(New version of the historical and cultural interpretation)

The article summarizes the materials of burials of the early-developed Bronze Age of the multi-layered burial ground Ordynskoe-1. A general overview of the history of their study and interpretation is given. The problems of dating and cultural affiliation of the main burial complexes of the Krotovo and Yelunin cultures are considered.

Keywords: Early Bronze age, Krotovo and Yelunin cultures, cross-cultural interaction.

Introduction

The Ordynskoye-1 burial ground is a multicultural monument that includes burials from the Neolithic, Advanced Bronze Age, Early Iron Age, and Early Middle Ages. It is located on a high promontory on the left bank of the Novosibirsk Reservoir and the Horde Bay, formed by the river of the same name at its confluence with the Ob River, 2 km southeast of the Ordynskoye settlement in the Ordynsky district of the Novosibirsk Region (Fig. 1). Before filling the reservoir bed, the western tip of the cape was a low above-flood terrace of the Ob River. Horde, east-high uval.

In the 1950s, M. P. Gryaznov partially excavated two Neolithic sites on the territory of the Ordynskoe-1 monument-the Western and Eastern ones-and during the study of an early Iron Age burial mound, he found two Eneolithic burials [1954; 1956, p.29]. In 1961, V. P. Alekseev published a craniological series of the Neolithic and Bronze Ages, including those from the Ordynskoe-1 burial ground [1961].

On the highest part of the Horde terrace there were necropolises, among them-the Bronze Age mounds Horde-1g, a group of mounds of the Early Iron Age and the Middle Ages Horde-1e. In the north-eastern part of the burial ground, under the mound No. 17, the remains of a Samus culture dwelling were traced. V. A. Zakh opened a small part of the pit and revealed eight post pits with a diameter of 0.1 - 0.2 m and a depth of 0.1 m [Zakh, 1983, p.58, 64]. The ceramics found in the dwelling are similar to those of Group 1 from the settlement of Samus IV [Ibid., p. 64].

All this remarkable complex was discovered in 1953 by M. P. Gryaznov, who also conducted the first studies of the monument in 1952-1954 [Gryaznov et al., 1973, p. 14-17; Zavitukhina, 1968, p. 28]. Later, the object was repeatedly excavated: in 1962 - by V. A. Dremov, in 1965, 1967, 1970, and 1994-by T. N. Troitskaya, in 1973-1975-by V. A. Zakh, and in 1987-by A.V. Novikov [Troitskaya, Molodin, and Sobolev, 1980, p. 97; Troitskaya, 2010, pp. 19-58, 66; Komarova and Molodin, 1973]. For the most part, this was a conservation effort, involving studies of the ever-eroding edge of the coastline; therefore, many of the complexes uncovered here were already heavily damaged.

Even at the early stages of studying the monument, the question arose about the cultural affiliation of a number of burials of the burial ground, as well as about the originality of the complex-

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Fig. 1. Location of the Ordynskoe-1 burial ground. In the lower inset, the area of the shoreline of flooding of the Novosibirsk reservoir bed is indicated in red, and the border of the shoreline after flooding is indicated in yellow (state as of 1962).

ca ceramics, represented by a series of archaeologically intact vessels. Researchers intuitively attributed one part of the graves to the Neolithic or Early Metal period, and the other - presumably to the cultures of the Early Iron Age [Troitskaya, 1973, p. 92]. A large group of burials could not be attributed at all [Ibid., p. 100; Zach, 1983, p. 65]. A significant part of the burials belonging to the Neolithic period (Molodin, 1977) was diagnosed as Bolynerechensk and Kulay burials (Zavitukhina, 1968; Troitskaya, 1979, pp. 22-25, 71-73; Zakh, 1983, p.65). In addition, materials from settlement complexes were processed and put into scientific circulation.

Part of the ceramic complex, represented by archaeologically intact vessels, was originally dated to the Eneolithic or Early Bronze Age and compared with the materials of the Krotovo-7/8 settlement [Troitskaya, 1973, p. 92]. V. I. Matyushchenko published two vessels from this collection and identified them as Samus [1973, Fig.54, 1,2]. Later, a part of the ceramic complex of Ordynsky-1 was assigned by one of the authors of this article to the Krotovo culture [Molodin, 1977, pp. 50, 54-55, Tables LIV, 1,2; LVI, 1,2; LVII, 2; LVII, 7,8].

In connection with the discovery of an extra-settlement layer of archaeologically intact vessels at the mainland level, it was suggested that there was a special burial ground on the territory of the monument. Initially, it was assumed that his burials were completely destroyed during the construction of burial mounds of the Early Iron Age (Troitskaya, 1973, p. 92). The question of whether specific graves belong to the Krotovo culture was first raised by V. A. Zach [1979; 1983, p. 64]. The discovery of the Sopka-2/4B burial ground in the Barabinsk forest-steppe, which is similar in burial rite and inventory to the specified Krotovsky burial ground, allowed us to raise the question of the uniformity of these monuments and assign to them a number of undated graves of Ordynsky-1 [Molodin, 1985, pp. 83-84].

Thus, during the study of the multi-layered monument Ordynskoe-1, a burial ground of the Krotovo culture was discovered on its territory. Judging by the distribution of Krotovo ceramics and the location of burials, it was located under the mounds of nearby mounds N 2, 7, 8 and 11, as well as in the inter-burial area, which was opened up by a continuous area in 1973-1975. (Fig. 2, 2).

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2. Plan of the Ordynskoye-1 burial ground (1) and layout of the sites of 1962-1973 (2).

In the second half of the 1980s, Yu. F. Kiryushin attributed settlement materials, including those from the Ordynskoye-1 monument, to the Krotovo culture [1986, p. 20]. At the beginning of the XXI century, he dated the finds from the eastern site (Ordynskoe-1a) to the Eneolithic (2002, p. 39). The researcher assigned the artefacts from the Western site of Ordynskoye-16 to the 2nd group (2nd subgroup) of materials from this period [Ibid., p. 40]. Finds from four burials of the Ordynskoe-1a monument (three of them were studied by M. P. Gryaznov and one by V. A. Zakh) Yu. F. Kiryushin suggested to be considered as products of the Irbinsky type [Ibid., p. 45, fig. 48, 2 - 8, 11; 64, 66, 67, 70].

According to Yu. F. Kiryushin, the territory in the area of the Ordynskoye-1 monument is the northern end of the area of the Elunin culture that he identified [Ibid., p. 46]. In the 1st group of Elunin ware it includes "seven vessels discovered by T. N. Troitskaya in mounds of mounds 2, 7, 8 and 11 of the Ordynskoe 1 burial ground" [Ibid., p. 50, Fig. 99, 7 - 3; 100]. The researcher also refers to the Elunin culture three burials of the Horde burial ground, studied by V. A. Zach [Ibid., p. 68; Kiryushin and Grushin, 2001, p. 40]. At the same time, Yu.F. Kiryushin shares V. I. Molodin's opinion that a number of burials of the burial ground belong to the Krotovo culture [Kiryushin, 2002, p. 69], considering that this monument was located on the border of the areas of the Krotovo and Yelunin cultures [Ibid., p. 88].

A new reference to the materials of the Ordynskoye-1 burial ground seems relevant for a number of reasons. First, the Krotov burial ground material has not yet been fully generalized and systematized, so its use in the scientific literature is extremely difficult. Secondly, after Yu. F. Kiryushin singled out in 1986 a special Elunin culture [1986], synchronous with the Krotovo culture, some experts began to classify as the first monuments that were considered Krotovo from the moment M. N. Komarova distinguished the Krotovo type of ceramics [1956, pp. 98-99, 101, fig. 42, 1 - 7]. The Ordynskoe-1 burial ground was also referred to Krotovo later, after V. F. Gening and his students identified Krotovo-type monuments [Gening et al., 1970], and subsequently, with the expansion of the source base, a special (Krotovo) culture [Molodin, 1975a, b].

The desire of Yu. F. Kiryushin to change the definition of cultural belonging also affected the burials of the Ordynskoye-1 monument, which some Barnaul researchers define as Elunin [Kiryushin, Grushin, Tishkin, 2010, p. 553; Grushin, 2001, p.219]. This state of affairs leads to terminological confusion and requires special analysis. The considered part of the Ordynskoye-1 burial ground is important for solving this problem. The territory of the monument, located in the border zone of distribution of the Krotovskaya and Eluninskaya cultures [Kiryushin, 1987, p. 121; 2002, p. 88], was obviously used by the carriers of these cultures for the construction of burials.

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Monument description

The results of the analysis of the materials of the long-term study of the Ordynskoye-1 monument, including archival data, allow us to consider the complexes of interest to us within the framework of a special burial ground, apparently, strongly disturbed by later burials (Fig. 2; 3,1).

Mound No. 2 (Figs. 3, 1). By the time of studying its embankment, it turned out to be more than half destroyed by the Novosibirsk reservoir. Studies of the object were initiated in 1962 by V. A. Dremov; he uncovered layers on an area of 21.5 m2 [1962]. The entire mound was excavated in 1965 by T. N. Troitskaya. The data obtained were partially published [1973, p. 89, Fig. 1, B]. Products of the Krotovo culture were found near border No. 1 and in a predatory pit deepened into the mainland (Figs. 3, 2-4).

Burial No. 1 (Fig. 3). It was located at the level of the mainland at the eastern edge of the mound mound

3. Plan of excavations in 1962 and 1965 (1) and vessels from border No. 1 to square G4 (2-4) of mound No. 2.

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(sq. 4/y-d). It is oriented along the north-east-south-west line. The remains of decayed wood floors have been preserved. The child's skeleton was completely decomposed; the orientation of the buried person could not be determined. There was no clear outline of the grave. The grave pit was recorded only in the stratigraphic section. Filling of the grave is light sandy loam, the bottom is uneven, with a rise in the north-eastern part.

To the right of the buried man, at the southern edge of the grave, on the mainland, the ruins of three Krotov vessels were found: two, apparently, were inserted into each other, and a third stood 0.2 m away from them. Fragments of it were also found at the northern edge of the grave (Figs. 3, 2-4). The fourth vessel - a miniature poorly profiled unornamented pot-is fixed on the decayed ceiling (Fig. 3,5). Initially, the vessel was identified as a Kulay vessel; its similarity to the Bolshaya Rechenskaya samples and differences from them in surface treatment and composition of the molding material were noted (Troitskaya, 1979, p. 24). Taking into account the presence of similar dishes in the materials of the ceramic complex of the Preobrazhenka-3 settlement and the context of its occurrence, the vessel should be attributed to the Krotovo culture.

A silver earring in the form of an open ring with a diameter of 1.7 cm was found in the Grabitelskaya pit near the northern wall of the excavation (Troitskaya, 1973, Fig. It is made of a cast round cross-section rod with a thickness of 0.16 cm. Similar rings are often found in the materials of the Krotovo burial grounds Sopka-2 / 4B and Tartas-1 (Molodin, 1985, pp. 65-66, Fig. 32, 3 - 5, 9 - 15, 24, 26; 34, 26].

The pit has an irregular elongated shape and is oriented along the west - east line along its longitudinal axis. Its maximum dimensions are 4.5 x 2.1 m, and its depth from the mainland level is 0.33 m. From the pit to the northern wall of the excavation stretches a ditch with a width of 1.4 m. The silver ring lay together with fragments of beads made of sheet bronze (sq. 9/i). At a distance of 0.25 m to the south of these finds, a human skull was found facing up. Probably, the pit was a ruined Krotovo burial.

Mound No. 7 (Fig. 4, 1). It was closely adjacent to Mound No. 2 and its western hollow completely merged with it (Troitskaya, 1967, p. 8, Fig. 21). Excavated by T. N. Troitskaya in 1967* [Ibid., pp. 6-8, figs. 23-32, 35]. At the time of excavation, the embankment was more than half destroyed by the Novosibirsk reservoir. Its length along the cliff line was 20 m, width 17 m, height 1 m. The materials were partially published [Troitskaya, 1973, pp. 84-88]. The mound probably consisted of several mounds superimposed on each other. Six burials were found on the territory of the excavation. One of them (N 5) is dated to the Late Bronze Age, and two more (N 4 and 6) are dated to the end of the first millennium BC [Ibid., pp. 93.95]. Three burials (N 1 - 3) are attributed to the Krotovo culture. The graves are located compactly under the eastern edge of the mound. Burials N 1 and 2 were located in the same row, graves N 3-3.2 m to the west of them (see Fig. 4,1).

Fig. 4. Plan and section of the mound. N 7 (1), a fragment of a ceramic vessel from it (2, 3). a-turf; b - black sandy loam; c-light sandy loam; d-wood remains; e - inclusions of ash; e-border N 4, 5; e - Krotovskaya ceramics; g - other ceramics; h - ceramic vessel; i-animal bones; k - mole burials; l - other burials.

* One of the authors of this article participated in the 1967 excavations.

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Fig. 5.Border plans N 2 (1) and N 1 (2) mounds N 7, stone plate from the border. N 2 (3, 4).

Burial No. 1 (Fig. 5, 2). The contours of the grave pit were not traced. The skeleton was at the level of the mainland. The grave is oriented along the north-east-south-west line. Obviously, the depth of the grave pit was small and corresponded to the thickness of the buried soil. Burial No. 1 was located in the same row with the pogrom. No. 2. The deceased was buried on his back, with his head facing north-east. The skull was preserved in articulation with the lower jaw, six vertebrae with seven ribs, and the left clavicle. The arm bones lay along the backbone; the humerus bones were preserved in situ. The ulna and radius bones of the left arm were displaced, although they were in articulation. To the left of the temporal bones of the buried person,a well-rounded round pebble measuring 4.7 x 3.4 cm with traces of clogging was found. It was published by T. N. Troitskaya [1979, Table XXV, 23]. Fragments of human bones, fragments of the bottom part, and the body of the Krotov vessel, apparently from the destroyed part of the grave, were found in the pre-continental layer in the mound on the site adjacent to the burial from the south-west (see Figs. 4, 2, 3).

Initially, the burial was attributed by T. N. Troitskaya to the Kulay culture. The conclusion is made taking into account the orientation of the grave and the impact pebble found in it , an object often found in the Kulai burials of the Kamenny Mys burial ground [1973, p. 99]. However, the funeral rite, the preservation of the bones, the location of the grave in the same row with the Krotovsky pogrom. N 2 and the obvious connection with the collapse of the Krotovo vessel found nearby allow us to confidently attribute it to the Krotovo culture.

Burial No. 2 (see Fig. 5,1). It is oriented along the north-east-south-west line. The contours of the grave pit could not be fixed. The depth of the grave was small and probably corresponded to the thickness of the buried soil. A teenager of 11-12 years old was buried at the level of the mainland, stretched out on his back, with his head facing northeast [Ibid., p. 89]. At the burial, the right leg was extended, the left leg was slightly bent at the knee, the right arm was extended along the body, and the left arm was bent at the elbow. A thin rectangular plate of gray fine-grained sandstone was found near the elbow bend of the left arm (Figs. 5, 3, 4). Its length is 11.3 cm, width 8, thickness ranges from 0.4 to 0.14 cm. Closer to the edges, the thickness of the plate gradually decreases; in cross-section, it is almost lenticular in shape. The surface is thoroughly sanded. On one side, there is a slight blockage in the form of clusters of shallow pits (Figs. 5, 3, 4). On the other side there are micro-inclusions of copper oxides. The functional purpose of the product is not clear. Currently, it is kept in the museum of the Novosibirsk State Pedagogical University (N 122). A similar plate was found in the krotovek border No. 13 (mound 6) of the Sopka-2/4B burial ground (Molodin, 1985, pp. 44-45, figs. It is also made of fine-grained sandstone. The plate was neatly sawn in half, and only one half was placed in the grave. The specific shape of the product makes it a kind of cool diagnostic marker, and the value of the find can hardly be overestimated.

Burial No. 3 (see Fig. 2; 6). It is oriented along the north-east-south-west line. The contours of the grave were not revealed. The depth corresponded to the thickness of the buried soil. Above the skeleton, a 2 - 3 cm thick layer of grave filling was observed, consisting of soil interspersed with coals and ash (Troitskaya, 1967, p. 7).

The deceased was buried at the level of the mainland on his back, with his head to the northeast. During burial

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Fig. 6. Plan (1) and photo (2) of border N 3 and mound N 7.

his arms were placed at his side, his left arm slightly bent at the elbow. The radius and ulna bones of the right hand are lost. The chest is badly damaged. There are five thoracic vertebrae in the joint with five right ribs and one left, as well as three lumbar vertebrae. The bones of the legs are stretched out, the feet are turned in different directions. No finds were found in the burial.

Mound No. 8 (see Fig. 2; 7,1). It is located 10 m north-east of mounds N 2 and 7. It was studied by T. N. Troitskaya in 1967 [1967, pp. 8-9, figs. 34-39]. The materials are partially published [Troitskaya, 1973, pp. 89-90, fig. 1, k; 3, d, e].

The mound is represented by the north-eastern half of a long low (0.2 - 0.3 m) mound, which was initially taken for several mounds that merged together. During the 1967 field season, only part of the mound was opened, under which a ditch, two graves and a round pit were found. During the work, it turned out that the ditch traced under the mound goes beyond the excavated territory, therefore, only part of the long mound was opened. The work was supposed to continue, but when it resumed in 1970, this section of the burial ground was already completely eroded.

The mound of the mound consisted of two horizons: the upper one is represented by a very dense dark sandy loam, and the lower one is represented by a light sandy loam, which filled the ditch, pit, and partially grave (Fig. 7, 1). According to the mound structure and burial rite, the mound under consideration was significantly different from the other burial mounds, so at first its dating and attribution caused difficulties [Troitskaya, 1973, p. 100]. Pozzhev, N. I. Molodil, based on the analysis of the inventory and features of the funeral rite, attributed the burials to the Krotovo culture [1985, p. 83].

Burial No. 1 (Fig. 8). It is located in the southern sector of the mound. The grave is partially covered by a thick layer of calcined soil, ash and embers. The dimensions of the puncture are 1.3 *0.95 m, the thickness is 0.22 m.

The grave pit has the shape of an elongated oval. Its length is 1.60 m, width 0.95 m, depth 0.5-0.8 m. The pit is oriented along the west-east line. The northern, southern and eastern walls of the grave are steep, while the western one is inclined. The bottom is uneven - at the western wall it is 30 cm higher than at the eastern one, so the entire south-western part of the grave is slightly raised.

The burial was disturbed in ancient times. Filling the grave pit -dense light sandy loam. A layer of wood decay can be traced over the buried floor. In the section, a trace of predatory penetration is visible in the form of dark sandy loam reaching to the overlap of the lens.

The deceased is buried on his back, with his head facing west, with his knees slightly bent and his legs slightly spread apart. During the burial, his arms were stretched out along the torso, his torso and head were raised due to the roughness of the bottom and, apparently, rested on the western wall of the grave. In the western part, the burial was disturbed during looting. The skull, lower jaw, and humerus of the left arm were dislocated and lay in disarray.

Burial No. 2 (Fig. 9, 1). It is located on the border of the northern and western sectors of the mound, 0.65 m north of border No. 1. The grave pit has the shape of an oval. It is oriented along the west-east line. It is deepened into the mainland by ledges. Its length along the upper contour is 1.5 m, its width is 1.25 m, and its depth from the mainland is 0.8 - 0.85 m. At a depth of 9 cm, the pit narrows sharply and forms a wide step along the southern and northern walls. The dimensions of the grave along the edge of the ledge are reduced: length 1.3 m, width 0.7 m. The bottom of the grave is uneven - its level rises to the western wall by 5 cm.

The burial was disturbed in ancient times. Filling the grave pit-dense light sandy loam with lenses of gray sand and dark sandy loam-a trace of predatory penetration. A layer of wood decay can be traced above the backbone.

The child was buried in the grave in an elongated position on his back, with his head facing west. The skull was missing. At the burial, the hands were placed along the torso and slightly spread out to the sides, the legs were stretched out;

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7. Excavation plan and section of mound No. 8 (1), metal ornaments (2-5) and a ceramic vessel from pit No. 1 (b).

a-turf; b - dark gray soil; c-light gray soil; d - calcined soil; e-gray sand; d-wood; d - ceramic fragment; g-metal rings. 2, 3 - silver; 4, 5-bronze.

Fig. 8. Plan (1) and photo (2) of border No. 1 mound. N 8.

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Fig. 9.Border plan N 2 mounds N 8 (1) and a bone disk (2).

only the femur bones were found in situ. The thorax was completely preserved; on the ribs there was a suspension in the form of a slightly convex horn disk on both sides with a round hole in the center (Fig. 9, 2). Its diameter is 2.2 cm, thickness is 0.6, and the hole diameter is 1 cm. Similar products made of horn, bone and stone are widely represented in the materials of the Krotovo culture. Almost the same bone ring with only incisions along the edge was found in border No. 13 of mound 6 of the Sopka-2 / 4B burial ground [Ibid., p. 53, Fig. 25, 9]. In the same grave there was another disk of pink marble [Ibid., p. 42, fig. 18,1]. Two similar stone products were found in border No. 1 of mound No. 48 and border No. 6 of mound No. 44 on Sopka-2 / 4B [Ibid., p. 42, figs. 18, 2, 3]. All the disks recorded in situ in the Sopka-2/4B and Ordynskoye-1 burial grounds were located in the belt region, which indicates their use as costume decoration [Ibid., pp. 42, 67].

