The article presents the results of a study of Kyrgyz burial mounds at the Chineta II burial ground in the Northwestern Altai. In the burials performed according to the cremation rite, accompanying equipment was found, which mainly included items of weapons, belt sets and horse equipment. The excavated mounds belong to two stages of development of the local version of Kyrgyz culture in the Altai - Yakonur (the second half of the IX-first half of the X century) and Ak-Tash (the second half of the X-XI century). The features of relations between the newcomers of the Kyrgyz and the local population of Altai are established. At the first stage, the Yakonur stage, their peaceful coexistence was observed, since the Turks in the IX-X centuries. they were allies of the Kyrgyz in the war against the Uighurs. In the second, Ak-Tash period of the Kyrgyz people's stay in the Altai, the nature of relations changes somewhat. An inlet Kyrgyz burial site was recorded in an earlier mound of the Srostkin culture. This can be explained by both hostile relations and the loss of information about the ownership of the burial object due to the unstable stay of Kyrgyz people in the Altai in the XI century.

Keywords: Kyrgyz people, Siberia, Central Asia, Middle Ages, ethnopolitical processes, funeral rites, cremation, weapons, horse equipment.

Introduction

The Chineta II mound group is located 1,0-1,4 km south-east of the village of Chineta (Krasnoshchekovsky district of Altai Krai) on the second above-floodplain terrace of the Chineta River. 1, 2). Since 2001, an archaeological expedition led by the author of the Altai State University has been working in the Chinetinsky archaeological microdistrict, which includes this multi-time burial ground. Currently, 29 mounds belonging to the Scythian-Saka period and the Middle Ages have been studied on the monument. Among them, four were found with cremation burials. In addition, an inlet burial with a corpse-burning was found in the Srostkin culture mound. Brief information on the results of the study has already been published (Tishkin, Dashkovsky, and Gorbunov, 2005). This article provides a detailed description of the funeral rite, inventory, and cultural and chronological attribution of the objects studied.

Characteristics of the funeral rite and inventory

Mounds 10-13 were located in the southern part of the Chineta II burial ground near a group of objects of the Srostkin culture within one sacred space (Fig. 2). The mound of mound 10, consisting of two or four layers of stones, had a diameter of 8.5 m and a height of 0.06 - 0.75 m (Fig. 3). 4). The calcified human bones, together with the burial equipment, were located at the level of the ancient horizon on a fairly extensive area. The size of this amorphous cluster along the lines C-S and W-H is 1.65 and 1.73 m, respectively. In the northern part of the burial, two iron arrowheads, a fragment of an iron knife, a bronze buckle (Fig. 5, 19) and four plaques were found, in the eastern part-another bronze buckle (Fig. 5, 18), bronze balls formed at the time when things were on the funeral pyre, and a horse's tail a tooth. Besides,

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Fig. 1. Location of the Chineta P. burial ground.

2. Plan of the Chineta II and Khankarinsky Dol burial grounds.

a - excavated mounds; b - undiscovered; c-excavated Turkic fences.

in the northern half of the burial, a small circular pit with a diameter of 0.65 m and a depth of up to 0.33 m was found, in which there were four iron arrowheads. According to the classification proposed by V. V. Gorbunov [2006, p. 32-33], of the six tips found in mound 10, three can be attributed to type 24 (option b) -triangular-three-bladed asymmetric-rhombic with a washer-shaped stop, and the other three-to type 29 (option a) - triangular asymmetric-rhombic with a washer-shaped stop.

It is important to pay attention to the fact that two small oval belt buckles on short shields of a sub-rectangular shape differ from each other: one end of the shield is rounded, and the other is triangular. These items have stable analogues in the monuments of the Kyrgyz culture of the IX-X centuries in Khakassia, Tuva, and Eastern Kazakhstan (Tyukhtyatsky hoard [Evtyukhova, 1948, Fig. 131], Toratalarty burial grounds [Nechaeva, 1966, Fig. 9, 4], Shanchig [L. R. Kyzlasov, 1969, Fig 35, 8], Zevakinsky (Arslanova, 1972, Table IV, 19) , etc.).

Mound 11 was located 5.75 m south of Mound 10 (Fig. 6). The mound is approx. 5 m, 0.6 m high

Fig. 3. Mound mound 10.

Fig. 4. Burial according to the cremation rite in mound 10.

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5. Burial equipment from mounds 1, 10, 11, and 13 of the Chineta II burial ground.

1 - 6, 9 - 17, 20 - 24 - kurg. 13; 7, 8-kurgan. 1; 18, 19-mound 10; 25, 26-mound. 11. 1 - 17, 20 - 26 - iron; 18, 19-bronze.

6. Mounds of mounds 11, 12.

it was made of stones in two or three layers. Under it, a burial was found at the level of the ancient horizon, which was a cluster of calcified human bones, ashes, coals, various bronze and iron objects, which had an oval shape elongated along the Z-B line, its length was 2.3 m, width 1.65 m. 5, 26) and four pins (punctures) with fixing plates from the saddle (see Figs. 5, 25), two whole bronze buckles on short shields of a sub-rectangular shape with a triangular end and one fragment of a similar product, bronze droplets, an iron ring,an iron ring, an iron ring, an iron ring, an iron ring, an iron ring, an iron ring, an iron ring, an iron ring, a trenchik.

It should be emphasized that iron pins used for fixing the components of saddles are quite rare in Early Medieval mounds. In particular, they were found in border 1 of mound 3 of the Novofirsovo VII burial ground in Altai, dated to the 9th-10th centuries (Alyokhin, 1990, Figs. 6, 2, 3).

Mound 12 was located 4.25 m south of Mound 11 (see Figure 6). The mound similar to the one described above had a diameter of 4.25 m and a height of 0.4 - 0.6 m. Under it, in the southern half, a cremation burial was discovered, performed at the level of the ancient horizon. The accumulation of calcified human bones, ash, coals, and various bronze and iron objects was stretched along the S-Y line.

During the analysis of the northern half of the embankment, an iron pommel of the whip handle in the form of a bird's beak was found (Fig. 7, 10). The tradition of using the whip by nomadic peoples to control the horse and even as a weapon is well documented from the Scythian period and up to the ethnographic present (Borodovsky, 1993). Pommels in the form of a bird's head are known in the materials of various medieval monuments of Western and Southern Siberia [Kyzlasov I. L., 1983, Tables XVIII, 1-5; Vybornoye, 2007, p. 235; et al.].

An iron adze was found 0.35 m west of the cremated human remains (Figs. 7, 21). Such tools are found in the burials of various Turkic-speaking nomads of the Middle Ages. S. P. Nesterov [1981], having analyzed tesla from monuments of the Turkic, Kyrgyz, and Srostkin cultures

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7. Burial equipment from mound 12 of the Chineta II burial ground .

1 - 11, 13 - 18, 20 - 27 - iron; 12, 19, 28, 29-bronze.

South Siberia, identified two types, taking into account the ratio of the sleeve and blade: 1) with an open sleeve equal to the width of the blade or slightly larger; 2)with "shoulders" - products with a blade wider than the sleeve. According to the joint venture. Nesterova [Ibid., p. 172], the former were distributed in the VI-VIII centuries, and the latter - in the US-Khvv. B. B. Ovchinnikova [1990, p. 58-60], summarizing almost a decade later the material on adzes from burials of Turkic - speaking nomads, identified three types, further subdivided depending on the size into subtypes. At the same time, the first and third ones coincide with the JV typology. The second one is transitional and is characterized by the fact that the outer contour of the products has the planned "shoulders" when moving from the nozzle location to the working edge.

Adze from mound 12 of the Chineta II burial ground belongs to the third type (subtype a) - with "shoulders". Such tools, according to B. B. Ovchinnikova [Ibid., p. 59], were most common in the X-X-X centuries, although in Khakassia they are also known in an earlier period - in the Chaatas culture in the VI-VII centuries. Adzes with "shoulders" were found in various Kyrgyz burials in Tuva, Khakassia, and Eastern Kazakhstan (Eilig-Khem III, Mound 3 [Grach, Savinov, and Dluzhnevskaya, 1998, p. 43, Table XX, 23), and the Tora-Tal-Arty necropolis [Nechaeva, 1966, Fig. 34.1], Zevakinsky burial ground, mounds 97, 100, [Arslanova, 1972, Tables III, 1; IV, 17], etc.Guns of this category were probably multifunctional. You should pay attention to the output of the joint venture. Nesterov's theory that adzes are found in the burials of Turks with a horse along with a set of weapons of a lightly armed rider, so they could be used as a chopping melee weapon [1981, p. 172]. Later, scientists drew attention to the combination of adzes in the burial inventory with weapons of a Kyrgyz warrior (Grach, Savinov, Dluzhnevskaya, 1998, p.37). In the mound. 12 of the burial ground of Chinet II adze was also found in such a set.

Among the melee weapons, the dagger should be especially noted (Fig. 7, 11). According to the classification of medieval daggers [Gorbunov, 2006, p. 79], the specimen from this mound can be attributed to type 23 - a two-edged iron blade with a triangular shape with a lenticular cross-section and a smooth handle. Similar daggers were found in Altai on the monuments of the Kudyrge Turkic culture, dated within the second half of the VI - first half of the IX century. [Ibid., p. 81].

The most widespread finds are iron petiolate arrowheads, which were found in the northern part of the burial site - 21 copies. They can be divided into eight types according to the classification of V. V. Gorbunov. Type 9 (variant d), characterized by a triangular three-bladed pen with a washer-shaped stop, includes 2 copies. 7, 14, 26). Type 11 (option b) is represented by seven tips, which have a protruding nozzle and a three-bladed rhombic feather with a washer-shaped stop (Fig. 7, 2 - 6, 8, 9). A variation of the same type (variant d) is an instance with all the above features, but not with a washer-shaped, but a cylindrical stop (Fig. 7, 1). Type 16 (variant b), which is characterized by a non-geometric keel-shaped pen with a washer-shaped stop, is represented by three tips (Fig. 7, 23-25). Type 23 (variant b), characterized by a triangular-bladed triangular pen with a washer-shaped stop, includes 2 copies. 7, 18, 22). One

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the tip, which has a diamond-shaped pen with a washer-shaped stop (Figs. 7, 7), belongs to type 25 (option a). Type 42 (variant b) - tetrahedral with a quill of a quadrangular shape with a cylindrical stop-includes 3 copies. 7, 15-17). One tip represents type 49 (option a)-tiered triangular-trapezoidal without a stop (Fig. 7, 20). The last copy belongs to type 59 (variant a), to the so-called sector tips, in which the outline of the pen resembles a sector of a circle, where the arc corresponds to the blade (upper edge), and the radii make up the sides (Fig. 7, 27).

0.25 m to the west of the cluster of arrowheads, two rounded belt buckles were found on short shields of a sub-rectangular shape with a triangular end in one and a rounded end in the other (Figs. 7, 28, 29). Another buckle, the main one, was found in the western part of the burial site. It is also rounded, with a short sub-rectangular shield (Fig. 7, 19). Analogs of such items are given above when considering bronze buckles from mound 10.

Among the finds from the western part of the burial, other details of the belt set were also revealed - two belt tips with a triangular end (Figs. 7, 12), four bronze plaques, as well as an iron plate, a ring (Figs. 7, 13) and a number of fragments of metal products. It should be noted that belt tips of various types are quite common in the Kyrgyz burial mounds of Khakassia and Tuva. At the same time, they are often richly ornamented [L. R. Kyzlasov, 1969; Grach, Savinov, and Dluzhnevskaya, 1998; Korol, 2008; and others]. The belt tips from mound 12 of the Chineta II burial ground are decorated with circular ornaments, which were quite widespread in the Middle Ages in the Khakass-Minusinsk basin and beyond. simplicity of its execution [L. R. Kyzlasov, Korol, 1990, p. 98, Table XXI, 15].

Mound 13 was located 14.5 m south of the mounds. 12. The embankment, built of stones in two or four layers, had a diameter of 6.5 m, a height of 0.60 - 0.75 m. Under it, in the eastern part, a cremation burial was found, made in a small hole. 1,00*0,42*0,14 8). At the bottom of the grave near the northern wall, a compact cluster of calcified human bones has been cleared away. There were found drops of bronze, a fixing plate from a peg and a bronze nail in a piece of charred wood. Separately in the western part of the grave pit were iron objects that had been in the fire. Among the finds are bits with twisted links and a rod, hook internal and eight-shaped external endings (see Figs. 5, 14). In the large opening of one, the psalium bracket is fixed (see Figs. 5, 15). Similar bits are quite well known in the materials of early medieval monuments of the IX-X centuries in the Altai, Tuva, Khakassia, and Eastern Kazakhstan (Karbolikha VIII, mound 8, Gilevo XV, mound 4 [Mogilnikov, 2001, Fig. 34, 7; 30, 12], Eilig Hem III, the mounds 1, 3 [Grach, Savinov, Dluzhnevskaya, 1998, p. 33-34], Angor-Khvu, mound 1 (Dluzhnevskaya and Semenov, 1990, Fig. 2, 11), Tyukhtyatsky hoard (Evtyukova, 1948, Fig. 134), Kezeelig-khol, mound 1 (Khudyakov, 1982, Fig. 5, 2), Zevakinsky burial ground, mound 97 (Arslanova, 1972, Table V, 7), Shanchik (L. R. Kyzlasov, 1981, Figures 33, 28) , etc.). Attention should be paid to one feature: on the bits from the Eilig-Khem III burial ground in Tuva, the eight-shaped outer endings are located in perpendicular planes, and on the bottom of the rod, the outer ends are located in vertical planes. copies from the burial ground of Chinet II and a number of monuments of Khakassia and East Kazakhstan-in one. Researchers note that twisted rods of rods in combination with eight-shaped external ends located in the same plane were widespread in the IX-X centuries not only among the Kyrgyz, but also among other peoples who were under their influence [Grach, Savinov, Dluzhnevskaya, 1998, p.33]. Similar bits were found by the author in mound 9 of the Chineta II burial ground, dated to the second half of the 9th century and related to the Gryaznov stage of the Srostkin culture (Tintkin, Dashkovsky, and Gorbunov, 2004, p. 411, Fig.1, 28).

A small iron single-edged petiole knife was also found in the burial (see Figs. 5, 16). Items of this category can be found on memorabilia sites.-

ke. 8. Burial according to the cremation rite in the burial mound. 13 burial grounds of Chinet P.

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31, 33; Arslanova, 1972, Tables III, 3, 4; Table IV, 18; Grach, Savinov, and Dluzhnevskaya, 1998, Tables XVIII, 33-37]. The typology and chronology of knives from the Kyrgyz assemblages have not yet been developed in detail, but the closest morphological specimen was found in mound 100 of the Zevakinsky burial ground (Arslanova, 1972, Table IV, 18).

Among the items of weapons in the burial, 17 iron petiolate arrowheads were found (see Fig. 5, 1 - 6, 9 - 13, 17, 20 - 24), which can be attributed to the following types according to the classification of V. V. Gorbunov. Type 9 (variant d) is represented by a single specimen having a three-bladed triangular feather with a washer-like stop (see Figs. 5, 21). Seven tips belong to type 11 (option b) - three-bladed rhombic with a washer-shaped stop (see fig. 5, 1, 2, 4, 20, 22 - 24). Three specimens are trihedral-three-bladed diamond-shaped with a washer-shaped stop (see Fig. 5, 3, 5, 6), which corresponds to type 25 (option a). Two tips represent type 28 (option b) - triangular with a triangular pen shape and a cylindrical stop (see Figs. 5, 9, 10). Two specimens belong to type 34 (variant b), which is characterized by a triangular tetrahedral pen with a cylindrical stop (see Figs. 5, 11, 12). One tip belongs to type 39 (option a) - tetrahedral, with a leaf-shaped pen and a washer-shaped stop (see Figs. 5, 13). The last instance is associated with type 57 (variant a) by its characteristics. It is characterized by a single lobed fork-shaped body without a stop (see Fig. 5, 17).

In addition to the burial mounds of the Kyrgyz culture itself, the Chineta II burial ground was also found to contain an inlet Kyrgyz burial site in Mound 1, which belongs to the Srostkin culture (Tishkin and Dashkovsky, 2002) and most likely served as a cenotaph. Later, this mound, due to its relatively large size, was probably looted by the Russian population in the XVIII-XIX centuries. Moreover, the old part of the village of Chineta functioned during the specified period in 100 m from it. The looting of the mound, obviously, caused the destruction of both burials - Kyrgyz and Srostkin. Among the finds found in the course of the mound analysis, Kyrgyz-type items include a fire-calcined iron twisted hairpin (see Figs. 5, 7) and an arrowhead (see Figs. 5, 8), a tetrahedral elongated rhombic shape with a cylindrical stop (type 37, option b). It is noteworthy that women's toilet items are quite rare in Kyrgyz burials. Analogs of barrettes from kurg. 1 are known in the Kyrgyz monuments of Khakassia [Kyzlasov I. L., 1983, pp. 41-42, Tables XXV, 32, 33]. At the same time, the pommel of the specimen from the Chinet II burial ground is made in the form of two spirals twisted inwards, and for similar products from Khakassia, on the contrary, outwards.

The most widespread finds, iron arrowheads discovered during the study of mounds 1, 10-13, have broad analogies in the materials of monuments of the Kyrgyz culture of Tuva, Khakassia, Altai and Eastern Kazakhstan [L. R. Kyzlasov, 1969; Arslanova, 1972; I. L. Kyzlasov, 1983; Khudyakov, 1982, 1990; Dashkovsky, 2001 Grach, Savinov, and Dluzhnevskaya, 1998; and others]. Since this category of inventory was analyzed in detail by V. V. Gorbunov [2006], including in terms of the time of appearance and existence of individual types, there is no need to dwell on this. It should only be noted that the iron petiolate tip of an elongated rhombic shape with a cylindrical stop from mound 1 (type 37) is probably the most recent of all the considered ones. Rhombic and elongated rhombic tips are characteristic of Kyrgyz monuments of the XI-XII centuries, while in the second half of the IX-X centuries, three - bladed and three-sided-three-bladed ones predominated (Khudyakov, 1990, pp. 192-194, Fig. 3; Gorbunov, 2006, pp. 40-41, Fig. 33; and others], which are in the greatest number and are represented in the burials of the Kyrgyz burial ground Chineta P. In general, the analysis of the accompanying inventory allows us to date the burial mounds 10-13 to the second half of the IX century, and the inlet Kyrgyz burial site in the burial mounds is considered to be the oldest burial site in Kyrgyzstan. 1 of the Srostkin culture - XI century.

Conclusion

The study of a series of mounds of the Kyrgyz culture at the Chineta II burial ground and some other monuments in Altai allowed researchers to approach in more detail the issues of cultural and chronological nature that were previously raised by L. R. Kyzlasov, IL. Kyzlasov, D. G. Savinov, G. V. Dluzhnevskaya, Yu. S. Khudyakov and other scientists. In particular, A. A. Tishkin and V. V. Gorbunov proposed to distinguish two stages of the development of Kyrgyz culture in the Altai, identifying them according to the most well-studied monuments at that time: Yakonur (the second half of the IX-first half of the X century) and Ak - tash (the second half of the X-XI century). The first (840-ca. 950) corresponds to the" era of great power " of the Kyrgyz Khaganate and is characterized by the highest power of the nomadic state, the second (c. 950-1050) was marked by its disintegration into the principalities of Kyrgyzstan and Kem-Kem-Dzhiut (Tishkin and Gorbunov, 2002). It should be noted that in the process of further development of cultural periodization, not only comparative analysis of the clothing complex, but also radiocarbon dating has certain prospects. The experience of such research is already available

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obtained by the author when studying the burial ground of Chineta P. From Kyrgyz mounds 10, 12, three samples were selected - charred wood, coal, and calcified bone. The latter was not suitable for research. According to two samples, dates of 1300 ± 45 (SOAN-5858) and 1100 ± 70 (Le-7424) BP were obtained, which, in principle, are consistent with the time of stay of the Kyrgyz in the Altai.

An important aspect of the problem under consideration is the study of the relationship between foreign Kyrgyz military contingents and the local population. In the Kyrgyz period, Turkic tribes lived in the mountainous regions of Altai, and in the foothills and forest - steppe zone-carriers of the Srostkin cultural tradition. The available materials demonstrate the different nature of relations between them and Kyrgyz people. Since the Turks in the IX-X centuries were allies of the latter in the war against the Uyghurs, peaceful coexistence was observed at the first, Yakonur stage. This is evidenced, firstly, by runic inscriptions, in particular from Mendur-Sokon (Baskakov, 1966, p. 80-81), and secondly, by funerary monuments built within the same social and sacred space both in the mountainous and foothill regions of Altai. So, on the burial ground of Chinet II, the Kyrgyz burial mounds were located next to the Srostkin mounds that were almost synchronous with them. The preservation of a certain isolation of the chains of mounds of different cultures indicates the absence of assimilation processes during this period [Dashkovsky, 2011, pp. 136-137]. A similar situation was recorded in the study of the Gilevo I-IV burial mounds: simultaneous Srostkin and Kyrgyz burials were found within the same burial field (Mogilnikov, 2002, Fig. 1). Similar processes were observed in the Central Altai, where mounds of Kyrgyz and Turkic cultures were found on the Kara-Koba I necropolis (Mogilnikov, 1990). These data once again confirm the rather stable relations with the local population in the first period, since otherwise, for religious and ideological reasons, the Kyrgyz would hardly have buried their dead in common cemeteries.

It is interesting to study mounds 1, 2 of the Yustyd XIV burial ground, dating back to the end of the IX - beginning of the X century. Their peculiarity lies in the features of tombstone structures in the form of a sub-square stone embankment, horizontal masonry slabs, orientation of the fence to the cardinal directions, etc. According to G. V. Kubarev (1995, pp. 172-173), these mounds are quite comparable with monuments of the Minusinsk chaatas type. The mixed nature of the funeral rite recorded in them may be a consequence of contacts between the newcomers of the Kyrgyz and the local Turkic population.

In the second, Ak-Tash period of the Kyrgyz people's stay in Altai, the nature of relations with the local population changes somewhat. Thus, the case of the destruction of the cenotaph of the Srostkin culture by a later Kyrgyz burial recorded at the Chineta II burial ground may have been caused by both hostile relations and the loss of information about the ownership of the burial object due to the unstable presence of Kyrgyz people in this region in the XI century (Gorbunov, Dashkovsky, Tishkin, 2005). There are fewer monuments of the second stage in Altai than the first. This is probably due to the weakening of the already insignificant influence of the Kyrgyz in this region, as well as in Southern Siberia and Central Asia in general. Since the end of the tenth century. a significant number of them are returning to the Middle Yenisei basin. Even earlier, at the beginning of the tenth century, the Kagan moved his headquarters first from Southern Tuva to Central Tuva, and then to the Minusinsk Basin. According to the available data, such movements are caused not only by economic and domestic political problems, but also by pressure from Khitans, and possibly from Kuns, Kays, and Naimans [Grach, Savinov, and Dluzhnevskaya, 1998, p.67].

Thus, the results of the study of the Chineta II burial ground confirm the conclusion about the existence of the Altai local variant of the Yenisei Kyrgyz culture in Southern Siberia. The stages identified in its framework are quite well synchronized with the periods of development of other local variants, in particular Tuva and Minusinsk.

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The article was submitted to the Editorial Board on 11.01.14, and the final version was published on 24.01.14.

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