S. A. Gladyshev 1, D. Olsen 2, A. V. Tabarev 1, Ya. V. Kuzmin 3

1 Institute of Archeology and Ethnography SB RAS

17 Akademika Lavrentieva Ave., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia

E-mail: paleomongolia@yandex.ru

olmec@yandex. ru

University of Arizona 2, USA

School of Anthropology, The University of Arizona

1009 East South Campus Dr., P.O. Box 210030, Tucson, Arizona 85721 - 0030, USA

E-mail: jwo@arizona.edu

3 Institute of Geology and Mineralogy SB RAS

3 Akademika Koptyuga Ave., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia

E-mail: kuzmin@fulbrightmail.org

Based on Paleolithic materials from multilayered stratified sites in the Khangai Mountain Country and the Gobi Altai, the problems of Upper Paleolithic periodization in Mongolia are considered. New radiocarbon dates for the Tolbor-4 and -15 sites are being introduced into scientific circulation. A periodization scheme is proposed, which includes three sections. The first section is the Early Upper Paleolithic period, which lasted from 40 to 26 thousand years AGO. Complexes of this time were found in both the Khangai and Gobi Altai. The second section covers the time interval from about 25 thousand years AGO, and the time of its end is unknown. It is identified based on the materials of the sites of the Orkhon group. The third section is the final one, which includes the complex of horizons 3 and 4 of the Tolbor-15 parking lot. The end of this stage coincides with the end of the Paleolithic era as a whole.

Keywords: Upper Paleolithic of Central Asia, chronology and stratigraphy, plate industry, technical and typological analysis, splitting strategy.

Introduction

For more than a century, the territory of Mongolia has attracted the attention of researchers engaged in the study of ancient human history. The first large-scale research in this direction on the territory of Central Asia was conducted in connection with the emergence of the hypothesis of G. Osborne and W. Matthew about the Central Asian ancestral home of man. In order to test the hypothesis, an expedition of the American Museum of Natural Sciences led by R. C. Andrews was organized in the 1920s and Chinese-Swedish expeditions were organized in 1927-1935 [Larichev. 1969]. In 1949, the Soviet-Mongolian archaeological Expedition, headed by S. V. Kiselyov, began its work. It consisted of a Paleolithic group led by A. P. Okladnikov. It was then that the Moyltyn am monument and a number of Paleolithic sites were discovered in the valleys of the Orkhon and Tola rivers.

This work was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (projects N 09 - 06 - 00006 and 10 - 06 - 93160), RGNF (N 09 - 01 - 00028, 10 - 01 - 00548 a/g) and the project " Scientific and scientific-pedagogical personnel of innovative Russia "(event 1.1-VI turn), as well as the D. Tsongkhap Foundation for the Study of Central Asian Archaeology at the University of Arizona.

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Further study of the Paleolithic history of Mongolia is closely associated with the names of academicians A. P. Okladnikov and A. P. Derevyanko. In the 1960s, A. P. Okladnikov excavated the multi-layered Moiltyn am site (Okladnikov, 1981); his expedition routes cover the eastern and central part of Mongolia. In 1983, the Soviet-Mongolian Historical and Cultural Expedition under the leadership of A. P. Derevyanko began to operate. Its detachments explored the regions of Western Mongolia: the Mongolian Altai and the Great Lakes Basin [Kamenny vek..., 1990], the Valley of Lakes in Central Mongolia [Kamenny Vek..., 2000] and the Gobi Altai, as well as the southern spurs of the Khangai mountain country. It was then that the Orkhon-1, -7 multi-layered sites were discovered and studied in the Kharakhorin area (Derevyanko and Petrin, 1990; Derevyanko and Nikolaev and Petrin, 1992, 1994), the Orok-Nor-1, -2 and Nariin-Gol-1 - 17 sites with a surface layer of the cultural layer in the Valley of Lakes, and There are also cave complexes Tsagan-Agui and Chihen-Agui in the Gobi Altai.

A qualitatively new stage begins in 1995, when American specialists led by John Olsen (University of Arizona, USA) joined the archaeological research. The work of the Russian-Mongolian-American archaeological expedition was marked by the discovery of a large number of new Stone Age sites, however, among them objects with a surface cultural layer predominated. Materials from stratified complexes, especially those with a series of absolute dates, are of primary importance. The expedition's routes covered the areas of the Gobi Altai and the Gobi Desert, the Orkhon and Selenga valleys, as well as the vicinity of Lake Baikal. Khubsugul. Separate teams of the expedition intensively studied the multilayer cave complexes Tsagan-Agui (Derevyanko, Markin, Olsen et al., 2000) and Chihen-Agui (Derevyanko et al., 2001), the Chihen-2 site in the Gobi Altai, and the Tolbor-4, -15 sites in the middle reaches of the Selenga River.

Based on the rich factual material, Russian archaeologists have developed hypotheses for the settlement of the territory of Mongolia by ancient man and the periodization of the Stone Age of this region [Okladnikov, 1981,1983; Petrin, 1991; Zenin, 2004]. Stratified sites in the Khangai Mountains (Selenga basin) - the Tolbor-4, -15 layered monuments-have been actively studied for the last five years. The description and interpretation of the archaeological material of these sites is fairly well covered in the press (Derevyanko et al., 2007; Derevyanko, Ginchinsuren, Gladyshev et al., 2008; Kolomiets et al., 2009; Gladyshev, Tabarev, 2009). A large series of radiocarbon dates has been obtained for these complexes.

The subject of this paper is the periodization of Upper Paleolithic complexes in Mongolia, developed on the basis of radiocarbon dating results

Figure 1. Map-layout of Paleolithic sites in Mongolia, for which radiocarbon dates are available.

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(including new dates for Tolbor monuments-4, -15), and comparison of archaeological material. The analyzed information includes materials from sites Tolbor-4, -15, Dorolzh-1 in Northern Khangai, Orkhon-1, -7 in Southern Khangai, Chihen-Agui grotto and Chihen-2 in the Gobi Altai (Fig. 1). Previously unpublished radiocarbon dates obtained over the past two years are introduced into scientific circulation and determining the age of the Upper Paleolithic historical monuments Tolbor-4 and -15. Archaeological material of the Tsagan-Agui cave [Derevyanko, Olsen, Tseveendorzh et al., 2000], Tolbor-4 sites [Derevyanko et al., 2007], Chihen-Agui grotto [Derevyanko et al., 2001], and Chihen-2 site [Derevyanko, Markin, Olsen et al., 2000; Derevianko et al., 2004] and monuments of the Orkhon group have been published quite fully (Derevyanko, Nikolaev, and Petrin, 1994; Kandyba, 2009; Kolobova, Slavinsky, and Tsybankov, 2007; Slavinsky, and Tsybankov, 2006). In this paper, we will analyze only the stone inventory of Upper Paleolithic complexes of the new Tolbor-15 site, which is not yet reflected in the Russian press. Speaking about the materials of the Dorolzh-1 monument, we rely on information published by French researchers [Jaubert et al., 2004].

Materials and discussion

The first radiocarbon dates describing the age of the Tolbor-4 site were obtained in 2008 from samples from archaeological horizons 5 and 6.Eight more dates were determined in 2009, one of them corresponds to the Tolbor-4 site horizon 4 complex, and the remaining seven correspond to archaeological horizons 3 - 5 and 7 of the Tolbor - 15 site.

The two lower horizons (5, 6) of the Tolbor-4 site belong to the early Upper Paleolithic of Mongolia. The assemblage of these horizons is characterized by the predominance of bulk single-and double-site bipedal nuclei of the end and front types, the predominance of large plates among chips, and a small proportion of tools. Leading types of tools: high-shaped end scrapers made of plates; notched, notched and notched-notched forms; awl-shaped products and scrapers of non-Middle Paleolithic appearance. The materials of horizon 6, which are almost indistinguishable from the industrial complex of Horizon 5, have a slightly higher lamellar index (Derevyanko et al., 2007). In the materials from horizons 5 and 6, there are rib and semi-rib cleavage of the nuclei design, which indicates the use of the rib cleavage technique, which contributed to a more rational use of the nucleus. Currently, there are two dates that determine the age of the Tolbor Early Upper Paleolithic industry: horizon 5-more than 41,050 bp (AA-79326), horizon 6-37,400 ± 2,600 bp (AA-79314). Today it is the oldest complex of the early Upper Paleolithic of Mongolia with a pronounced lamellar appearance of the stone industry.

The Late Mustier - Early Upper Paleolithic includes archaeological materials from the Tsagan-Agui cave contained in sediments associated with the third sedimentation cycle and dated in the range from 34 to 31 Ka BP (Derevyanko, Olsen, Tseveendorzh et al., 2000).

Materials from the Dorolzh-1 site and horizon complexes 3, 4 and excavation 1 of the Orkhon-7 monument correspond to a slightly later stage of the early Upper Paleolithic period. The Dorolj-1 site was studied by a group of French archaeologists in 1999 (Jaubert et al., 2004). According to stratigraphy data, the cultural layer of the site lies at the base of a 4-meter section of sediments, in a thickness saturated with detrital material. There are traces of permafrost disturbances and frost cracking. According to the researchers, the archaeological collection is a homogeneous complex belonging to the Aurignacian stage II (according to the European scale). In the stone industry, disc-shaped nuclei are allocated to produce flakes. The technology of obtaining lamellar blanks is characterized by planar single-site nuclei, subprismatic single - and double - site single-and double-site single-frontal nuclei, as well as large end single-frontal bipolar nuclei. Tools are represented by end scrapers made of plates, retouched points, scrapers, jagged and notched products, plates and flakes with retouching elements. Individual chisels and chisel-like tools. Drilled pendants made from the eggshells of fossil ostriches were first discovered in the cultural layer of the site. This is the first evidence of non-productive activity of ancient man recorded in the complexes of the early Upper Paleolithic of Mongolia.

French experts obtained a series of dates describing the age of the monument. First series: 29,540 ± 390 hp (GifA-99561), 29,910 ± 310 hp (GifA-99560) and 31,880 ± 800 hp (GifA-11664). The first two dates are set on the bone, the third-on the shell of an ostrich egg. The second series: 21,820 ±190 hp (GifA-102451) and 22,030 ± 180 hp (GifA-102453) is radically different from the first. According to French researchers, the latest dates contradict the appearance of the stone inventory, which belongs to the early Upper Paleolithic, and cannot be younger than the beginning of the Sartan glaciation [Ibid.]. They explain this discrepancy in dates as possible incorrectly-

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the introduction of later (Sartan) deposits into the body of the Karga sequence due to cryogenic processes (Ibid., p. 230).

The complex of archaeological material of the Orkhon group of sites, found only in horizons 3 and 4 of excavation 1 of the Orkhon-7 site, also belongs to the early Upper Paleolithic period. Among the nuclei of this division, single-site monofrontal products and multi-site multifrontal nuclei with signs of parallel splitting techniques are distinguished. A significant proportion consists of two-site monofrontal nuclei that were subjected to cleavage along the longitudinal line. A small group of subprismatic two-site monofrontal nuclei is very expressive (Kandyba, 2009). Among the guns, the same types are distinguished that are characteristic of the Dorolzh-1 parking complexes. Retouched chips, notched products, scrapers and scrapers prevail quantitatively. A less representative group consists of awl-shaped tools and punctures (Kolobova, Slavinsky, and Tsybankov, 2007). As was established by the reconstruction of the process of utilization of monofrontal single-site nuclei, the findings from the Upper Paleolithic layers of Orkhon-7 reflect the use of a planar technique for producing convergent plate blanks, without using the rib plate technique (Slavinsky and Tsybankov, 2006). Materials from the Early Upper Paleolithic Orkhonek assemblage industry date from 33,785 ± 300 BP (SOAN-2885) (Derevyano and Markin, 1992; Kandyba, 2009).

Open parking Chihen-2 is located in the Gobi Altai. During its excavations, it was found that the lower layers (3 - 2.5) are characterized by the presence of large and wide plates with smooth or faceted areas. The plate blanks lying above layer 2.5 have morphologically changed: they became less massive, reduced in size. A radiocarbon date of 30,550 ± 410 BP (AA-31870) was obtained for layer 2.5 (Derevianko et al, 2004, p. 210). Primary cleavage is characterized by single-site Levallois nuclei of triangular shape, small in size. In addition, single - and double-site cores with signs of parallel cutting of the cleavage front are distinguished. Rare specimens are represented by two-site bilateral longitudinal-transverse varieties.

In almost every layer of tools, there are notched products made from flakes and plates. There are also end and side scrapers, retouched chips. Scrapers, chisels, and chisel-like tools are represented as individual items. The industrial layers 2.1 and 2.4 are characterized by small Levallois triangular points, while the complexes of layers 2.5 and 2.8 are characterized by large elongated objects. Small oval bifaces were found in layer 2.7 (Derevyanko, Markin, and Olsen et al., 2000).

The remaining complexes of the early Upper Paleolithic of Mongolia fit into the time interval of 30-26 thousand years ago. First of all, it is an assemblage of horizons 5 - 7 of the Tolbor-15 site. The collections of these horizons are dominated by nuclei for the production of large plates and lamellae. The following types of nuclei are distinguished: three-dimensional subprismatic, planar and end nuclei, orthogonal nuclei, and orthogonal and end micronuclei. The typological set of tools is not rich. In the divisions of horizons 5-7, high-shaped end scrapers made of massive plates are distinguished, as well as products with a carefully selected beak at the proximal end of the plates, awl-shaped tools and plows. The latter are not numerous, but the typological appearance and nature of their processing does not change in horizons 7-3 (Fig. 2, 2, 5, 9 - 20). There are very few excavated and jagged tools, and individual objects are also points with a blunted edge and retouched plates and flakes. The horizon 7 complex has a date of 29,150 ± 320 BP (AA-84138); materials from horizon 5 are dated to 28,460 ± 310 BP (AA-84137). The last chronological segment includes the assemblage of horizon 4 of the Tolbor-4 site, the date of which is 26,700 ± 300 BC (AA-84135). The stone industry of horizon 4 of the Tolbor-4 monument has the same typological composition of nuclei and tools as the complexes of horizons 5-7 of the Tolbor-15 site. The same characteristics correspond to the materials of the Paleolithic layer of the Chiheng-Agui grotto (Gobi Altai), for which the date of 27,430 ± 870 BP (AA-26580) is established from the coal sample from the hearth, although some researchers note the influence of the Levallois technique in the methods of registration of nuclei and in the morphology of individual chips (Derevyanko et al., 2001).. It should be noted that in the horizon 5 of the Tolbor-15 parking lot, a wedge-shaped micronucleus was found with signs of using the microplate extraction technique. This is one of the earliest evidences of the use of pressing techniques in the Paleolithic of North and Central Asia (Figs. 2, 15).

The Middle stage of the Upper Paleolithic of Mongolia is represented by materials from the Orkhon-1 and Orkhon-7 sites. Complexes of this period were found in horizon 2 of excavation 1, 2 and horizon 2 of excavation 3 of the Orkhon-1 site, as well as in horizon 1 of excavation 2 and horizons 1, 2 of excavation 3 of the Orkhon-7 site. In splitting, the leading role belongs to the parallel system for obtaining blanks, focused on obtaining

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Fig. 2. Stone tools from horizons 3, 4 (1, 3, 4, 6 - 8) and 5 - 7 (2, 5, 9 - 20) Tolbor parking lots-15.

mostly flakes. The proportion of items with signs of prismatic chipping techniques is significantly reduced. Orthogonal and radial splitting systems practically disappear. Among the chips, flakes predominate. Among the tools, chips with traces of retouching, notched, notched and notched products and scrapers predominate. Significantly increases the number of scrapers, incisors, punctures and chisels.-

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3. Chronological scheme of stratified monuments of the Upper Paleolithic of Mongolia.

tovidny guns. The time of this stage was determined using samples from excavations 1 and 3 of the Orkhon-7 site. Horizon 2 of excavation 1 is dated to 23,595 ± 155 BP (SOAN-2883).

The age of materials from horizon 2 of Excavation 3 is determined by two dates: 25,400 ± 1,100 BP and 25,500 ± 1,400 BP. They were obtained at the University of Southern California using one of the nonequilibrium-uranium methods (Pa-231 and Th-230); more detailed documentation is not available [Derevyanko and Markin, 1992, p. 90]. These values are "calendar" values [Wagner, 2006, p. 100-132], so in order to compare them with the radiocarbon dates used in this paper, they must be converted to the radiocarbon age scale [Ibid., p. 161-173]. Taking into account the most up-to-date data on the ratio of the two ages [IntCa 109..., 2009, p. 1125-1126], we can say that these nonequilibrium-uranium dates correspond approximately to 21 500 - 19 700 Radiocarbon dating is generally close to the date of SOAN-2883. No deposits formed at this time were recorded on the other monuments considered in this work.

The final stage of the existence of the ancient man of the Upper Paleolithic period on the territory of Mongolia is illustrated by the complexes of horizons 3, 4 of the Tolbor-15 site and horizons 2, 3 of the Tolbor-4 site. They differ significantly from the lower horizon industry in the predominance of wedge-shaped and end-shaped micronuclei and the absolute predominance of small flakes, flakes, and microplates in the chipping industry. Among the tools, the dominant position is occupied by low-shaped end scrapers of small dimensions, various points, fragments of tips and retouched microplates (Fig. 2, 1, 3, 4, 6 - 8). These technocomplexes located higher in the section are certainly younger than the underlying materials. In 2009, four dates were obtained for horizons 3 and 4 of the Tolbor-15 monument. The tests were performed in the laboratory of the University of Arizona (Arizona, USA) and in the laboratory of BetaAnalytic (Florida, USA). All dates fit into the range 14 900 - 14 000 For materials from Horizon 3, there are dates of 14,055 ± 80 BP (AA-84136) and 14,930 ± 70 BP (Beta-263742). The age of the Horizon 4 artifact collection is estimated at 14,680 ± 70 BP (Beta-263744) and 14,820 ± 70 BP (Beta-263745). This is probably the upper limit of the existence of "flake" industries in Mongolia (Figure 3).

Conclusion

Summarizing the above archaeological data and absolute dates, we can draw the following conclusions::

1. The early stage of the Upper Paleolithic of Mongolia lasted for a considerable time and, in our opinion, can be divided into two subsections. The first one is the most ancient - from 40 to 35 thousand years AGO. Materials representing it have been found so far only in the Northern Mon-

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golii: horizons 5, 6 and Tolbor-4. The industry of this section differs from the collections of the later section of the early stage of the Upper Paleolithic by a higher index of laminosity. Among the nuclei, there is a large proportion of end and subprismatic two-site monofrontal bipedal varieties for obtaining large plates. Most of the tools are made from plates and their fragments. The second section is characterized by materials from the Khangai mountain country (Tolbor-4, -15, Orkhon-7) and the Gobi Altai (Tsagan-Agui cave, Chihen-Agui grotto, Chihen-2 site). Its time limits are 33-26 thousand years ago. A feature of this subsection is a gradual progressive increase in the proportion of planar single-site monofrontal nuclei oriented to the production of medium-sized plates among the products of primary cleavage. Over time, the technique of designing the nucleoli with the use of rib cleavage degrades. For example, in the materials of the Orkhon-7 and -15 sites (horizon 5), this technique was not reflected at all. The proportion of tools made from plates decreases, and the plate index itself decreases very slowly, but it decreases. The typological register of tools of both subsections of the Early Upper Paleolithic period does not change. In addition, in all layers of monuments belonging to the early stage of the Upper Paleolithic, micronuclei of volume-planar (morphologically close to subprismatic nuclei) and end varieties are recorded. One of the most important aspects that characterize the end of this stage of the Upper Paleolithic is the origin of the extraction technique for the disposal of micronuclei, in particular, of the wedge-shaped type.

2. The middle stage of the Upper Paleolithic of Mongolia is distinguished so far only from the sites of the Orkhon group. It begins about 25 thousand years ago. In the material culture, plate industries are completely replaced by flake complexes, and end and wedge-shaped pressing micro-cleavage develops. Among the tools, the proportion of scrapers and notched products decreases. The duration of this stage has not yet been determined.

3. Late (final) stage of the Upper Paleolithic of Mongolia - currently only its final period is well dated. This includes the industry of horizons 3, 4 and Tolbor-15. This stage is marked by the predominance of micronuclei of both the pressing and impact splitting methods and the appearance of retouched tips made from flakes, as well as an increase in the share of microplates among lamellar blanks.

We hope that further work in Mongolia will allow us to eliminate the "white spots" in the periodization of the Upper Paleolithic of this region. It is possible that the new materials will not only complement the proposed scheme, but also to some extent change it.

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