E. I. KRANINA

Candidate of Economic Sciences

Far East Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Keywords: environmental protection, ecological disaster, pollution of natural resources, "green" industry, innovative technologies, energy-saving economy

"It doesn't matter what color the cat is - black or white, it is important that it catches mice," Deng Xiaoping, the father of Chinese economic reforms, once said about China's choice of a capitalist or socialist path. Hu Angang, a well-known contemporary Chinese economist, believes that over the past 20 years, China has been following the path of the "black cat", referring to the enormous environmental damage caused by rapid economic growth.

Hu Angang expresses his disagreement with the patriarch of reforms and believes that the color of the cat is very important, and it should be "green" ¹.

At the 3rd Plenum of the CPC Central Committee of the 18th convocation held in Beijing in November 2013 and the 2nd session of the NPC of the 12th convocation held in March 2014, serious attention was paid to the environmental situation, which, according to the country's leadership, despite the measures taken, continues to worsen. Today, the Chinese economy consumes a huge amount of energy and generates a large amount of waste, polluting nature in comparable volumes of production 110 times more than in developed countries. About 80% of thermal power plants run on coal, the most environmentally harmful fuel. The damage caused by environmental degradation is estimated by the World Bank to be between 8% and 12% of GDP annually over ^the past ten years2. Mass riots due to environmental problems are breaking out in many regions of China, and their number is increasing ^every year3.

Due to China's limited forest resources (forest cover ratio of 21.6%), the level of natural oxygen reproduction is very low. A quarter of the territory has already turned into a desert, which continues to advance. This leads to an increase in sand and dust storms, which affect not only Chinese cities, but also neighboring countries, and their number and power are constantly growing.

AIR QUALITY IS ONE OF THE WORST IN THE WORLD

Of the 10 cities in the world with the worst ecology, 7 are in China. Most of them, including the capital, are surrounded by overflowing garbage dumps. Total air emissions in Beijing, Tianjin (prov. Hebei), in the Pearl River Delta and Yangtze River is 5 times higher than the national average. These regions cover 8% of the PRC's land area, but burn 43% of all coal consumed, produce 55% of the metallurgical industry, 40% of concrete, 52% of gasoline and diesel fuel.⁴

The level of pollution in almost all of China is much higher than the World Health Organization's safe-for-health standard (25 micrograms (mcg) of dirty particles per 1 cubic meter). m of air). In prov. Hebei (Northern China) RM 2.5 * index exceeds 500 micrograms per cubic meter. m per hour. The largest part of pollutants is made up of fine solid particles formed from coal burning without preliminary cleaning, exhaust gases and smoke from industrial and domestic industries and furnaces. They are the most dangerous for health: getting into the respiratory tract, they cause various kinds of diseases. The leader of economic growth in the world-China is also the leader in the growth of the number of oncological diseases ⁵.

Smog covers 20% of the country's territory, and the scale of its spread continues to increase. The problem is so acute that there are even innovative projects to create artificial clouds over the most polluted regions. In January 2013, smog actually brought China to the brink of an environmental catastrophe. In February 2014, 15 provinces were covered with continuous smog, covering 1.81 million square kilometers. Of these, 980 thousand square kilometers turned out to be very polluted territory with a high level of danger. Only a few major cities in China, such as the capital of Tibet, Lhasa, Haikou (prov. Hainan, South China) and Zhoushan (prov. Zhejiang, East China) are relatively clean ⁶.

DECREASING NATURAL RESOURCES

The most sensitive factor for the country's economy and the living conditions of its citizens is the decline in the main natural and strategically important resources that cannot be imported: water, arable land, forests.

* PM 2.5 is the index of fine particulate matter in the air. Clean air is considered at an index value of 50 and below, and life-threatening-from 301 to 500 (approx. ed.).

The most serious environmental problem, which threatens catastrophic consequences for future generations, is the reduction of reserves and deterioration of water quality. China has one of the lowest per capita water availability rates in the world (only a third of the global average). They are very unevenly distributed-they are concentrated in the south, while the north and west are traditionally subject to severe droughts.

