The article presents quantitative information about the collections of seeds of cultivated plants from archaeological sites of the VIII-X centuries in Primorsky Krai. Based on these data, the main crops grown by the population of Primorye during the existence of the Bohai state and after its defeat were determined. An attempt is made to identify common and special features in the set of cultivated plants among residents of different regions of the region.

Keywords: early Middle Ages, Bohai, Primorye, agriculture, cultivated plants, archeobotany, archeobotany spectra.

Introduction

Agriculture of the medieval population of Primorye is currently poorly studied. This is explained not only by the small number of sources (remains of cultivated plants, agricultural implements), but also by the fact that agriculture was considered by researchers of the history of the early states of Primorye in a generalized way, as part of a general reconstruction (as far as possible based on the analysis of archaeological materials) of the economy of the medieval population of the region. Agriculture and its aspects rarely became objects of special research. An exception is the works of V. I. Boldin devoted to the agriculture of the Bohai and Jurchen people of Primorye. The researcher, after analyzing all the archaeological data available at that time (mid-80s of XX century), attempted to reconstruct agriculture and animal husbandry in the region during the Bohai states (698-926) and Eastern Xia (1215-1233)*. He suggested the existence of a bed system of agriculture and crop rotation Among the Bohai people, "the similarity of agricultural equipment of the Bohai and Jurchens is noted, most likely due to the common agricultural tradition" (Boddin, 1996). Obviously, it was the latter, as well as the lack of archaeological data, that did not allow V. I. Boldin to identify features in the agriculture of the Bohai and Jurchen people of Primorye, the existence of state formations that are separated by more than 200 years. Much of his conclusions about Bohai agriculture were based on extrapolating from the analysis of more extensive materials from Jurchen archaeological sites.

At the time of V. I. Boldin's research, it was considered that the medieval monuments of the XII-XIII centuries. They belong to the Jurchen state of Jin, which included part of the territory of Primorye. But later it was found out that the Jurchen settlements of Primorye were created during the short period of existence of the state of Eastern Xia.

* The work was carried out within the framework of the Russian Science Foundation project N 14 - 18 - 01165 "Cities of medieval empires of the Far East".

By the end of the 1980s, the study of medieval agriculture in Primorye was suspended. But the accumulation of relevant sources on archaeological sites continued. Moreover, since the 2000s, this process has received a new direction as a result of E. I. Gelman's introduction of the water flotation technique into field studies of Bohai objects, which allows purposefully extracting carbonized plant remains that are visually indistinguishable in sediments. In 2000-2005, using this method, she obtained a significant collection of seeds and fruits from the Bohai Horbatka settlement, which at that time had no analogues in terms of content. The results of species identification of some of this material made it possible to significantly expand the existing list of cultivated plants grown by the population of the Bohai State in Primorye (Sergusheva, 2002). Since that time, the study of agriculture based on the materials of the Bohai monuments has acquired an archeobotanical orientation. Work on the accumulation of relevant sources and their specific definitions continues. To date, seeds and fruits have been obtained and analyzed from the settlements of Gorbatka and Kraskinskoye, Abrikosovskoye (all investigated by E. I. Gelman), and Chernyatino-2 (excavations led by YUG. Nikitin), as well as from the ancient settlement Koksharovka-1 (excavations under the direction of N. A. Klyuev)* [Sergusheva, 2002, 2010, 2011; Sergusheva, German, 2010; Yongheju Koksyarophykha-1..., 2012]. Their archaeobotanical analysis made it possible not only to reconstruct, on the basis of direct data, the composition of cultivated plants grown in the VIII-X centuries by the population of Primorye, but also to begin to identify the significance of various species for the inhabitants of specific monuments, based on the quantitative ratios of the detected plant remains. A review of these data is presented in a recently published paper, which also attempts to rank agricultural crops of the Bohai population of Primorye by their economic significance [Sergusheva, 2012a].

The purpose of this study was to identify regional and chronological features of agriculture of the population of Primorye in the VIII-X centuries, manifested in the set of plants grown and the quantitative ratios recorded in it. The subject of the study is the archaeological and botanical spectrum of five monuments of the Bohai culture and post-Bohai time. It is calculated based on the proportion of detectable seeds of cultivated plants in archaeological collections. By itself, this indicator is not a direct analog of the crop structure. And the extent to which it reliably reflects the quantitative ratios of cultivated plants that existed in ancient times is confirmed by its stability, which means that "any samples in the existing collection, as well as newly obtained from the same monument, do not change the main share indicators of individual cultivated plants and their hierarchy in the spectrum on a statistically significant scale" [Lebedeva, 2008]. The archaeobotanical spectra identified for the sites under consideration were reconstructed on a small amount of data, which does not exclude their correction in the future with increasing material, but their use is acceptable as a basis for preliminary conclusions.

Materials and methods

The study was carried out on the basis of quantitative analysis of seeds of cultivated plants from four archaeological sites of the Bohai state (Abrikosovskoye settlement, Chernyatino-2 settlement, Kraskinskoye settlement and, to some extent, Gorbatka settlement) and one post-Bohai settlement (Koksharovka-1). All archaeobotanical materials were obtained using the manual water flotation technique (see, for example, [Yanushevich, Kuzminova, Vostretsov, 1989; Lebedeva, 2009]). Under laboratory conditions, seeds and fruits (carpoids) of plants were selected from the obtained samples and their species identification was carried out on the basis of the carpological method. The content of all identifiable seeds of cultivated plants was determined for each monument or individual excavation site on the Kraskinskoye settlement. This indicator was calculated from the total number of carpoids found on the site. To reconstruct the archaeological and botanical spectra of monuments, the proportion of seeds of cultivated plants of different species was calculated.

Most of the archaeobotanical materials used come from the same type of sediments - infillings of housing complexes. In excavations 40 and 42 at the Kraskinskoye settlement, seeds and fruits were obtained from the pits of seven dwellings**, in the settlement

* The ancient settlement of Koksharovka-1 functioned, according to archaeological data, during the existence of the state of Bohai and some period after its defeat. The site is currently being studied for deposits dating back to the post-Bohai period (X century). The archaeobotanical material used in this study was obtained from the infill of two rooms interpreted as part of an administrative complex dating back to this period [Yongheju Koksyarophykha-1..., 2012].

** To date, the archaeobotanical materials from these two excavations (almost 600 seeds of cultivated plants) are the most informative and informative for the monument.

Chernyatino-2 - one, on the hillfort Gorbatka-eight. On the Koksharovka-1 hillfort, two sites (buildings 6 and 7) containing archaeological and botanical materials are part of a complex consisting of several buildings and being reconstructed as a palace (administrative) complex. However, judging by the composition of the finds (ruins of large vessels, including steamer cookers and other kitchen utensils) from these rooms, as well as the remains of cultivated plants found, food preparation activities could have been carried out in them. Only in the village of Abrikosovskoye, seeds and fruits of plants were obtained from small exploratory excavations with planigraphically indistinguishable archaeological sites.

Not all available quantitative data on crop residues were fully used, as they could not be correctly compared with each other. For example, the overall picture is significantly distorted by the calculations for seeds obtained from two samples in excavations 20 and 39 of the Kraskin settlement. Taking into account the fact that most of the crop residues found in them (samples) are represented by soybean seeds (76.8 and 88.7%, respectively), which are relatively large in size and can be visually distinguished in soil deposits, we consider these samples as samples of grain accumulations. Such deposits are formed once, and their composition usually depends on the specific archaeological context (Lebedeva, 2008) and does not necessarily reflect the relationships between the components of the cluster that actually existed in ancient times (if it was multicomponent). For this reason, the quantitative indicators of these samples were not used for comparison with similar data obtained as a result of systematic flotation of deposits from excavations 40 and 42 of the Kraskinskoye settlement, exploration pits of the Abrikosovsky settlement, excavations of the Chernyatino-2 settlement and the Koksharovka-1 settlement. Also, due to the small number of finds (17 seeds in 30 samples), materials from excavation 34 of Kraskinsky settlement were not used for quantitative comparison. Due to the lack of quantitative data on the archaeobotanical materials of the Gorbatka hillfort, the results of species determination of seeds from this site were used only in the relative categories "more - less"*.

Describing the source base of the study as a whole, we note that all materials were obtained and analyzed using a single methodology. Therefore, we consider it possible to use the final results to compare and reconstruct the qualitative composition of cultivated plants grown by the population of Primorye in the VIII-X centuries.

Results

Available archaeobotanical data (see table, Fig. 1) show a significant predominance of crop residues among the detected seeds (70-90%). The largest number of species (12) was recorded in the Gorbatka settlement, followed by Kraskinskoye settlement (10), Chernyatino settlement-2 (9), Abrikosovskoye settlement and Koksharovka settlement-1 (8 each). Among the identified species of cultivated plants, there are eight that are represented on all or most of the sites under consideration. These are Italian, Japanese and common millet, naked barley, soft wheat, cultivated soybeans, angular beans and perilla. Other species are recorded on separate sites and, as a rule, in small quantities (Fig. 2). Thus, seeds of filmy barley are found only on two sites (Kraskinskoe and Gorbatka), peas - also on two sites (Gorbatka and Koksharovka-1), buckwheat, ropeberry-on one (Gorbatka), hemp and a vegetable plant of the cruciferous family-also on one (Kraskinskoe).

All the monuments are dominated by seeds of two types of millet - Italian and Japanese. Their total share on individual monuments is close to 50 % or exceeds this value, and on the Koksharovka-1 settlement it reaches almost 90 %. In the Abrikosovskoye settlement, Chernyatino-2 settlement, and Koksharovka-1 settlement, more Italian millet seeds were found than Japanese millet seeds (35, 43, and 57%, respectively, versus 26, 17, and 31%). Based on the available data, the opposite trend is reconstructed for the Kraskinsky settlement - the predominance of Japanese millet. Of the nearly 600 seeds of cultivated plants obtained from deposits from two excavations (40 and 42), 30 % are Japanese millet remains, and 21% are Italian millet remains.

Common millet grains in all the studied collections make up about 4 %. The relative stability of this indicator is noted, while the number of seeds of cultivated plants of other species at different sites varies (sometimes within wide limits). The percentage of common millet grains is particularly similar in the materials of Abrikosovskoye settlement, Chernyatino-2 settlement, and Koksharovka-1 settlement (3.4, 3.7, and 3.8%, respectively).

The candidates for subsequent places in the general list of cultivated plants are not yet as clear as for Italian millet and Japanese millet.-

statistically sufficient for making quantitative comparisons.

* When analyzing this collection, calculations were not made due to difficulties in separating Italian and Japanese millet grains, which were present in significant quantities in absolutely all flotation samples.

Quantitative indicators of seed collections of cultivated plants

Notes: the table is based on: [Sergusheva and Gelman, 2010; Sergusheva and Gelman, 2010; Sergusheva, 2002, 2011, 2012b]; the percentage content is calculated from the total number of seeds of cultivated plants on this site (excavation); for the Gorbatka settlement, there are no quantitative data: ( + + + ) - numerous seeds, ( ++ )- a significant number of them, (+) - single finds; indicators of the most numerous plant species for a given monument (excavation) are highlighted in bold.; (?) - the specific definition is inconclusive.

1. Archaeological and botanical spectra of archaeological sites of the Bohai period in Primorsky Krai. 1-cruciferous; 2-perilla; 3-seed peas; 4-angular beans; 5-cultivated soybeans; 6-soft wheat; 7-filmy barley; 8-naked barley; 9-common millet; 10-Japanese millet; 11-Italian millet.

skogo. This can be explained both by the incompleteness of the data and by the different quantitative ratios of cultivated plants that actually existed on the studied sites. To date, we can only definitely say that the third place in the archaeological and botanical spectra is occupied by grain crops represented by soft wheat or naked barley grains, which are found on all monuments, but their number varies markedly. Thus, in the materials of Abrikosovskoye settlement, Kraskinskoye settlement (excavations 40, 42) and Gorbatka, wheat grains predominate over the remains of naked barley. In some cases, this predominance looks significant: for the Kraskinskoye settlement-28 %* against 3 %, for the village-

* It is worth noting that the relatively high percentage of wheat grains in the deposits of excavations 40 and 42 of the Kraskinskoye settlement was caused by two samples obtained from one square in the filling of dwelling 13. In these samples, 121 grains of wheat were found out of 173 found in both excavations, the remaining 58 - in 16 samples.-

from archaeological sites of Bohai and post-Bohai times in Primorye

2. Carbonized seeds of cultivated plants from early medieval monuments of Primorsky Krai. 1-common millet grain (Panicum miliaceum) from the Koksharovka-1 hillfort (2011 excavation, sample No. 9); 2, 3-Japanese millet grains (Echinochloa utilis) from the Kraskinskoe hillfort (excavation 40, 2009, sample No. 57); 4 - Italian millet grains (Setaria italica) from Kraskinskoe hillfort (excavation 40, 2009, sample N 60); 5-cotyledons of angulose bean (Phaseolus angularis) from Kraskinskoe hillfort (excavation 40, 2009, sample N 60); 6 - grain of naked barley (Hordeum vulgare var. nudum) from Kraskinskoe hillfort (excavation 34,2008, sample N 60). sample N 18); 7-grain of soft wheat (Triticum aestivum) from the Kraskinskoye settlement (excavation 40, 2009, sample N 88); 8 - seeds of cultivated soy (Glycine max) from the Kraskinskoye settlement (excavation 39, 2010, sample N 1); 9 - seeds of cannabis (Cannabis sativa) from the Kraskinskoye settlement (excavation 39, 2010, sample No. 1); 10 - Perilla frutescens seeds from the Koksharovka-1 settlement

(2011 excavation, sample N 22). 1, 2, 6, 7, 10- view from the dorsal, ventral and lateral sides.

lessa Abrikosovskoe - 18 % against 7.8 %. At the same time, the data obtained at the Chernyatino-2 settlement show the opposite picture - a multiple predominance of naked barley residues over wheat grains (29 % vs. 1.5 %). At the Koksharovka-1 hillfort, barley seeds, as well as other cultivated plants (with the exception of Italian and Japanese millet), are calculated in units, and wheat residues have not yet been found at all, and therefore quantitative ranking on the available volume of material seems premature.

Seeds of leguminous crops-soybeans and angular beans-were found on all the monuments. On most of them, the total amount of these residues does not reach 5 %. The exception is-

bang. Two samples with a high content of wheat grains can be considered as obtained from one grain cluster. In this case, the percentage of wheat seeds in the deposits of excavations 40 and 42 can be reduced to 12 %, which is quite comparable with the data for other sites (Sergusheva, 2011).

Kraskinskoe settlement, where bean and soybean seeds in the deposits of excavations 40 and 42 account for more than 7 %. In addition, single samples from excavations 20 and 39 contained a significant amount of soy residues, which we equated to grain accumulations. These observations, apparently, indicate a higher content of leguminous seeds in the sediments of the monument and, accordingly, their greater economic importance for the inhabitants of the Kraskinsky settlement than for the population who left other monuments.

Single seeds of another cultivated plant of the legume family - pea seed-were found only in the settlements of Gorbatka and Koksharovka-1. The small number and rarity of these finds do not allow us to speak about the serious economic significance of sown peas for the population of Bohai and post-Bohai times. Also rare and probably economically insignificant crops are buckwheat, hemp, ropeberry, a vegetable plant of the cruciferous family, whose single remains are found on individual monuments.

Perilla*can be classified as the main agricultural plants. Although the number of discovered seeds of this plant is small, they are consistently present on all monuments (with the exception of the Kraskin settlement), which indirectly indicates its importance for the medieval population. The absence of perilla remains at the Kraskin settlement is probably primarily due to the fragmentary nature of our archaeological and botanical data. However, it is impossible to exclude the possibility of using other sources for obtaining vegetable oil, for example, soy seeds and/or hemp, presented in the materials of the monument.

Discussion of the results obtained

The monuments whose archaeological and botanical materials were used for the study are located in various regions of Primorsky Krai (Figure 3): Kraskinskoe settlement - in the very south, near the modern coastline of Expedition Bay; Gorbatka, Abrikosovskoe, Chernyatino-2 - within the Razdolno-Prikhankai Plain, although at a relative distance from each other. They can be conditionally assigned to the same agroclimatic area. Koksharovka-1 ancient settlement is located in the continental Primorye, in the valley of the upper reaches of the Ussuri River.

On the territory of Primorsky Krai, the most important factors affecting agroclimatic conditions are the thermal regime, humidity regime and severity of winter (winter crop wintering conditions). The latter can be ignored in relation to medieval agriculture, since winter crops were not practiced in this territory until the appearance of the Russian population. Based on the modern agroclimatic zoning of Primorsky Krai (Agroclimatic Resources..., 1973), the group with the best conditions for cultivating agricultural crops includes monuments located on the Razdolno-Prikhankai plain. In general, the climate of this area is characterized as the warmest, moderately humid or humid. Agro-climatic conditions are the most optimal within the Primorsky Territory. In the area of the Kraskinsky settlement, similar thermal indicators are observed, but excessive humidity is noted due to the proximity of the sea. On the territory where Koksharovka-1 is located, the climate is warm and humid. Although the latter region has the worst thermal performance of all three regions, in general, its agroclimatic conditions are acceptable for growing most agricultural crops (including those in the southern part of the country).h. and heat-loving plants, such as soybeans). Therefore, they should not have significantly influenced the choice of cultivated plants. Thus, provided that the population of the Koksharovka-1 settlement was related to the state of Bohai, i.e. it could have a similar ethnic composition, its set of cultivated plants should not be strikingly different from that characteristic of the Bohai monuments located in the southern regions of Primorye. This is demonstrated by the archaeological and botanical materials of the ancient settlement, which record seven of the eight main species represented on the Bohai monuments (with the exception of soft wheat). At the same time, the data obtained from the upper sediments of the Koksharovka-1 settlement cannot be recognized as identical to the Bohai one.

In general, the archaeological and botanical spectra of the monuments do not show complete similarity with each other (see Figure 1). The most prominent site is Koksharovka-1. In its spectrum, the share of cultural millet accounts for almost 90 %, while on other monuments-50-60 %. As we found out, agroclimatic conditions should not have had such a radical effect on the ratio of cultivated plants. Apparently, we managed to fix the certificate

* Oilseeds and vegetables of the Labiaceae family, the leaves of which are characterized by a high content of carotene, and the seeds contain up to 41.40-47.29 % of oil. In India, China, Korea, and Japan, perilla is still grown to produce oil (Duda, 1934; Oilseeds..., 1998). Perilla is also used in these countries as a green vegetable, and green leaves are eaten fresh and pickled (Medvedev, 1999).

3. The territory of the Bohai State during the period of its greatest prosperity. 1-Kraskinskoye settlement; 2-Gorbatka settlement; 3-Abrikosovskoye settlement; 4-Chernyatino settlement-2; 5-Koksharovka settlement-1.

the population of the Koksharovka-1 hillfort has a different preference, but not in the choice of crops (seven of the eight main types characteristic of Bohai monuments are represented on the hillfort), but in the focus of agriculture on growing more Italian and Japanese millet. It is not yet possible to clearly explain this choice. It can be assumed that this is a manifestation of some cultural specificity of the population, which is reflected in other food preferences and, accordingly, in the quantitative composition of the plants grown. Additional data is needed to get closer to solving the problem.

The archaeobotanical spectra of other sites can be considered relatively similar. First, although the percentage of Italian and Japanese millet residues varies (sometimes significantly), in general, the proportion of cultivated millet seeds in these spectra is approximately the same (50-60%). Secondly, we can talk about the similarity (with the exception of the settlement of Chernyatino-2) in the content of soft wheat residues, which occupy the third position. Although there are no complete quantitative data on the materials of the Gorbatka settlement, the available observations suggest that wheat occupies the third position in its hypothetically reconstructed archeobotanical spectrum after two millet species (Italian and Japanese), as well as in the spectra of the Kraskin settlement and Abrikosovsky settlement. Remnants of soft wheat are present in almost all samples from the Gorbatka settlement, while seeds of other crops (with the exception of millet) are much less common. In this respect, the settlement of Chernyatino-2 differs from all other sites; in its archaeological and botanical spectrum, the third place is occupied by naked barley, and wheat seeds account for less than 2 %.

The predominance of Italian millet over Japanese millet is recorded in the archaeological and botanical spectra of most monuments. Only materials from the Kraskinskoye settlement show the opposite trend. The reason for this cannot be agroclimatic conditions, since the agrobiological features of these millet species, including their relation to the humidity regime, are similar. In our opinion, the reverse trend may be due to the nature of the settlement itself. It is known that it was the center of the Yan District of the Eastern capital of Bohai and at the same time a seaport from which diplomatic embassies were sent to Japan [Bohai State..., 1994]. Undoubtedly, for its time it was a large city, where economic, commercial, and religious activities were concentrated, with a corresponding population structure. The food preferences of the townspeople could be different from those of the inhabitants of rural settlements (Abrikosovskoye, Chernyatino-2) or the Gorbatka settlement, which is probably located in a densely populated rural area.

Conclusion

The comparison of quantitative data on seeds of cultivated plants made it possible not only to identify the main agricultural crops of the population of Primorye in the Bohai and post-Bohai periods, but also to reconstruct the archaeological and botanical spectra of different sites and attempt their comparative analysis. Although the results obtained are not unambiguous, we can make several important observations about the general and special features of cultivated plants in this population.

Comparison of the archaeological and botanical spectra revealed the difference between the Koksharovka-1 hillfort and the Bohai monuments proper, which is manifested in an increased content of cultural millet remains (approx. 90 %). This can be explained by the cultural specifics of its population. For the Bohai monuments proper, relatively similar values of the total proportion of Japanese and Italian millet residues at the level of 50-60% were established. At the same time, the predominance of the latter is recorded in most of them. An exception is the Kraskinskoye settlement, where Japanese millet dominates, rather than Italian millet. The positions of soft wheat and naked barley also differ in the archaeobotanical spectra. If the majority of monuments are dominated by wheat (ancient settlements

Kraskinskoye, Gorbatka, Abrikosovskoye settlement), then on the settlement of Chernyatino-2-barley. All this allows us to state the presence of differences between the studied monuments in the set and ratios of cultivated plants, which gives reason to assume the existence of specifics in the orientation of agriculture to the cultivation of certain crops.

List of literature

Agro-climatic resources of Primorsky Krai. - L: Gidrometeoizdat, 1973. - 148 p.

Boldin V. I. Agriculture and animal husbandry of the Bohai and Jurchen people of Primorye (based on the materials of archaeological research): abstract of the dissertation of the Candidate of Historical Sciences. Novosibirsk, 1996, 17 p. (in Russian)

The Bohai State (698-926) and the tribes of the Russian Far East, Moscow: Nauka Publ., 1994, 219 p.

Duda G. Ya. Perilla Perilla ocymoides L. / / Oilseeds. - Krasnodar, 1934. - Issue 7: Perilla, milkweed, shag. - p. 3-27.

Pyongzhi son = Koksharovka-1 ancient settlement in Primorye: results of excavations of the Russian-Korean expedition in 2008-2011: in 3 hours / N. A. Klyuev, Choi Myung-sik, Yoon Kwang-jin, Hong Hyun-woo, A.V. Artemova, E. A. Bessonova, O. V. Bondarenko, E. Yu. I. Gelman, A. A. Gladchenkov, I. V. Gridasova, N. A. Dorofeeva, T. A. Yemelyanova, V. B. Zalishchak, S. A. Zverev, A. L. Ivliev, Im Nu Ri, Kim Kyung Ae, A. A. Koptev, Lee Gyu Hoon, Lee Woo Sop, Lee Ji Yong, S. S. Malkov, O. L. Moreva, N. A. Nikolaeva, E. A. Sergusheva, Sil Yun Zhong, I. Y. Sleptsov, A. N. Sokarev, M. A. Yakupov, A. A. Yakupova. Daejeon: Institute of History, Archeology and Ethnography, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Institute of Cultural Heritage of the Republic of Korea, 2012. - Part I.-320 p.

Lebedeva E. Yu. Archeobotanical reconstruction of ancient agriculture (methodological criteria) / / OPUS: Interdisciplinary research in Archeology, Moscow: Parallels, 2008, issue 6, pp. 86-109.

Recommendations for collecting samples for archaeobotanical analysis // Analytical studies of the Laboratory of Natural-Scientific Methods, Moscow: PA RAS, 2009. 1. - p. 258-267.

Oilseeds for food use in Russia (problems of selection, sorting). - St. Petersburg: VNIIR RAKHN, 1998. - 79 p.

Medvedev V. M. Perilla - a new food plant // Tr. Mezhdunar. simp. "Non-traditional crop production, ecology and health". Simferopol, 1999, p. 184.

Sergusheva E. A. Kul'turnye rasteniya bokhayskogo gorodishche Gorbatka (Primorskiy Krai) po paleoetnobotanicheskim dannym [Cultural plants of the Bokhaysky horodishche Gorbatka (Primorsky Krai) based on paleoethnobotanical data]. Sed'maya Dalnevostochnaya konferentsiya molodykh istorikov, April 2002 - Vladivostok: Publishing House of the Far Eastern State University, 2002, pp. 223-231.

Sergusheva E. A. Cultural plants of the medieval population of Primorye // Russia and the Asia-Pacific Region-2010. - N 4. - pp. 151-158.

E. I. Gelman, E. V. Astashenkova, V. I. Boldin, A. L. Ivliev, and N. V. Leshchenko, "Preliminary results of identification of carpoids from excavations XL and XLII of the Kraskinsky Hillfort (based on the results of excavations in 2009)," in Arkheologicheskie issledovaniya rossiiskoi-koreiskoi expeditsii na Kraskinsky Hillfort in the Russian Primorye region in 2009. Seoul: Foundation for the Study of the History of North-East Asia (Republic of Korea); Institute of History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Peoples of the Far East, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2011, pp. 315-327.

Sergusheva E. A. Agriculture on the territory of Primorye during the existence of the Bohai State (according to archaeological and botanic data). Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2012a. - N 1-p. 100-107.

Sergusheva E. A. Rezul'taty primeneniya arkheobotanicheskogo podkhoda pri arkheologicheskikh issledovaniyakh gorodishche Koksharovka-1 v 2011 godu [Results of the application of the archeobotanical approach in archaeological research of the Koksharovka-1 hillfort in 2011]. Daejeon: Institute of History, Archeology and Ethnography, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Institute of Cultural Heritage of the Republic of Korea, 2012b. - Part I.-pp. 282-300.

Sergusheva E. A., Gelman E. I. Issledovaniya botanicheskikh otstavkov iz Kraskinskogo gorodishche [Studies of botanical remains from the Kraskin settlement]. = Otchet ob arkheologicheskikh rakopkakh Kraskinskogo gorodishche v rossiiskom Primorye v 2008 g. [Report on the archaeological excavations of the Kraskinskoye settlement in the Russian Primorye region in 2008]. Fond izucheniya istorii Severo-Vostochnoy Azii; Institute of History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Peoples of the Far East, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Seoul: Goguryeo yeongu zhedan, 2010, pp. 138-143.

Yanushevich Z. V., Kuzminova N. N., Vostretsov Yu. E. Issledovanie botanicheskikh ostavkov iz drevnykh poseleniy (metodicheskie aspekty i praktika) [Research of botanical remains from ancient settlements (methodological aspects and practice)]. - Prepr. - Vladivostok, 1989. - 36 p.

Sergusheva E.A., Gelman E.I. Results of comparative study of plants seeds unearthed on the Bohai Abrikosovskoye-1 settlement Site // J. of Kanazawa Gakuin University. -2010. - N 8. - P. 15 - 20.

The article was submitted to the Editorial Board on 16.07.13, in the final version-on 18.11.13.

Permanent link to this publication: