1In the second half of the 13th century, the Mongol conquests covered a significant part of the Old World. Some countries surrendered to the brutal invaders almost without a fight, others resigned themselves after fierce resistance, and others did not submit under any conditions. Among the latter were Vietnam, Tyampa, Mamluk Egypt, and the Delhi Sultanate.
This article analyzes the behavior of the Vietnamese during the Mongol-Chinese invasions in the second half of the 13th century, examines the understanding of this behavior recorded in ideological standards (presented in chronicles), and then compares it with the types of behavior and ideological standards of the Orthodox civilization in its Russian version, which was also subjected to Mongol aggression in the 13th century.
Keywords: Daiwet, Yuan, Mongol-Chinese, Kublai, Toghan, Champa, scorched earth tactics.
It should be noted that the model of resisting Mongol aggression "to the death" did not arise suddenly for the Vietnamese, but was developed gradually, during successive stages of the struggle against aggression [Ryabinina, 2009]. So, during the first attack on Vietnam in 1257, the courageous behavior of the Vietnamese elite (namely, the behavior of the highest strata of society - relatives of the emperor, high officials, mountain princes is described in sources) was combined with acts of cowardice and cowardice shown by its representatives.
The first type included: 1) the brave behavior of the Emperor Chiang Thai Tong (1226-1258), who "led the regiments and led the battle in the vanguard, not paying attention to the flying arrows and stones" [Dai Viet su ky..., 1697, l. 22a] (later the emperor and his heir won a victory over the Mongols in the battle near Dongbodau) [Dai Viet su ky..., 1697, l. 22a]; 2) the courage of the Vietnamese military official Le Phu Tran, who refused to retreat and "rode alone among the enemy battle formations" [Dai Viet su ky..., 1697, l. 22a], then "covered the emperor from arrows ...
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