Back in 1934, Mao Zedong called water "the blood of agriculture." More than 60% of losses in the agricultural sector occur from droughts, 20 - 30 million hectares suffer from them annually, which is 1/6 of all arable land (flood damage is 4 times less). The development of industry and the agricultural sector, not to mention the domestic needs of the population, leads to the consumption of more and more water every year. Numerous factories and factories spend four times more energy per unit of product produced than the world average.

The water of 75% of rivers and lakes is so toxic that it is not even suitable for watering and breeding fish, but this is not enough. In 90% of cases, contamination of various degrees of severity is observed in groundwaters, and in 60% it already poses a danger to human health. Marine areas where oil, heavy metals and other harmful substances enter are also polluted, forming a kind of"dead sea" ⁷.

Due to the extremely high consumption of underground groundwater, dozens of cities are sinking. Under many of them, such as Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, Hangzhou, Xi'an, the world's largest underground sinkholes have formed. Some buildings go underground, others are cracked, bridges and railways are destroyed. Today, Beijing has to go deeper into the ground for more than 100 m behind underground water sources, and 20 years ago 25 m was enough.At the same time, the Chinese capital receives 75% of its needs from such sources. ⁸

In the "Document No. 1" published on January 19, 2014 (an annual list of priority tasks for the next 12 months issued by the CPC Central Committee), the problems of agricultural land degradation came under the government's close attention. The document notes that the ecological situation in the village has worsened in recent years, and it is the weakest point in the promotion of industrialization, informatization and urbanization of the country.

Rural areas account for almost half of the total emissions of pollutants that poison the atmosphere, water and soil.⁹

Due to ravine and surface erosion, a significant part of arable land is lost annually. A third of agricultural land is systematically irrigated by acid rain. Serious damage is caused by rural enterprises, which are mostly technically poorly equipped and neglect the rules and regulations of environmental protection. New sources of pollution are industrial livestock and poultry farming, which in areas with a dense river network pollute it even more than industry.

China has 7% of the world's arable land and at the same time uses 35% of the world's total amount of pesticides and fertilizers, 65% of which are not absorbed by plant crops and remain in the soil, getting into water sources. During the monitoring carried out to diagnose the state of arable land (according to 78 indicators), it was found that the soil in most of the regions is highly polluted, heavy metals were detected on more than 20 million hectares, 3.33 million hectares of land were contaminated. ha of arable land is recognized as not suitable for farming at all ¹⁰.

Due to heavy soil pollution, about 10 million tons of agricultural crops are not enough annually, and about 12 million tons of harmful food products are produced. Scandals with the detection of harmful substances in them occur several times a year. The last outbreak occurred in March 2013, when the substance clenbutorol was added to pig feed, which is prohibited due to the danger to human health (causes cancer). There are increasing reports of contamination of crops grown in China, especially the most strategic product - rice ¹¹.

Due to the current situation, the fight against environmental pollution in the village is recognized as part of China's food security program. "Document No. 1" calls for taking unprecedented measures to improve the situation as soon as possible and increase the area of arable land.

TOUGHER ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION

At the above-mentioned 3rd plenum of the CPC Central Committee of the 18th convocation, the issue of changing the status of the environmental protection apparatus at different levels, tightening environmental legislation, equalizing the interests of economic development and ecology, and changing the financing system was raised ¹². In the adopted "Resolution of the CPC Central Committee on some important issues of Comprehensive deepening of reforms" and documents of the 2nd session of the 12th National People's Congress, sections related to environmental protection and the use of natural resources are highlighted in separate paragraphs. The country's leadership recognized the existence of "outstanding colossal tasks in this area, as well as the need to improve the management system for the use of natural resources and property rights to them"¹³.

Speaking at the 2nd session of the National People's Congress (NPC) of the 12th convocation, Premier Li Keqiang of the State Council of the People's Republic of China, in particular, said: "The toxic smog that is hanging over many cities of the country is a red signal, the last warning of nature about the inadmissibility of ineffective and harmful use of chemical weapons. blind industrial development"¹⁴. He pointed out the need to " reverse the negative trend-otherwise a catastrophic degradation of the eco-environment may hinder the country's economic recovery. It is necessary to strengthen environmental protection, resolutely go to perform a difficult task with the use of strict measures. We need to prevent pollution, optimize the structure of production facilities, increase energy efficiency, reduce automobile exhaust emissions, etc. " ¹⁵

Premier of the State Council of the People's Republic of China urged the government, enterprises

and all members of society to make common efforts to fight pollution:"We declare war on environmental pollution and will fight it as purposefully as we fought poverty" ¹⁶.

Over the past 20 years, China has been able to reduce the number of people living below the poverty line. According to the latest data, the number of people with an annual income of $374.67 * decreased from 122.38 million in 2010 to 82.49 million in 2013. According to an international estimate, the population living below the poverty line, with daily consumption per person below $1, decreased in China from 499 million. in 1990 to 86.4 million by 2010. This has made a significant contribution to the implementation of the Millennium Development Goah (MDG)^program.17.

However, today China faces another equally serious problem - the "ecological poverty" of people who live in a poor ecological environment and suffer from a lack of natural resources. Officially, there are at least 200 million such people in the PRC, i.e. twice as many as those who live in income poverty. People who suffer from smog can also be identified as experiencing environmental difficulties. This group is not on the poverty list, but lacks clean air18.

According to Wu Xiaoqin, Deputy Minister of Environmental Protection, speaking at the 2nd session of the National People's Congress, "in the 12th five-year plan (2011-2015), investment in environmental protection will reach 5 trillion yuan ($817 billion)." In 2011 they amounted to 602.6 billion rubles. RMB 825.3 billion in 2012 . In 2013, it was about 1 trillion yuan. Only 1.7 trillion yuan has been allocated for prevention and control of air pollution ¹⁹.

An indicator for controlling the gross volume of pollutants has been added to the environmental protection program. The air quality standards were revised, and the average concentration of microparticles RM 2.5 was additionally monitored. The central financial authorities allocated 5 billion rubles. RMB for pollution reduction works in Beijing, Tianjin (prov. Hebei), in Inner Mongolia and Shan-dun Province ²¹. Special attention is paid to Hebei Province.

In China, they concluded that the previously implemented course of industrial development and production capacity standards have already "fulfilled their historical mission". More stringent standards are now being introduced to protect the environment, reduce energy consumption and ensure safety at enterprises.

The list of industries that use backward technology will be expanded. The creation of such new businesses will be limited. Until 2017, China should not increase production capacity in energy-intensive and highly polluting five industries: metallurgy, shipbuilding, production of cement, electrolytic aluminum and flat glass.

Reorganization of production facilities and merger of model enterprises with laggards are encouraged. The vacant land can be used for the development of urban trade. To reduce the level of pollution in Beijing, Tianjin and prov. Hebei is increasingly using clean and renewable energy sources. In 2014, Beijing plans to significantly reduce coal consumption and close 300 polluting enterprises.

Lending to polluting industries with high energy costs is restricted. Improving the technical level and competitiveness of enterprises has become the main task of reducing excess production capacity. At the same time, it is planned to eliminate objects under construction that do not meet the established standards.

The tax policy in the field of import and export is being improved, import duties on more than 780 types of goods are being reduced, including advanced technical equipment, key parts and spare parts, energy resources and raw materials, etc. Export duties are being levied on more than 300 types of products with high energy consumption and pollution levels, as well as resource products, including coal etc. Benefits for partial repayment of export duties paid for the supply of steel, cast iron, electrolytic aluminum and ferroalloys are being gradually reduced and abolished. By increasing the discount rate, the import of relevant products is actively increasing.

