia (pound) (Fig. 12, 2). On their surface, foundry seams are clearly visible. Probably, the cores were a charge for the "zatinnaya" squeak (an artillery piece for firing at enemy manpower). Such weapons could be placed on the platform.

The wooden defensive structures needed systematic repairs. Every 5 to 10 years, the plank coverings were repaired. Minor routine repairs of the prison buildings were carried out in an average of 29 years (Varfolomeev and Shapovalova, 1991). As D. G. Messerschmidt noted in his travel description, 19 years after its foundation (c. 1722), the Umrevinsky prison was partially destroyed [Messerschmidt, 1962, p. 74-78]. Probably, in the first third of the XVIII century, some repairs were made to its fortifications. G. F. Miller, who visited these places in 1734, noted that the Umrevinsky prison consisted of a quadrangular palisade with two towers and the Church of the Three Saints (see: [Elert, 1988, p. 76]).

Later, apparently at the very end of the XVIII century, a necropolis began to form on the territory of the prison. Judging by the chronology of burials, based on the features of body crosses and intra-grave wooden structures (decks and coffins), the earliest part of it is the south-western region. Entire complexes of tiered burials were formed here, sometimes cutting across the western Tyn (see Fig. 9) [Borodovsky and Vorobyov, 2005] (a similar situation was observed during the research of the Krasnoyarsk prison [Tarasov, 2003]). This indicates that by the beginning of the XIX century, the Umrevinsky prison as a single defensive structure no longer existed. A significant part of the tynin was not preserved in the tynin trench, as it was removed during the construction of the necropolis and economic activities.

Tower

Archaeological research of the towers of Russian fortresses in Siberia is not only one of the most urgent tasks in the course of field work, but also an important basis for subsequent reconstructions of these defensive structures. This is especially important in the case of the complete absence of their ground-based wooden structures. Can

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13. Part of the foundation of the south-western embankment of the tower.

14. Band pile-columnar foundation of a residential building in the middle of the XX century in the north of the Upper Priob'ya (village of Yurt-Akbalyk, Kolyvansky district, Novosibirsk region).

to cite, perhaps, only one exception - the Kazym (Yuil) prison, whose towers, built, according to dendrochronological data, in the first half of the XVIII century. [Komin, 1980, p. 126], were preserved at the time of his research in a fairly complete form [Molodin and Dobzhansky, 1978]. In other cases, as a rule, the towers are not only not preserved, but have not yet been identified during archaeological excavations [Chernaya, 2002, p. 150].

At the time of its study, the south-western embankment of the tower of the Umrevinsky prison was represented by the remains of a sub-square (3.2 x 3.5 m) band pile-columnar foundation (Fig. 13). It consisted of half-logs with a diameter of up to 20 cm and a length of 50 to 78 cm, installed vertically, tightly to each other, followed by gromming with clay in a ditch-like depression. The piles of the southern and eastern parts of the ribbon foundation are located close to the outer wall of the groove and are grommed on the inner side, and the northern and eastern parts-on the contrary.

A stable tradition of earthworks for the construction of ribbon foundations of ancient Russian defensive structures has existed since the IX century. In the XVII - XVIII centuries, special instructions were drawn up for determining the quality of soil during the construction of such structures [Shor, 1958, p.28]. For example, in the charter of the Siberian Order sent to Tyumen in 1700, it was prescribed to find a site with "solid land", where it was necessary to dig ditches for the foundation of fortifications [Kopylova, 1979, p. 121]. Weak soils required compaction and strengthening of the foundations under fortifications by driving piles [Chernaya, 2002, p. 136]. Eolian-deluvial loess loams of mid-Quaternary age of the Priobskoye plateau in most of the present-day Moshkovsky district of the Novosibirsk region are rather weak soils with low bearing capacity. Therefore, the most rational type of foundation on this territory is the pile foundation [Districts..., 1996, p. 101]. It is still widespread in the north of the Upper Ob region (Fig.

The foundation of the south-western embankment of the tower is covered with clay backfill, apparently necessary for better preservation of the lower crowns. Above it, separate fragments of the block ceiling were found (see Figs. 13, 1). They were located exclusively along the long axis of the prison. Finding out the presence of a wooden floor in prison towers and how it was laid is quite important. In traditional Russian house-building architecture, dwellings with a plank floor appeared only at the beginning of the XVIII century. The presence or absence of a plank floor had a social significance.-

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15. Excavation of the south-western embankment of the tower.

social and regional aspects [Gromov, 1985, p. 327]. The special state status of prison structures and extensive experience in the construction of winter huts in Siberia give good reasons for assuming the existence of such a floor in towers. Materials from other Siberian prisons suggest two types of flooring: along the long axis of the prison and across. In Siberian conditions, the ostrog towers were also used as living quarters. Therefore, to preserve heat in them, insulation of the lower and upper tiers was made. In particular, the insulation of interstory floors made of clay and earth is known [Chernaya, 1996, p. 109]. Clay filling of the base of the south-western embankment of the tower of the Umrevinsky prison could well have had just such a purpose.

It is possible that there was an artillery piece on the tower. This is indirectly indicated by the detection of cores. In 2003, a local resident handed over to A. P. Borodovsky an artillery ball with a diameter of 7 cm (4 lb caliber), found on the bank of the Umrevinskaya Channel, directly opposite the prison (see Fig. 12, 1). According to local residents, another similar ball was found 4 km south of the prison on the right bank of the Ob River.

The north-eastern corner of the south-western tower was cut by a later collective burial (Fig. 15, 1). The skeletons of nine people (adults and children) were located directly at the entrance to it. The dead were laid out in several tiers, from two to three people in each. The depth of burial from the mainland surface is small (0.3 - 0.6 m). The doorway was shifted to the north-eastern corner of the log house, as was customary until recently in chopped Russian houses and small outbuildings.

Under the clay filling of the base of the south-western tower, the burial of an infant (no older than 2 months - the definition of anthropologist D. Pozdnyakov) was found in a deck directly on the buried soil. It appeared before the construction of the tower. The infant was buried in an elongated position on its back, with its head facing west. From the accompanying inventory, only an Orthodox body-worn bronze eyelet cross was found. The location of the burial site does not exclude its mortgage nature (see Figures 13, 2). Despite the fact that such sacrifices contradict the canons of Christianity, they were quite widespread in the practice of construction [Kuban, 2007].

On one of the central piles of the western side of the tower foundation, a copper coin - "denga" of 1730-was placed on the reverse side up (see Figs. 13, 1). Perhaps it was a mortgage, and not accidentally lost. In the Russian Navy in the XVIII century, there was a tradition of "hiding coins minted in the year of construction of the ship" [Dygalo, 2000, p. 119]. It is possible that the location of the coin coat of arms (reverse) The rise of the Russian Empire was also not accidental. At the end of the XIX - beginning of the XX century, when laying peasant houses, longitudinal logs were always laid first, which, according to beliefs, was supposed to ensure the well-being of the family. Pieces of bread, a small stone, and money were placed in the corners of the salary - a sacrifice to a brownie or "herring" [Bardina, 1994, p. 121]. Similar rituals have been preserved in the Novosibirsk Region until recently. For example, in the village. Suzune, etc. Starodubrovino Moshkovsky district under the salary crown, on the foundation, in the four corners of the future hut laid a coin, "so that there was money." In the villages of Mamonovo and Starobibeyevo, Bolotninsky district, coins were also pawned (Mainicheva, 2002, p. 85). Therefore, "denga" on the foundation of the tower, apparently, is not accidental. It was here that the front corner of the Umrevinsky prison was located. The discovery of a mortgage coin allows us to distinguish two periods of construction of wooden defensive structures: 1) before the construction of the south-western embankment of the tower (in its place was the corner of the tyn); 2) the construction of the south-western embankment of the tower in the system of already established tyn fortifications (not earlier than 1730 and not later than 1734, when the description of the Umrevinsky prison was compiled by G. F. Miller).

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The tower was located on one of the highest platforms of the prison near the vzvoz leading to the river (see Figs. 3, 4). According to the size of the log house (one-and-a-half-planted standard) and the angular location of the entrance, the tower is closest to the single-part type of peasant dwelling [Medvedev, 1985, p.37]. Such parallels are not accidental, since in the painting of the buildings of the Kashtack prison of the late XVII century it was indicated that in " that prison four huts were built on four corners. And three towers were built on three huts" (cit. by: [Borodovsky et al., 2005, p. 67]). They can be an argument in favor of the structural archaisms of the corner south-western tower, associated with the heritage of pre-Petrine Russia.

There are several opinions on the number of towers in the Umrevinsky prison. One of them belongs to G. F. Miller, who in his description of the prison for 1734 indicated that it "consisted of a quadrangular palisade with two towers "(cit. by: [Elert, 1988, p. 76]). Obviously, it was on the basis of this description that one of the first reconstructions of the Umrevinsky prison, published in the book by D. Ya.Rezun and R. S. Vasilevsky [1989, p. 277], was carried out in the late 80s of the XX century. In the course of archaeological research on the north-western and north-eastern corners of the tyn fortifications, the remains of towers were not revealed.

The moat adjacent to the south-western embankment of the tower was blocked by abundant traces of intense burning. Perhaps this is due to the final stage of its existence, when it could have been burned. There is a well-known precedent with the wooden tower of the Lyapin Fortress. In 1927, it was burned by a local peasant, "because the ruins, being on haymaking grounds, interfered with him "[Kradin, 1988, p. 89]. For the territory of the Umrevinsky prison, this option is quite likely, since until recently these lands were intensively used for planting potatoes and haymaking. The time of the fire in the moat on the southwestern edge of the prison is marked by fragments of Russian ceramics, the exact attribution of which in the future will allow us to establish the relative chronology of this event.

Conclusion

Umrevinsky Ostrog is one of the unique sites associated with the development of the Upper Ob region by the Russians in the initial period of the entry of the lands of the south of Western Siberia into the Russian state. Its defensive structures are represented by internal and external ramparts, a moat, an embankment, a corner tower, a rear and a platform. A little less than half of the entire length of the rear fortifications, which is 490 m2, has been studied. Two construction periods were identified. In the first third of the XVIII century, a palisade was built in the form of a rear and earthen defensive structures. It is determined that a ditch was first dug, and then a ditch for the installation of a rear, as is the case in the south-western section of defensive structures. The internal shaft was formed by throwing out the soil from the ditch and the rear ditch. The second construction period falls on 1730-1734 and is associated with the construction of the embankment corner tower, the construction of which was accompanied by a complex of ritual actions (placement of a mortgage burial and a mortgage coin).

The question of the presence of artillery pieces on the territory of the Umrevinsky prison is debatable. According to G. F. Miller, who left a description of the Umrevinsky prison, in 1734 the garrison did not have artillery. Written sources of the XVIII century pay little attention to this. As G. F. Miller put it in his work on the history of Siberia, "unfortunately, this is not very important in history" [1750, p.274], which clearly characterizes the degree of coverage of this issue in his work.

The most likely versions are the following regarding the impact of the cannonballs on the territory adjacent to the prison. First, the cores were buried in the ground for storage. This version is based on a similar precedent described in the work of P. A. Slovtsov: the nobleman Zinoviev, who was heading from Moscow to Khabarovsk with various loads, including cannonballs, buried these balls in the ground in the Tugir prison "as if unnecessary" [1886, p.49]. The second version is that the cores buried in the ground marked the belonging of this area to the Russian sovereign. The basis is a precedent case when a similar act was committed in the camp of V. Bering on the Commander Islands (Stanyukovich, 1998). Finally, the third version is the theft of cores as objects that had a high value and were strictly registered [Tolmachev, 1999, p. 232]. For example, when the "conspiracy" was uncovered in Yakutsk in 1690, its initiators were accused of wanting to "plunder the powder and lead treasury of the great sovereigns" (Bashkatova and Polovinkin, 1980, p.156).

By the end of the XVIII century, the defensive fortifications probably fell into disrepair, and a necropolis began to form on the territory of the prison. By the 19th century, its most recent edge occupied the north-western part of Ostrog. It is here that the inner shaft overlaps the tyn.

A comparison of the data of written sources with those obtained in the course of archaeological research shows a different degree of reflection of reality. V. N. Kurilov's categorical opinion that reconstructions based on archaeological or graphic materials are hypothetical, and written monuments provide quite extensive and, most importantly, reliable information on the history of the first eta-

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According to the data of Siberian wooden architecture [1989, p. 87], it is methodically and factually incorrect [Chernaya, 2002, p.131]. For example, in various descriptions of the Tomsk Kremlin made in the XVII century, a discrepancy in the number of towers is obvious [Ibid., p. 83]. This is doubly true of the Umrevinsky prison, since there are almost no written sources on it, and the known descriptions are so sparse that it is impossible to get a more or less complete picture of the monument without archaeological data.

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The article was submitted to the Editorial Board on 20.06.07.

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