0.45 m north-west of border No. 1 and 0.8 m south-west of border No. 1. N 2 was a round pit N 1. Its diameter is 1.5 m, depth is 0.4 m. Fragments of the Krotovsky vessel were found in the filling of the pit. A fragment of the same vessel was located at the level of the mainland 0.7 m northeast of border No. 1.The vessel is being reconstructed almost completely (see Fig. It is pot-shaped, its height was 16.5 cm, the diameter of the corolla is 10.5, the bottom diameter is 9 cm. The entire surface of the product is decorated with closely spaced impressions of a receding comb stamp. The rim of the corolla is decorated with indentations of the same comb (Molodin, 1977, Table LVII, 2).

Three earrings, two bronze and one silver, lay in a compact pile near the northern wall of the pit (see Figures 7,3 - 5). Another similar silver earring was found near the western wall of the same pit (see Figs. 7, 2). The bronze earrings are made of a 0.3 cm diameter round rod. The twig is bent into rings with a diameter of 2.2 cm in such a way that the gaps at the junction of the ends do not exceed 0.1 cm. Silver earrings are open rings with a diameter of 1.5 and 1.7 cm, made of twigs with a thickness of 0.3-0.4 cm. Some of the finds were published [Troitskaya, 1973, Fig. 3, d, e]. An earring similar to the latter was found in the predatory pit of mound No. 2 described above in the burial ground under consideration.

The twigs from which the earrings are made are cast according to wax models in one-piece casting molds. This is indicated by the uneven thickness-the result of rolling out the plastic mass into a thin bundle, as well as the absence of casting seams. To make the rings, the twig was divided into segments of the desired length. Judging by the fractures, after several repeated bends, it was simply broken without any preliminary pruning. Then the piece of twig was bent into the shape of a ring. The bronze earrings were lightly forged on a circular pattern. The rest were bent into a ring through the stop. Such items are widely represented in the materials of the Early Bronze Age cultures of Eurasia. It is important to note their presence in the materials of both the Krotovskaya (Molodin, 1985, p. 65-66) and Elunin (Kiryushin, Grushin, and Tishkin, 2010) cultures.

The described burials are unlikely to be directly related to the mound. The earthen structure, like the ditch, is probably a later construction of the Bolynerechenskaya (?)tower. part of it, together with the burial site, remained unexplored.

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Fig. 10. Plan of mound No. 11 (1) and a ceramic vessel from the mound mound (2). The inset shows traces of a comb stamp on the surface of the vessel.

Kurgan No. 11. It is located 10 m west of mounds 2 and 7 (see Fig. 2; 10,1). It was excavated by T. N. Troitskaya in 1970 [1970, p. 21, figs. 88-90]. Some of the materials were published [1973, p. 90, Fig. 5, b]. At the time of excavation, the embankment was already half eroded and collapsed into the Novosibirsk reservoir. The length of the remaining part along the coastline is 9.46 m, width 4.8 m, height 0.3 m. Six burials were found in the mound, of which three (N 2, 3, 6) date from the end of the first millennium BC to the beginning of the first millennium AD [Ibid., p. 95, 99; 1979, p. 73]. Graves No. 1 and 5 are undated. Only border No. 4 belongs to the Krotovo culture.

Burial No. 4 (Figs. 10; 11, 1). The grave is oval in shape, elongated along the north-east-south-west line. The burial site is badly damaged. Its southern wall was eroded and collapsed into the Novosibirsk reservoir. The south-western part of the grave was destroyed by the later border crossing No. 5. The walls of the preserved part of the grave pit are steep, the depth from the mainland level is 0.25 m. The filling of the grave is homogeneous, represented by dark sandy loam. In the mound of the mound, an outburst formed during the construction of the burial in the form of a yellow sand lens is traced.

A skull with the lower jaw of an adult was found on the left side of the grave, as well as the ulna and radius bones of the right hand. Apparently, the deceased was placed in the grave with his head to the north-west, but it is not possible to determine the exact position of the skeleton.

A flat rectangular polished stone plate, lenticular in cross-section, was found in the grave at the bottom level. It is similar to the plate from the border. No. 2 mound 7, made in the same technique, but smaller in size (see Fig. 11,2, 3). Product length is 9,5 cm, width 5,3, thickness 0,35 - 0,12 cm. 1.6 m to the north, at the level of the mainland, there was a collapse of the Krotovsky vessel: the bottom and part of the body; the corolla was missing (see Figs.

Initially, the burial was dated to the Neolithic period (Troitskaya, 1970, p. 21; 1973, p. 92), but later, based on analogies with the materials of the Sopka-2/4B burial ground, it was attributed to the Krotovo culture (Molodin, 1985, p.44-45).

Part of the inter-burial area to the north and northeast of Mound No. 8 was investigated in 1973-1975 with a continuous area of 238 m2 (Zakh, 1983, p. 61). On the uncovered territory, 17 multi-time burials were identified, of which five belong to the Krotovo time, and four probably belong to the Krotovo culture.

Burial No. 1 (see Fig. 2; 12, 1). Eroded by the Novosibirsk reservoir, the entire south-eastern part of the grave collapsed. The outer contour of the grave is rectangular, with slightly rounded edges. It is oriented along the north-west-south-east line. The length of the preserved part is 1.20 m, width 0.97 m, depth 0.26 m. The grave was completely looted. The orientation of the buried person could not be established, only a few lying in disarray were preserved.

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Fig. 11.Border plan N 4 mound N 11 (1) and stone plate (2, 3).

12. Plan of ground border No. 1, mound No. 4, excavation in 1973-1975 (1) and stone grindstone (2, 3).

human bones. 12,2, 3). Its length is 9,6 cm, the greatest width is 0,2 cm, the thickness in the center is 0,9 cm, at the edges - 0,6 cm. Near the grave, near its southern wall, a cluster of Krotovo ceramics was found.

Burial No. 3. Was located in the north-western part of the excavation. The contours of the grave pit were not traced (see Fig. 2; 13, 1). The burial is oriented along the north-east-south-west line. The deceased was buried on the mainland, with his head to the northeast. The skull was slightly displaced, the front part oriented to the left. The thorax is destroyed, the vertebrae are in disarray. The bones of the left arm are elongated along the backbone. During the burial, the right arm was bent at the elbow - the ulna was located on the remains of the chest. The humerus bones lay parallel to the chest and to each other, the right clavicle was preserved in situ and fixed the location of the shoulder girdle along the bottom of the grave. Feet with-

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Fig. 13. Ground boundary plan N 3, mounds N 4 (1) and seryoga (2).

bends. At the time of discovery, they were lying in a compact pile on top of the ulna of the left arm. The right femur overlaps the left, its distal epiphysis is turned 180°, i.e. it lies knee down. In this case, the left femur is located on top of the right tibia, i.e. the legs were unnaturally crossed and turned out. Such a position of the lower limbs is possible if at the time of burial the soft tissues of a person were at the stage of active decomposition or the legs were subjected to postmortem movement. However, taking into account the information from the accounting documents and the very poor preservation of the bones, it can be assumed that the deceased was buried on the left side, crouched.

Near the occipital bone of the buried person was a miniature silver earring in the form of a ring of one and a half turns, made of a round twig in cross-section, curved into a ring through the stop (Fig. 13, 2, A). Signs of using this technology are bends on the inner side of the product, repeating the shape of the stop. The product diameter is 1.4 cm, the cross-section of the rod is 0.3 cm.

Such rings are numerous in the materials of the Early - Developed Bronze Age of Eurasia; this allows us to confidently attribute this burial site to the specified period (Molodin, 1985, p. 65-66; 2012, p. 164-165). The burial should be attributed to the Yelunin culture, since the deceased is buried on the left side, bent over, with the head facing northeast, and these elements of ritual practice are dominant for this cultural formation [Kiryushin, Grushin, Tishkin, 2010, p. 556].

Burial No. 6 (see Fig. 2; 14, 1). The material is partially published (Zach, 1979, Fig. 2, C). The burial pit is rectangular in shape with strongly rounded corners and extends along the south-west-north-east line. Its length is 1 m, width 0.5, depth 0.26 m. The walls are sheer. A knife-shaped plate was found in the filling of the grave (Figs. 14, 3). The child was buried on his back, with his head facing south-west. The skull is fragmented, the bones of the hands are not preserved. At the burial, the legs were slightly bent and brought together at the knees, possibly originally raised up by the knees.

The grave pit was partially covered by border No. 7 (dirt grave). No. 2, according to T. N. Troitskaya), which is dated from the first century BC to the first century AD and is defined as the Kulayskoye field (Zakh, 1983, p. 65; Troitskaya, 1979, p. 24-25, 73; Table XXIII, 3). 1 m to the north-west of border No. 7 there was a puncture, and nearby-the collapse of the Krotovsky vessel. Three fragments of the second Krotovo vessel were found near the southern edge of the grave. The tradition of placing the vessel next to the chamber in the buried soil is characteristic of the burial practice of the Krotovo culture. For example, in the Krotovsky burial ground Sopka-2/4B, more vessels were found near the graves than the burials that contained the vessel (Molodin and Lamina, 1989).

Fig. 14. Boundary plan No. 6 (1) and No. 11 (2) of the excavation site in 1973-1975, knife-shaped plate from the filling of the boundary. N 6 (3).

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At the same time, it would be incorrect to refer this burial only to the Krotovo or Yelunin culture, since the former is not characterized by the orientation of the deceased's head to the south-west, and the latter by the pose. The marked vessels could well belong to some other complex, perhaps not studied.

0.2 m north-west of grave No. 6 is an oval - shaped pit (No. 2), elongated along the west-east axis. Its dimensions are 0.6 x 0.4 m, and its depth is 0.32 m. A stone bump and flake were found in the filling.

Burial No. 8. On the upper contour had the shape of an elongated oval. It is oriented along the south-west-north-east line. Its length is 1.4 m, width is 1 m, depth is 0.8 m. The burial was looted. Several scattered human bones and three bone arrowheads were found in the grave pit. On the territory adjacent to the burial, a concentration of fragments of ceramics from the Krotovo culture is recorded.

Burial No. 9 (see Figs. 2, 15). The grave is oval in shape, elongated along the north-east-south-west line. Its length is 1.9 m, width 0.7 m, depth 0.39 m. The walls are sheer. The deceased is buried in an elongated position on his back, with his head facing northeast. The skull is turned to the left, the thorax is not preserved, the pelvis is badly destroyed. During the burial, the left arm was extended along the torso, the right arm was slightly bent at the elbow, and the legs were extended.

On the left side of the skull were pendants made of animal teeth and a fragment of a stone moon-shaped pendant made of a thin plate of very soft white slate (Figs. 15, 4, 4a). One end of the suspension is broken off, the scrap is smoothed out. The length of the preserved part is 4 cm, the largest width is 1.55, the thickness of the suspension in the widest part is 0.4, in the narrowest - 0.15 cm. Similar products are quite widely represented in the Krotovo culture [Molodin, 1985, pp. 43-44, fig. 18, 7 - 9, 11 - 13]. Almost complete analogs of the analyzed suspension were found in border N 381 of the Krotovo culture of the Tartas-1 burial ground (Molodin et al., 2011, Fig. 34, 3).

Next to the humerus of the right arm, a flint arrowhead was found, lying with its tip up (Fig. It is almond-shaped and belongs to the third type of mole tips, according to the classification of V. I. Molodin [1985, p. 40]. Its length is 2.1 cm, width 0.9 cm. Similar arrowheads in Western Siberia became widespread during the early-developed Bronze Age.

In the area of the thoracic region there was a fragment of a sharpener made of fine-grained gray sandstone (Fig. 15, 1, 3). The tool in the form of an irregular trapezoid is made of gray slate. Its length is 6 cm, width at the wide end is 3.7 cm, narrow end is -1.7 cm, thickness is 1.7 and 0.9 cm, respectively. At both ends of the ime-

15. Plan of the excavation site No. 9 in 1973-1975 (1), a stone arrowhead (2), a sharpener (3), a fragment of decoration (4; 4a - reconstruction of its original shape) and chips from the grave filling (5, b).

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16. Ceramics from the site of the excavation in 1973-1975. 1-near the border N 9; 2 - sq.13 and 33 (near the border N 9). N 11); 3,4 - sq. 8.

there are worn-out breaks; it is possible that the product was previously part of a larger object. Flakes of siliceous shale and a fragment of stone were also found in the filling of the grave (Figs. 15, 5, b).

0.8 m south-southwest of the grave pit, at the level of the mainland, the collapse of the Krotovsky vessel was found (Fig. 16, 1) with small particles of burnt bones. The material was partially published [Zach, 1979, Fig. 3, 11]. The vessel may be directly related to the burial.

Burial No. 11 (see Fig. 2; 14,2). The grave pit is sub-rectangular in shape with slightly rounded corners. The walls are sheer. Its dimensions along the upper contour: length 1.2 m, width 0.8 m; depth from the mainland level 0.46 m. The grave is oriented along the line south-west-north-east.

The child was buried on his back, in an outstretched position, with his head facing southwest. The skull lies face up. The bones of the arm are extended along the backbone. The bones of the left hand are completely preserved, the ulna and radius bones of the right hand are missing. The right leg was stretched out at the burial, the left leg was slightly bent at the knee. A puncture can be traced in the feet of the buried person at the north-eastern wall of the grave. Its dimensions are 32x16 m.

To the north-west of the grave pit, on an area of 2 m 2 (sq. 33), fragments of the Krotovsky vessel were scattered (Fig. 16, 2), and another fragment of the same vessel was located next to border No. 1 in sq. 13 (Fig. 17, 1). The vessel placed next to the burial site at the level of This is one of the manifestations of the above-mentioned ritual practice, which was repeatedly recorded at the Sopka-2 / 4B burial ground.

Burial No. 17 (Fig. 18, 1). Found by V. A. Zakhom during the inspection of the monument in 1977 [1979]. The grave pit is sub-rectangular in shape with slightly rounded corners. The walls are sheer. It is oriented along the north-north-east-south-south-west line. Filling - light sandy loam. The entire eastern wall is washed away and collapsed into the Novosibirsk reservoir. The length of the preserved part of the pit is 1.25 m, the depth from the mainland level is 0.45 m. The deceased is buried on the left side, head to the north-northeast. The skull was crushed, lying on the left temporal bone with the front part to the right.

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17. Ceramics from the site of the excavation in 1973-1975.

18. Burial plan in the inter-burial area of the 1977 excavation (according to [Zakh, 1979, p. 32]) (1), metal earrings (2, 3), a bronze arrowhead (4), and a ceramic vessel (5).

At the burial, the arms were bent at the elbows. The leg bones were badly damaged when part of the grave collapsed into the river. Only the pelvis and fragments of the femur bones were preserved, and the position of these bones suggests that the legs were also bent during the burial. There are traces of ochre on the left collarbone.

Two unclosed bronze rings were found at the base of the skull. One is made of a 0.3 cm thick rectangular twig in cross-section. The ring diameter is 2.4 cm, the distance between the unclosed ends is 0.4 cm. The second product with a diameter of at least 2 cm was partially preserved. The ring is made of a round rod with a diameter of 0.2 cm.

A bronze petiolate arrowhead was found next to the left collarbone of the buried man. It has a sub-triangular feather with two spikes, which are the result of cutting the base of the forged plate with a chisel. Pen length 3.2 cm, width 2.2, thickness 0.2, handle length 1.3, width 0.8, thickness ranges from 0.2 to 0.1 cm. Similar arrowheads were found in the Tsygankov Sopka-2 and Kanai burial grounds (Barnaul Ob region) [Grushin et al., 2009, p. 44; Degtyareva, Grushin, and Shaikhutdinov, 2010, Fig. 1, 8].

At 0.07 m from the south-south-western edge of the grave on the mainland there was a rounded puncture with a diameter of 0.3 m, with a thickness of 0.15 m. 18, 5), which undoubtedly belongs to the Pre-Iron Bronze Age period.

In the first publication, the grave was tentatively assigned to the Krotovo culture (Zakh, 1979). At present, taking into account the position of the buried person (on its side, in a crouched position), it should be classified as the Yelunin culture.

Thus, on the territory of the Ordynskoye-1 burial ground, under the mounds of later mounds and in the inter-burial area, 14 burials were identified, which can be confidently dated to the period of the Russian Academy of Sciences.-

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neu-developed bronze. All objects are located quite compactly - in the middle part of the burial ground, on the highest part of the slope of the river terrace.

Conclusions

Analysis of the burial complexes of the Early Bronze Age of the Ordynskoe - 1 monument shows that they are of different times and cultures. According to the peculiarities of the funeral rite, several groups of burials can be distinguished. The first group consists of eight burials; their funerary rite and inventory indicate that they belong to the Krotovo culture, its classical version.

The funeral rite characterizes the placement of the corpse on its back, at the level of the mainland, or in a shallow sub-rectangular or oval grave with steep walls. Graves on the long axis are oriented mainly to the north-east-south-west. Where this has been traced, the grave pits form rows oriented from north-west to south-east. The deceased were buried stretched out on their backs, possibly with their legs bent and their knees raised up (in two cases). In the burials there was an inventory typical of Krotovo burials - rectangular stone plates worn down to the edges, a moon-shaped pendant.

At least two pits can be confidently attributed to the Krotovo culture. The location on the burial field next to or between the graves of such structures is typical for the Krotovo funeral rite.

The vessels were usually located near graves on the mainland or on buried soil. Only one miniature vessel was found on the remains of the overlap, fragments of another vessel were found in the pit. Placing vessels outside the grave is a characteristic feature of the Krotovo funeral rite, which has been repeatedly noted in the literature [Molodin, 2010, p.63; Molodin and Lamina, 1989]. It should be noted that the ceramics of the Krotovo and Yelunin cultures are strikingly similar. Currently, it requires an additional comprehensive study to highlight the specific features of the complexes. For the time being, we must admit that it cannot be culturally diagnostic in isolation from the whole complex, at least for these two entities.

The second group includes two burials (N 3 and N 17 of the excavation site in 1973-1977). Taking into account the specifics of the funeral rite (Kiryushin and Trushin, 2001; Kiryushin, Trushin, and Tishkin, 2010), the latter belongs to the Yelunin culture.

The third group includes four graves that cannot be clearly attributed. They differ from Krotovo in the orientation of the buried, from Elunin-in the position of the deceased.-

19. Ceramics collected in the scree of the bank in 1987.

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go in the grave. In addition, these burials also differ from the Samus burials recently discovered near Novosibirsk (Titova and Sumin, 2004, Fig. Perhaps they belong to the Krokhalev culture, the funeral rite of which is currently almost unknown. So far, only one burial found at the Tuzovsky Hillocks I monument has been attributed to the Krokhalev culture (Abdulganeev and Kiryushin, 2002, Figs. 1, 1).

This combination of burial grounds that are different in their cultural affiliation, arranged, in fact, in a single sacred space, apparently, is not accidental. The fact is that the territory where the analyzed complex was located was part of the contact zone of various cultural entities. Apparently, the eastern border of the area of the Krotovo culture and the northern border of the area of the Eluninskaya culture were located here. Of course, these boundaries were "floating", since these cultural formations existed for several centuries and the boundaries of their distribution changed (especially in the contact zones). In addition, along the belt forest zone, carriers of the Samus culture penetrated into this area from the pre-taiga part of the Ob region. Part of the Samus dwelling is traced under the mound of mound No. 17, and the layer of this settlement also includes scattered fragments of ceramics of this culture found under the mound of mounds. N 9 and on the territory of excavations in 1973-1974, 1987 (Fig. 19) [Zakh, 1983, pp. 58, 64, Fig. 3, 1].

At present, the stratigraphic position of the Krokhalev culture, whose monuments are known in the forest-steppe zone of the Upper Ob region, is also not completely clear (Molodin, 1977; Kiryushin, 2002, Figures 162, 164). The latter are undoubtedly close in time to the carriers of the Krotovo and Yelunin cultures. Therefore, it should not be excluded that representatives of the Krokhalev culture were also interwoven into this complex mosaic. Moreover, a vessel that is closest to Odin's pottery was found at the "Horde Western site" (Kiryushin, 2002, Fig. 64, b). This suggests that the Ob region was the eastern periphery of the area of the Odin culture, where its carriers actively interacted, at least with the Krokhalev population. In general, it has already been noted that the ceramics of the Odinovskaya and Krokhalevskaya cultures have many similar features [Molodin, 1985], which allows some researchers to even see Krokhalevsky complexes in the Odinovskaya ceramics of the Baraba forest-steppe [Panfilov, 1993, p.44, 45; Zakh, 2009, p. 246]. However, it is difficult to agree with the latter version; the grounds for such a conclusion are given in a special paper [Molodin, 2012, pp. 182-185].

Thus, a series of burials of the early-developed Bronze Age period, studied in different years by our colleagues, undoubtedly belong to different cultural formations, which should be taken into account when referring to the materials of this most interesting monument.

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