According to Premier Li Keqiang, the State Council adopted 10 measures to improve air quality in 2013. In 161 cities, PM 2.5 suspended particles were monitored, and in 2014, the goal was to reduce energy consumption by 3.9% (in 2013, energy consumption decreased by 3.7%). This means that coal consumption is expected to be reduced by 220 million tons. Trust funds have been pooled to support the prevention and remediation of water pollution in the three rivers (Huaihe, Haihe, Liaohe) and three lakes (Taihu, Chaohu, Dianchi), the Songhuajiang River Basin, and the lake eco-conservation22.

In 2013, the specific energy intensity of GDP decreased by 3.7%, carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP-by 4.36%, sulfur dioxide emissions, chemical oxygen consumption, ammonium nitrogen content and nitrogen oxide emissions-by 3.48%, 2.93%, 3.14% and 4.72%, respectively.²³

In 2015, it is planned to reduce the specific energy intensity of GDP by more than 3.9%, and the volume of carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP - by 4%. The following should be reduced: sulphur dioxide emissions, chemical oxygen consumption and ammonium nitrogen content - by 2%, nitrogen oxide emissions-by 5%. Construction of the second stage of facilities will begin under the program of creating 100 model bases and 100 leading enterprises in the field of integrated resource use, straw use in the main areas of grain and cotton production. For the development of environmentally friendly mining, the development of minerals will be streamlined. An exemplary program of seawater desalination will be launched.

In 2013, 7.8 trillion yuan ($1.28 trillion) was invested in the technical reconstruction of industrial enterprises in China, which is 18.1% more than in 2012 and equal to 43% of the total amount of investment.-

* Exchange rate of the Chinese yuan to the dollar as of December 26, 2014: 10 yuan - $1.61 (editor's note).

news to the country's industry. In 2015, it is planned to reconstruct coal-fired power plants, including by equipping them with powerful desulfurization and dust collection plants. It provides for the decommissioning of 6 million rubles. obsolete motor vehicles and introduction of the use of automobile diesel fuel of the state standard IV ²⁴ throughout the country. The specific weight of electricity generated from non-excavated sources should be increased ²⁵.

In 2014, revised drafts of the Environmental Protection Act and the Air Pollution Prevention and Control Act were published in China. The" Law on Environmental Protection", which was adopted in December 1989, became the basis for many other laws related to the environment, including the "Law on the Prevention and Control of Air Pollution "and the"Law on the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution" ²⁶.

The draft amendments to the" Law of the People's Republic of China on Environmental Protection " emphasize the need to strengthen its protection in rural areas. A master plan has been developed to address the most pressing environmental problems. The fight against contamination of arable land with heavy metals and overspending of ground water in problem areas is being intensified. The project to provide villages with safe drinking water, upgrade and reconstruct power grids, as well as the construction of county, parish and rural roads will continue. Swamp gas production and use are being optimized, emergency homes are being rebuilt, and the construction of telecommunications infrastructure in rural areas is being accelerated.²⁷

The national comprehensive program for creating high-standard farmland will continue to be implemented. It is especially noted that managers at all levels should promote the dissemination of new environmental agricultural technologies, for example, deep loosening of the soil (in 2014 - on an area of 6.67 million hectares), monitor agricultural sources of pollution, and be responsible for the disposal of household waste in villages.

According to the draft amendments, civil servants can be removed from their posts for falsifying monitoring data and other offenses. The draft also states that when using fertilizers and irrigating fields, it is necessary to apply effective measures to prevent contamination with heavy metals and other toxic substances. Poultry farms, aquafields, and slaughterhouses should dispose of feces, corpses, sewage, and other waste using appropriate technologies and scientific standards.

Work will continue to eliminate sources of diffuse pollution* and rehabilitate rural areas, freeing arable land for forest plantations and herbage (in 2014 - by 333 thousand hectares). The most important environmental programs are already being implemented to restore steppes on the site of current pastures, to protect natural forests, prevent desalination and combat desertification, to protect soil from erosion, to combat petrification (petrification) of karst zones, and to restore wetlands.²⁸

Environmental protection will be enhanced at the headwaters of the Yellow River, Yangtze River and Lanzangjiang River. The implementation of such major hydraulic engineering projects as the construction of systemically important water supply sources, water transfer, creation of extensive irrigation areas, etc. will be further developed. Work will begin to streamline river basins, repair and strengthen emergency reservoirs and locks, create a system for preventing natural disasters and minimizing their consequences, including a system for combating floods and droughts, etc.

The "Medium-long-term program of scientific and technological development in the field of forestry of the People's Republic of China until 2020" defines the main directions of scientific research and technical innovations: biotechnics and breeding, the relationship between forests and the environment, ecosystem and restoration of regressive eco-balance, combating desertification, preventing forest disasters, etc.

It is planned to reduce deforestation quotas, activate forest planting on roads and on the outskirts of forest areas. Programs will continue to preserve natural forest resources, eliminate sandstorms that threaten Beijing and Tianjin, combat the onset of stony deserts, restore forest areas on previously plowed lands, recreate the steppe landscape of former pastures, etc., thanks to which 6.09 million hectares of forest were planted in 2013.

By 2020, the forest cover ratio is planned to increase to 23% of the territory, by 2050 - to 26% and even higher than ²⁹.

ONE OF THE MAIN TASKS IS TO CREATE A "GREEN ECONOMY"

The main goals that China is striving for today are the creation of a" green economy", the transition from cheap labor-intensive industries to high-tech, high-value-added, environmentally friendly ones.

It is expected not only to improve the situation, but also to make fundamental structural changes in these areas. Previously, environmental laws adopted at the central level were often ignored locally. Local governments interested in maximizing tax payments encouraged industrial development in their provinces, turning a blind eye to violations of environmental standards, and environmental protection programs suffered from a lack of credibility and lack of coordination between institutions designed to protect it.

Now, in the process of improving the rule of law, the work on introducing new environmental legislation is being optimized and accelerated, and penalties for violations are being tightened. Responsibility for environmental pollution is increased; tariffs for the use of natural resources by industrial consumers and the population, fines for pollution and fees for the use of natural resources are significantly increased; additional benefits for environmentally friendly industries are introduced and changes are being made.

* Diffuse sources - a set of small or diffuse sources from which pollutants can be released into the ground, air or water, the combined impact of which on these components of the environment can be significant (editor's note).

rules for granting environmental rights.

The Supreme People's Court and the Supreme People's Prosecutor's Office of the People's Republic of China have issued clarifications on some issues related to the handling of environmental criminal cases. According to this document, in China, penalties for causing environmental damage are becoming tougher.

The system of incentives and penalties is designed to change the current state of affairs, when fines for violating laws are less than the cost of complying with them. The principle is promoted :" Whoever creates pollution is responsible for the results; whoever takes action against pollution is responsible for the benefits " ³⁰.

In 2013, courts at various levels actively supported the work of environmental protection agencies. In particular, 2.3 thousand decisions were made against violators of the law, 35 persons were sentenced to prison. In Zhejiang Province, 259 people were arrested in 2013 on charges of causing environmental damage in Hangzhou.³¹

In 2013, the Zhangzhou aromatic hydrocarbons Company Tenglong began construction of a petrochemical paraxylene plant in Zhengzhou, Southeastern China's Fujian Province. Construction was started without an environmental impact assessment report. In this regard, the Ministry of Environmental Protection of China demanded that the company suspend the construction of a chemical plant and imposed a fine of 200 thousand yuan on it.³²

Attempts are being made to use tax levers to encourage environmental protection measures. A gradual transition to a system of rent payments is being implemented, which provides for the inclusion of the full cost of natural objects in economic indicators, taking into account their environmental-forming function, as well as the cost of environmental (environmental) works (services). A mechanism is being created for collecting payments for their use from economic entities that exploit natural resources. The funds received in this way will be used to preserve and restore the natural environment, including biological diversity. A number of benefits are granted to enterprises engaged in the collection and integrated use of renewable resources, the production of environmental industrial equipment and products using liquid, gaseous and solid waste.

Banking institutions are called upon to provide greater support to" eco-friendly "enterprises, and the" green credit " policy should serve as an incentive for environmentally friendly production. The reform of pricing for resource products continues, and the system of step-by-step tariffs for domestic water and gas is being improved. The procedure for paid disposal of household waste and hazardous substances is being introduced, which should attract public funds to invest in nature protection facilities, bring nature protection farms into the mainstream of a market economy and industrialization, and promote the marketing of environmental advisory services ³³.

The 12th five-year plan (2011-2015) provides for the construction of model cities( counties), various industrial parks and zones. In the most important industries, enterprises have been identified to conduct an experiment on the formation of a cyclical economy. Pilot projects for the construction of state model bases for the recycling of urban waste resources, as well as projects for the disposal and neutralization of food waste, are continuing.

A COURSE TO SAVE ENERGY RESOURCES

The current five-year plan continues to focus on energy savings. The "energy efficiency leader"system is to be put into operation. Support is being provided for the construction of priority energy-saving facilities, and the scope for comprehensive demonstration implementation of financial policies to save energy resources and reduce harmful emissions is being expanded. In 2013, residential buildings in the northern heated areas with an area of 200 million square meters were reconstructed with the introduction of energy-saving technologies.

The demonstration program "Golden Sun" was used, support was provided in the large-scale development and use of shale gas, the development of renewable energy sources, including wind, the use of biotechnologies in waste processing, as well as tidal energy. Energy-saving and eco-friendly vehicles with an engine capacity of up to 1.6 liters and new energy carriers are already being operated. Free prices for energy raw materials are being introduced, individual export duties are being raised, and investment in some of the most polluting industries is being restricted. Electricity and water tariffs are being raised for companies operating in energy-intensive and environmentally harmful industries ³⁴.

To encourage innovation in this area, new ways to reduce carbon dioxide emissions are proposed: increasing energy efficiency by switching to more economical technologies and reducing heat loss in the residential sector. The principles of a low-carbon economy are expected to be implemented in all residential, commercial and industrial areas that are planned to be built in demonstration zones. The goal is to increase the share of environmentally friendly fuel, first of all, natural gas in the energy balance, and build gas pipelines to switch power plants from coal to gas.³⁵

Rising global prices or depletion of hydrocarbon reserves make other types of fuel relevant, and nuclear power is the first in this queue. In China, it is the most important promising source of electricity. According to the state's medium-and long-term "Renewable Energy Development Plan", as well as the" Medium-and Long-term Hydroelectric Development Plan", China is actively promoting the integrated development of cascade hydroelectric power plants based on optimizing environmental protection and organizing the relocation of residents of flooded areas, and accelerating the construction of large-scale projects.

Hydroelectric power plants and, depending on local conditions, medium and small hydroelectric power plants ³⁶.

INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION IN THE FIELD OF "GREEN" TECHNOLOGIES

China has steadily increased its innovation and technology cooperation with other countries to support green, strategic industries and develop new and better technologies.

Environmental cooperation with developed countries under the Kyoto Protocol provides the PRC with an opportunity to accelerate the modernization of its economy by attracting investment in the development of energy, transport, manufacturing, agriculture, forestry and water management, improve the level of technical equipment of its production facilities and ensure more effective control over environmental pollution. The environmental industry is turning into a rising industry and the main area contributing to the development of the "green economy", and its average annual growth rate remains at the level of 15-20%. China is becoming one of the world's largest eco-industry markets ³⁷.

Beijing actively cooperates with the United Nations Environment Programme in combating land desertification, protecting the diversity of fauna and flora and the ozone layer, promoting clean production and a cyclical economy, combating flooding in the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River, and educating and training personnel in this area. The Global Programme of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-based Activities continues to be implemented. China also participates in APEC's environmental and sustainable development activities.

In January 2014, the Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People's Republic of China and the Asian Development Bank signed a Memorandum of Understanding on improving the environmental situation in the People's Republic of China. The memorandum sets out the main directions and forms of cooperation between the two sides, planned for the next 4 years. Special attention is paid to the development of political dialogue, exchange of scientific knowledge and environmental capacity-building ³⁸.

As for environmental cooperation with the Russian Federation, it is developing primarily in the field of energy efficiency and renewable energy sources, in the implementation of the previously adopted " Program of Cooperation between the regions of the Far East and Eastern Siberia of the Russian Federation and the North-East of China (2009-2018)". The exchange of experience and innovative rescue technologies is carried out, in particular, on the issues of emergency response on border rivers and ensuring environmental safety in the region. The Russian side is particularly concerned about the north-eastern regions of China bordering Russia, where unresolved environmental problems that have accumulated over many years have already led to severe pollution and a decrease in fresh water reserves.³⁹

In general, we can say that the increased attention that Beijing has recently begun to pay to environmental protection is a big and important step forward, a step that is designed to ensure sustainable economic growth and build a "harmonious and beautiful China". A technological leap forward and environmental cooperation with other countries that are more advanced in this area will help China resolve the contradictions between the needs of economic growth and environmental protection, and move to a "clean industry"economy.

However, the size of the territory, the world's largest population and the traditional structure of the national economy require not only the most serious reforms, but also huge material costs. On this path, China will have to overcome many more difficulties and solve a huge number of accumulated environmental problems.

¹ http://news.chinesc-producer.com/

² http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/russian/sci/tech/newsid_1757000/1757 433.stm

³ http://www.epochtimes.ru/content/view/70248/4/

⁴ http://russian.people.com.cn/31521/8562111.html

⁵ http://way2china.ru/problema-ekologii-v-kitae.html#ixzz2Kme WJEwU

⁶ Ibid.

⁷ http://russian.china.org.cn/environment/node_20140165.htm

⁸ http://stringer-news.com/publication.mhtml?Part=48&PubID= 24282

⁹ http://cpc.people.com.en/n/2014/0116/c64094 - 23561785.html

¹⁰ http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjfx/ztfx/jnggkf30n/t20131106_402514 956.htm

¹¹ http://russian.china.org.cn/exclusive/txt/2013 - 03/20/content_27862176_2.htm

¹² http: russian. china.org.cn, 28.01.2014.

¹³ People's Daily. 15.11.2013.

¹⁴ http://russian.people.com.cn/31521/8562111.html

¹⁵ Ibid.

¹⁶ Ibid.

¹⁷ http://russian.china.org.cn/exclusive/txt/2014 - 03/15/content_31796272.htm

¹⁸ http://news.chinese-producer.com/

¹⁹ http://cpc.people.com.en/n/2014/1116/c64094 - 23561785.html

²⁰ http://russian.people.com.en/31321/8562111.html

²¹ http://opinion.people.com.cn/n2013/1117/с1003 - 23568186.

²² http://cpc.people.com.en/n/2013/1116/c64094 - 23561785.html

²³ Ibid.

²⁴ Ibid.

²⁵ http://russian.people.com.en/31321/8562111.html

²⁶ http://russian.china.org.cn/exclusive/txt/2014 - 03/15/content_31796272.htm

²⁷ http://cpc.people.com.en/n/2013/1116/c64094 - 23561785.html

²⁸ Ibid.

²⁹ www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2013 - 03/02/content_ 391693.

³⁰ Ibid.

³¹ http://rdi.cass.cn/show_News.asp?id-33967

³² http://opinion.people.com.cn/n2013/1117/с1003 - 23568186.

³³ http://www.ng.ru/ideas/2013 - 12 - 27/9_china.html

³⁴ http://www/businesseco.ru/NewsAM/NewsAMShow.asp?ID=2 012483

³⁵ http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/russian/sci/tech/newsid_1757000/175 7433.

³⁶ http://ru.ruschina.net/news/page_13038/ecol/seal/

³⁷ http://cpc.people.com.en/n/2014/1116/c64094 - 23561785.html

³⁸ http://russian.china.org.cn/environment/node_20140125.htm

³⁹ 10 key events of 2013 / / Xinhua News Agency, 6.01.2014.

Permanent link to this publication: