T. L. DEITCH

Doctor of Historical Sciences

V. A. USOV

Candidate of Historical Sciences

Institute of Africa, Russian Academy of Sciences

Keywords: migrants, Africans, China, Guangzhou, India, Delhi, trade, business, racism, migration policy

Migrations and migrants are becoming increasingly prominent in the system of global international relations. The steadily growing flows of migrants, primarily from Africa and the Arab East, and the problems associated with them require close attention of researchers, as well as state and international structures. In addition to the traditional destinations of the United States and Western Europe, an increasing number of African migrants are heading to developing countries, including China and India, gradually becoming one of the important factors in the relationship between these countries and Africa. If the migration of Chinese and Indian citizens to Africa, which has sharply intensified in the 21st century, has received a lot of research, including from domestic authors, then the formation and development of African communities in China and India is practically a "terra incognita" for Russian science. This article is intended to fill this gap in part, analyze the general and special situation of African communities in two Asian countries, trace the origins of their formation, relations with the authorities and the local population, and the ability of migrants to realize their aspirations in the host country.

The growth of the African diaspora and its contribution to the continent's development prompted the African Union to name it "Africa's sixth development zone" along with West, East, Central, South and North Africa, stating: "The African diaspora consists of people of African descent who live outside the continent but are willing, regardless of their citizenship or nationality, to invest in development of the continent and building the African Union " ¹.

It should be noted that zna-

A significant part of the African communities in China and India are students who, strictly speaking, are not migrants. At the same time, a sufficient length of stay in a non - ethnic and non-cultural environment, an active life position typical of young people, and broad involvement in contacts with the local population make students an integral part of the emerging African communities, allowing in this case to consider this category of "Asian Africans" and combine them with traditional migrants. To some extent, the study also touches on the life of such a "privileged" stratum of Africans in Africa, such as employees of African embassies in China and India and international organizations.

AFRICANS IN CHINA

In terms of scale, the influx of Africans to China is certainly not comparable to the influx of Chinese to Africa, but its growth is obvious. If in 2009 there were 1 million Chinese in Africa and 250,000 Africans in China, then in 2014, according to Adams Bodomo, director of the African Studies Program at the University of Hong Kong and a specialist in the problems of the Chinese and African diasporas, both countries doubled: the number of Chinese in Africa was 2 million, and the number of Chinese in Africa was Africans in China-500 thousand ²

Why do Africans go to China? In response to this question, they say: "We are here because you (the Chinese) there (in Africa)." But, of course, this is not the main reason. Africans are attracted by the economic success of this country, having received the opportunity to work in which they hope to improve their financial situation.

Guangzhou, China's third - largest city after Shanghai and Beijing, with a population of 12 million, and the capital of China's richest province, Guangdong, has the largest African population (about 200,000). Guangzhou's Afrotown, where everything from restaurants to nightlife is African, is called the "chocolate city"by locals. According to surveys, more than 90% of Africans in Guangzhou have a secondary education, some have graduated from universities or are studying for graduate studies.³

Although Guangzhou was the first destination for Africans to arrive, and where the largest African community emerged, it was Yiwu, a small town in Zhejiang Province with a population of 1.8 million, that became the model of a multicultural shopping city with China's largest wholesale market. 200 thousand people trade here every day, including a large number of African traders (according to some sources, there are 30 thousand Africans in Yiwu).

Africans also live in Beijing, Shanghai, Hong Kong and Macau. In Beijing, they are mostly employees of African embassies and international organizations, as well as students, who are also quite numerous in Shanghai. Many Africans who previously studied in China do business in Hong Kong, while Macao is mainly home to people from Portuguese-speaking countries in Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau) ^.4

Most migrants arrive in China from West Africa, primarily from Nigeria (one in 5 Africans in China is a Nigerian), as well as from Ghana, Mali, Guinea, Senegal, Niger, and Cameroon. In addition, people migrate to China from countries such as the Congo (DRC), Tanzania, and Kenya.

The largest group of migrants (more than half) is made up of businessmen and traders; the latter buy goods in China and sell them in Africa, sometimes turning into investors who produce textiles, agricultural equipment and other goods for the African market. A fairly noticeable group consists of students.

China currently grants 5,500 scholarships to Africa each year. Approximately 12,000 African students study in the country. In 2013, the Chinese government announced that 18,000 students will be enrolled in Chinese universities in 2013-2015. students from Africa ⁵.

A special, albeit small, category includes African professionals who come to China not only from Africa, but also from other countries of the world.

The majority of migrants are young people (25-35 years old). At the same time, many people come to China for a short period to earn money. According to the survey, only about 20% stay for a period of one to three years. Africans engaged in trade earn up to 30 thousand rubles. yuan per month ($4,838) - more than many local workers. "I buy a shirt for 5 yuan, and my mother in Africa sells it for 100 yuan," one of them told ⁶.

In addition to participating in the development of trade ties between China and Africa, migrants are a significant source of financial transfers to the countries of origin. The exact amount

It is difficult to name these transfers to their homeland, but, for example, the head of the Guinean community in Guangzhou wrote in February 2013 that he tries to send home from 25 to 159 thousand yuan a year. Thus, a rough estimate shows that Africa receives between $ 5 billion and $ 50 billion a year. This amount does not include the cost of goods that migrants buy in China and sell in Africa.⁷

It should be admitted that the Chinese government did not expect such an influx of Africans to the country and is now only trying to formulate its migration policy. Guided by the basic principles of its foreign policy, Beijing is generally loyal to African migrants. The Beijing leadership does not even use the term" migrants "in Chinese, referring to Africans living in China as" our foreign friends", and gives them some support.

For example, the China-Africa Youth Club has been operating in China since 2007. Members of the club do not pay dues, but receive privileges in the form of trips to China, visits to successful businesses, and participation in cultural exchanges. The Chinese enterprises and non-governmental cultural organizations that finance all this expect that students will eventually participate in business and establish business relationships with Chinese entrepreneurs working in Africa.

The club helps students find jobs, for example, as managers or workers in Chinese companies. Some students 'parents hold senior positions in African governments, and Beijing hopes to use them to" build bridges." There are also examples. For example, a Cameroonian who graduated from the Shanghai University of Finance and Economics became a representative in Africa of a well-known fertilizer company from Guangzhou. ⁸ Realizing that the language is a serious obstacle to the adaptation of Africans, the Chinese authorities helped organize a school in Yiwu where foreigners are taught Chinese; it is attended by Africans engaged in business.

In turn, African migrants often help employees of representative offices of African countries in China. During informal meetings, African diplomats reported that they receive support from some members of the African communities in China, helping them to perform, in particular, consular duties away from Beijing, in particular, in Guangzhou, Yiwu, Hong Kong.

For example, the office of the head of the Nigerian Association in Guangzhou has become a de facto consular center for Nigerians and people from other African countries. Some members of African communities have participated as consultants in CCP municipal committee meetings in Yiwu and other municipalities; community representatives also act as cultural advisers; they have learned Chinese and even dialects in the cities where they live.

Also, with the approval of the Chinese authorities, Africans create a kind of cross-cultural space in places of compact residence, opening ethnic restaurants, hairdressers, football and other sports clubs, organizing music programs and other events to "feel at home".

In 2013, a 45-minute documentary " Black Money. The future comes from Africa", which aimed to demonstrate that China welcomes African migrants with open arms.

The lives of four Africans (three men from Nigeria and one woman from Mozambique) who came to Guangzhou to find work or business are shown as an example of how well Africans are settling on the other side of the globe. These people earn good money, and Chinese business partners do not show them any racism.

The idea of the filmmakers is to show that this picture is very different from the situation of loneliness and difficulties experienced by African migrants in Europe. The film's conclusion: The effects of African migration to China are positive for China and Africa, while migration to Europe is negative for both sides.⁹

However, the stay of African migrants in China is not as rosy as the authors of the film try to convince the audience. On the one hand, at the official level, the authorities of the People's Republic of China and African countries, which are interested in developing Sino-African cooperation, see migrants as a kind of "bridge" that promotes mutual understanding between representatives of different cultures. And although a significant part of the African diaspora is made up of people from poor areas of Africa, the negative attitude towards such " nachi-

the benefit to "businessmen" is really infrequent: these Africans are generally seen as "business partners".

At the same time, racism and discrimination occur at the domestic level. Not only merchants,but also businessmen and even students often complain about their treatment by the local population, which ranges from neglect to racism.

For example, it was reported that a group of Senegalese students had contacted the Chinese Embassy complaining of racism on the part of the local population and demanding their return to their homeland.¹⁰ Some Africans complain about the increased attention paid to them by the local population, even to the point that they are pointed at as strange animals, as well as overly biased attention of officials and the police.¹¹

The reason for mutual misunderstanding, however, is more often not the color of migrants ' skin, but cultural and linguistic differences. The coexistence of different cultural communities sometimes generates mutual discontent, resulting in clashes. Africans are used to "hanging out" on the streets in the evenings, singing and dancing, while the Chinese are quite reserved, they are annoyed by the unbridled night fun. As a result, there is tension, turning into skirmishes. The case ends with a call to the police, who pick up the Africans and often treat them in a bad way.

But perhaps the biggest challenge for African migrants in China is getting legal status that allows them to live and work in China. There are many illegal immigrants among the migrants. Often they arrive with documents and, after a short stay, are forced to leave China or go to an illegal position. The reason is difficulties with visa renewal.

Provincial governments are taking steps to "regulate" the influx of migrants. Recent changes in China's migration policy have further exacerbated the problem of Africans staying in the country. Previously, they could travel to another city, where it is easier to extend the visa, but the Chinese government has closed this option; now it is required that the visa applicant receive it where they live.

Deprivation of legal status creates many problems for Africans who cannot move, find housing and work. The inability to earn money legally sometimes forces them to engage in illegal activities (drug trafficking, underground markets, etc.).

Faced with the choice of returning home or remaining in China illegally, many migrants choose the latter because they simply cannot afford to return. Families in Africa hope that those who have left will have a good job abroad. As one Nigerian put it, "When you get home, you are expected to buy a car, a house, start a business. If you don't do this quickly, you will be considered a "loser"¹².

The visa problem creates an increase in "involuntary illegal immigrants" who have to hide from the police. Although all foreigners are required by law to carry documents with them, in fact, most Africans are stopped in Guangzhou to check their passports. Even going to a restaurant, an African is not safe, and enclaves of African ethnic groups are even more regularly subjected to checks for the immigration status of residents, and often this happens in a rather rough form.

Undocumented immigrants are often arrested. In this case, they face a fine, and often prison. Repatriation requires more than $750, which they are forced to ask their families to send. Those who do not have the means to be released spend months or even years in prison. In particular, 30 Nigerians were reported to have died in Chinese prisons.¹³

In this regard, the desire of illegal immigrants to avoid meeting with the police at all costs is not surprising. For example, in 2009, a Nigerian man living in Guangzhou was killed during a police raid to check the status of immigrants. He had an expired visa, and to avoid being checked, he jumped out of the window and crashed. His death resulted in a protest in front of the police station, which was attended by about 100 Africans who blocked traffic on Route ¹⁴.

The difficult situation with obtaining legal status undermines the security of African communities, social order and negatively affects the reputation of Africans, which forces them to leave the country and move to Vietnam, Thailand, and Turkey. Given that Africans are active participants in the growing Sino-African trade, and the impact of African private entrepreneurship on China's trade with Africa is estimated to be much stronger than previously thought, such a policy approach can be applied to the global economy.

the negative dynamics obviously have a negative impact on bilateral trade relations.

According to Professor Lee from Sun Yat-sen University, the problem is the lack of coordination between the authorities in China that issue visas and those who renew them.: "You get a visa in Africa in the system of the Chinese Foreign Ministry, i.e. the visa is issued through the central government in Beijing, which has no connection with the Guangzhou authorities. And when you arrive in China, you contact the local authorities, who decide for some reason not to renew it. As a result, many Africans in Guangzhou become illegal immigrants. " ¹⁵

Most complaints are made by Africans in Guangzhou, while for those living in Yiwu and other cities in China, this problem is not so acute. This can be partly explained by the fact that there are fewer Africans in Yiwu. The majority here are from North African Arab countries, while in Guangzhou they are from sub-Saharan Africa.

Africans in Guangzhou believe that the police treat Arabs more respectfully than black Africans. Finally, and most importantly, in Yiwu, the police and immigration service are more loyal to Africans. Police officers here are less corrupt and more tolerant than their counterparts in Guangzhou. As a result, Africans in Yiwu live in greater harmony with the local Chinese population than the African community in Guangzhou, and if Yiwu continues to become an international trade center, Africans will be more likely to choose it as their place of residence, and it may become a more attractive habitat for them than Guangzhou.¹⁶

AFRICANS IN INDIA

Unlike the "Chinese Africans", Africans in India appeared a long time ago. It was here that the descendants of former black slaves - the military guard of the Muslim lords-eventually managed to become the rulers of two small Indian principalities - the port of Sachin in Gujarat and the island of Janjira, near modern Mumbai, and remained in this capacity for several centuries until India's independence in 1947.

The descendants of these African slaves, warriors and rulers, currently united under the general name "siddi", number at least 50 thousand in modern India, but for the most part they do not differ much from other Indian marginal groups located on the periphery of Indian society.

It is rather difficult to estimate the number of modern African migrants in India. They are thought to be predominantly from English-speaking African countries such as Nigeria, Uganda, Ghana, Tanzania, and Kenya, but also from Congo (DRC), Cameroon, and Sudan.

Most of all in India, as in China, Nigerians. According to Nigerian sources, in 2012 alone, about 40 thousand residents of this African country received an Indian visa.¹⁷ Of course, the number of visas received does not mean that the same number of migrants from Nigeria settled in India, but it shows that there is a significant interest of Nigerians in this South Asian country.

At the same time, according to available data, about 4 thousand Nigerians live permanently in Delhi alone, and the total number in India probably exceeds 10 thousand. ¹⁸ At least 1 thousand Ugandans and about 5 thousand people from the French-speaking DRC are also believed to live in the country.¹⁹ Apart from Delhi, the other main attraction for Africans in India is Mumbai, the country's largest commercial and financial center, where, according to unofficial data, at least 5 thousand Africans live ²⁰.

The majority of Africans in India are students studying in Indian universities. Relatively inexpensive but high-quality education, low cost of living, and English-language education have contributed to the fact that about 13% of all foreign students in Indian universities (about 15 thousand people) make up Africans ²¹.

Another large group of Africans in India are traders and small businesses attracted by the opportunities to earn money, mainly by reselling Indian goods in their home countries. According to the Indian edition of Business Standard, clothing purchased in India for 300-500 rupees can be resold in Nigeria for the equivalent of 1800 - 2000 rupees ²².

This group of Africans, as a rule, does not plan to settle in India for a long time. However, some of them, having lost money and not wanting to return home penniless, are forced to stay in India. As a result, these unsuccessful businessmen become illegal immigrants after the visa expires. Over time, they either fall into the

Indian prisons, because under Indian law, staying in the country without a visa is a criminal offense, or they are involved in criminal activities - drug sales, fraud, pimping, and other illegal actions.

As of August 2013, there were at least 500 Nigerians in Indian prisons. According to the Indian prison Administration, 90% of these people were jailed for drug trafficking, the rest for credit card and online fraud. But just like in China, Africans are jailed in India for staying illegally in the country after the ²³ visa expires.

Another category of Africans who find themselves in India can be considered so-called "economic migrants", who believe that in the context of Indian economic growth, there will be a niche for them here. As a rule, these people go to visit relatives or friends who are already engaged in a particular small business. Particularly popular areas of activity for African entrepreneurs in India include the opening of hairdressers, restaurants and laundries that serve mainly the Africans themselves.²⁴

But legally starting a small business for Africans in India is very difficult. As approved by the High Commissioner (Ambassador) Nigeria to India Ndubuisi Vitusa Amaku, it is almost impossible for Africans to open a bank account in the country ²⁵. A discriminatory measure against Africans can also be considered the cost of Indian annual business visas, which, for example, for Nigerians are $290, while for Americans-only $140.26

In addition to the bureaucratic hurdles, Africans in India are forced to face common stereotypes in Indian society towards black residents of Africa and often experience hostility, and sometimes openly rude attitude towards themselves. Among the complaints about domestic racism that they regularly encounter in India, Africans especially note the marked disregard on the part of service workers, including unwillingness to let them into restaurants under various far-fetched pretexts, refusal to rent housing or increase the cost of renting it.

As in China, Africans also complain about the humiliations they are subjected to in India: they are also teased by imitating "monkey" behavior, i.e. animal screams, various antics and jumps, and displaying bananas. Often these actions are performed by children or teenagers accompanied by parents who not only do not rebuke their children, but support and approve of them, thereby forming and reinforcing racist attitudes in their children from an early age. In addition, almost all the surveyed Africans complained that in public places they are constantly ostentatiously looked at as strange animals.

Over the past 4-5 years, the situation has worsened: in India, the number of aggressive violent acts against Africans has increased, beatings and even murders have become more frequent.²⁷ For example, in April 2012, a local university student from Burundi, Yannick Nihanzaga, was beaten up by a group of local youths in Punjab after spending 9 months in a coma. Only the efforts of his father, who contacted the Indian media, forced the local authorities, 3 months after the beating, to launch an investigation into this crime, which apparently occurred for racist reasons (the attackers shouted at Yannik that it was necessary to "punish the black man").²⁸.

In September 2014, three Africans were beaten on the Delhi metro; they had to escape from an angry mob in a police box, where they were still harassed and continued to be beaten. The police officers, who were supposed to be at their workplace at that time, were absent for some unknown reason. ²⁹

The situation is aggravated by the hostility towards Africans of many representatives of the Indian authorities and police, who represent the majority of Africans, while Nigerians almost universally are drug dealers, fraudsters, racketeers and pimps, and African women are prostitutes.

A night raid by the Minister of Justice in the Delhi City Administration and one of the leaders of the populist Aam Aadmi Party (Common Man's Party), organized on January 15, 2014, in the Delhi suburb of Kirki, which resulted in the detention of a group of Africans, mostly women, accused of prostitution and drug distribution. In the morning, all the detainees were released, but this incident led to a massive (according to some sources, up to 30%) exodus of Africans from the area.

The apparent lack of evidence of the charges against the Africans prompted the Indian Law Commission to-

you should have made a statement accusing the Minister of Justice of violating the law. However, the popularity of the Aam Aadmi party, which based its election campaign on the fight against corruption, has only grown ³⁰. In February 2015, the party won the Delhi Legislative Assembly elections and became the ruling party in the Indian capital.³¹

Such bias on the part of the authorities and police towards Africans increases and provokes manifestations of racism on the part of the local population. Surveys and interviews of Indians confirm that many of them consider Africans guilty of anti-social behavior, as well as drug trafficking and increased crime.

The opinion about the propensity of Africans to commit offenses, as the interviewed Indians often note, they form from statements of officials, primarily the police, as well as from press, radio and television reports. As the owner of one of the Delhi restaurants testified, the local authorities warned all public catering owners in her area back in 2005 that if Africans sold drugs in their establishments, the authorities would consider the restaurant owners responsible for these criminal offenses. It is not surprising that many restaurant owners have closed their doors to Africans after such a warning and try not to let them in under any pretexts.³²

At the same time, it cannot be denied that all these factors are superimposed on the features inherent in traditional Indian culture and still present in modern India, such as hierarchy, a sharply negative attitude towards mixed marriages and a negative perception of dark-skinned people, which have long been associated with belonging to lower castes and moral promiscuity. According to Africans, locals consider black men stupid, prone to violence, drug and alcohol use, and indecent acts. At the same time, African women are perceived by default as prostitutes and accessible women of easy virtue ³³.

Another reason for conflicts between Africans and the local population is the dissimilarity of cultural stereotypes, especially regarding the rules of behavior and clothing. Indians, like the Chinese, complain about the provocative (noisy, overly emotional) behavior of Africans in public places, non-observance of decency in clothing, molestation of Indian girls ³⁴.

It is worth noting that the increase in recent years in reports of attacks on Africans in India coincides with a general rise in violence in Indian society. A symptom of this wave of violence is the increased incidence of rape, which is regularly reported by the Indian and international media. Most experts believe that violence against women has always existed in the country, was a familiar and routine matter, which was simply not taken into account. This is often the case, but it is clear that as India's economy develops, it is not only the gap between rich and poor that has always been large in this country that is widening. There is a growing tension between the Westernized stratum of residents of large cities and the inhabitants of suburbs and rural India who live within the framework of traditional ideas, as well as yesterday's peasants who have relatively recently moved to megacities and have not lost their former worldview. This conflict between traditional and modern India reinforces the already numerous and deep internal contradictions that are characteristic of this country, sometimes spilling out with acts of violence, including those of Africans.

Obviously, the Indian authorities do not have a simple solution to the problem of the safe stay of Africans in India. Meanwhile, Indian interests in Africa are growing - trade turnover is increasing, Indian investors are actively developing the continent's fuel and mineral deposits, and investing heavily in the infrastructure of African countries. With its help in the struggle for African independence and against the apartheid regime in South Africa, India has earned respect in Africa. Today, this moral resource greatly helps India compete for access to Africa's natural resources and markets. However, like any other resource, we will exhaust this one as well.

Following an incident in Punjab in June 2013, when 21 students from the DRC were arrested and apparently beaten at a police station in India, a wave of protests broke out in this African country, which has never seen anti-Indian protests before, resulting in the death of hundreds of students.-

Dozens of Indian-owned stores were burned, and several members of the Indian diaspora were injured.³⁵

* * *

The situation of Chinese and Indian communities in China and India has a lot in common. Indian authorities like to compare their country's actions in Africa with China, but comparing the living conditions of African migrants in the two countries is generally not in India's favor.

New Delhi does not have the power that, like the central authorities in China, can purposefully support and protect African migrants, seeing them not only as undesirable illegal immigrants and a burden, but also as potential partners who can help develop bilateral economic and trade ties. Experts and politicians, analyzing the cooperation of China and India with Africa, call one of the important reasons for the success of both countries the policy of "soft power"adopted by them.

Indeed, both China and India pay great attention to the issues of education, health, and cultural relations with the countries of the continent. However, the problem of African migration to Asian countries still requires serious steps from the Governments of both countries to solve it.

^{Edozie Rita.} 1 The Sixth Zone: The African Diaspora and the African Union's Global Era Pan-Africanist // Journal of African American Studies, 2012 - http://www.audafamericas.org/

^{Bodomo Adams.} 2 Africans in China represent a new diaspora. UCLA African Studies Center / International Institute, February 13, 2014 - http://www.international.ucla.edu/africa/news/article.asp?parentid

³ Ibidem.

^{Bodomo Adams.} 4 The African Presence in Contemporary China // The China Monitor. January, 2009, p. 6.

⁵ China's African immigrants: trapped by status // Prospect. April 24, 2014 - http://prospectjournal.org/2014/04/25/chinas- African- immigrants-trapped-by-status

^{Castello R.} 6 Homing Guangzhou: Emplacement, belonging and precarity among Africans in China // International Journal of Cultural Studies. 2015, March, 31, p. 1 - 20.

^{Bodomo Adams.} 7 Africans in China represent...

^{Haifang Liu.} 8 Hosting Africans - What are China's Concerns, If any? // The China Monitor. January 2009, p. 7 - 8.

⁹ How the Africa-China romance is killing Europe. March 8, 2013 - http://africasacountry.Com/2013/03/how-the-africa-china-romance-is-killing-europe

^{Bodomo Adams.} 10 Op. cit.

^{Whitehead E.} 11 Going East: African migrants head for China // Business Africa. February 21, 2014 http://ww.businessafrica,com/index.php?option-com_content&view=article&id

¹² China's African immigrants...

^{Haugen M.O.} 13 Nigerians in China. A Second State of immobility // International Migration. 50 (2012), p. 60 - 80. Wiley Web. April 20, 2014.

¹⁴ China's African Immigrants...

¹⁵ Living Without a Visa in Guangzhou // Think Africa Press. February 6, 2014.

^{Bodomo Adams, Ma Grace.} 16 From Guangzhou to Yuwu: Emerging facets of the African Diaspora in China // International Journal of African Renaissance Studies-Multi-, Inter-and Transdisciplinarity. Zhejiang University. April 8, 2012.

^{Saini Svivam.} 17 Lives and businesses of Africans in Delhi // Business Standard. August 22, 2013 - http://www.business-standart.com/article_id=113082200889_1

^{Dhruv Mundjal.} 18 Africans in India: Living with hostility // Business Standard. November 2, 2014 - http://www.si-fy.com/finance/africans-in-india-living-with-painful-hostility-news-columns-ol caJ5eciiaid.html

^{Saini Shivam.} 19 Op. cit.; Sawlani Samira. India must check racism towards Africans // The Observer. January 30, 2014 - http//www.observer.ug/viewpoint/guest-writers/29905-india-must-check-racism-towards-afric ans-

^{Mulango Valentine.} 20 India: "Police Treats us Africans Like Dogs," Says Victims // Cameroon-Info.Net, Yaounde. April 12, 2013 - http://www.cameroon-info.net/stories/0,44231,@,india-police-treat-us-africans-like-dogs-says -victim.html

^{Mohanty Basant Kumar.} 21 Attack coincides with surge in African students. The Telegraph. Calcutta, January 23, 2014 -http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140123/jsp/nation/story_17855496.jsp#.VUZJhHAlGrV.

^{Saini Shivam.} 22 Op. cit.

²³ Ibidem.

²⁴ Ibid.

²⁵ Ibid.

^{Chandrashekharan Gitanjali.} 26 A day in the life of Mumbai's African // Mumbai Mirror. March 24, 2013 -http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/people/A-day-in-the-life-of-Mumbais-Africans/a rticleshow/19166498.cms

^{Kilambi Sputnik.} 27 Anti-African Racism in India. February 19, 2013 - http://blackagendareport.com/content/anti-african-racism-india

²⁸ Ibidem.

^{Dhruv Mundjal.} 29 Op. cit.

³⁰ Ibidem.

^{Kashin V. P.} 31 "The Party of a simple man" won in Delhi / / Asia and Africa today. 2015, N 9, с. 19 - 23. (Kashin V.P. 2015. "Partiya prostogo cheloveka" pobedila v Deli // Aziya i Afrika segodnya. N 9) (in Russian)

^{Chandrashekharan Gitanjali.} 32 Op. cit.

^{Saini Shivam.} 33 Op. cit.; Mulango Valentine. Op. cit.

³⁴ Bangalore: African youth, girl beaten up // India Today. March 11, 2015 - http://www.kolkatanews.net/index.php/sid/230999641

³⁵ DR Congo shop attacks over arrests in India // BBC News. June 19, 2013 - http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-22973235

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