The article introduces a new material into scientific circulation - a treasure found on the Uybat River. It includes a series of items related to the second stage of the Tesin culture. Items made of iron and bronze have analogies with materials dating from the second century BC to the 1st century AD, including those from hoards and burials in Khakassia and Altai. Here you can find rare specimens that allow you to expand your understanding of the material culture of the population.

Key words: treasure, eye axe, mirror, spoon-shaped clasps, iron dagger, lattice plates, Argali, Tesin stage of Tagar culture, Xiongnu, period of Warring Kingdoms.

Introduction

The Uibat River flows through the southern part of the Minusinsk basin and flows into the Abakan River , a left tributary of the Yenisei. It is famous for its antiquities: mounds and stone fences, stelae, rock inscriptions and drawings, stone sculptures, bas-relief Okunev masks, deer stones, hides many more unsolved secrets. One of the most important categories of monuments of ancient epochs are hoard items. In the upper reaches of the Yenisei River, they were found earlier: the Askyrovsky of the Han period (I century BC-1 century AD), buried in two places of the mound (Vadetskaya, 1999, p. 72; Kyzlasov, 1960, p. 163); the Novopyatnitsky Tatarsky near the village of Novopyatnitsky of the Uyarsky district of the Krasnoyarsk Territory; the Ishimsky with Tatar, Tashtyk, Kulay things at d. Ishimki, to the north of Achinsk (Ermolaev, 1914); Kosogolsky hoard of Tatar and Xiongnu objects numbering at least 300 (Nashchekin, 1967, p. 163-165); Znamensky, buried near the fence of the Tatar mound near the village of Znamenka; Yazievsky with bronze products from different eras in Sayanogorsk (former village of Znamenka). Unknown).

In most of the hoards found, clothing complexes are chronologically heterogeneous and dated within one or two centuries. The age of some items, such as axes, "peshniks", adzes, was not established, or they were attributed to the Middle Ages. The purpose of forming hoards and the origin of sets of items are not clear. The opinion has been repeatedly expressed that the objects were left by craftsmen for their subsequent melting or alteration [Stepnaya polos..., 1992, p.230].

In 2011, another treasure trove of bronze and iron objects was accidentally discovered. It is a valuable addition to the category of such monuments in the Yenisei Valley. The treasure was found in Kharasug paddy on the right bank of the Uybat River, 7 km northwest of the village. 1). The cache was placed under a rock at the foot of a low hill.

Items from the Uibat hoard and their cultural and chronological parallels

The objects of the treasure were compactly stacked one layer on top of another: iron at the bottom, bronze at the top. A total of 141 items were counted (Fig. 2). Bronze objects: 10 whole mirrors and one fragment of a Chinese mirror,

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Fig. 1. Location of the treasure location (a) and plan of this area (b).

Fig. 2. Treasure items.

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21 harness rings, 16 belt loops, 2 belt clips, 3 varvarki, 10 round plaques, 16 spoon-shaped fasteners, 2 buckles, belt distributor, s-shaped psalia, fragments of lattice plates and a fragment of openwork plaque. Iron products: 11 sickle-shaped knives, 6 axe-shaped tools, 21 iron rings, 2 pairs of linked ringed bits, 3 daggers, a knife, an s-shaped psalter, 5 tools for various purposes, fragmented arrowheads. These are not randomly collected items, but a complex consisting of certain categories of products. Usually, a hoard of items of different times is dated according to the latest samples. Following this principle, we tried to determine the cultural affiliation and time of use of products, highlighting characteristic things and groups of objects.

Mirrors (Fig. 3) are almost all massive, disc-shaped, with a diameter of 9 to 12 cm, with a button on four legs, only one has a high rectangular loop. The exception is a small medal-shaped mirror with a broken loop handle (Fig. 3, 2). The buttons of three items are decorated with a three-bladed "kolovorot" - a solar symbol of cyclic appeals (Fig. 3, 1). Mirrors with a button on four legs were common in the VI-III centuries BC. territories of the Minusinsk basin, Tuva [Chlenova, 1967, p. 115-120; Tables 27, 12-14; Lubo-Lesnichenko, 1975, p. 9]. The Kosogol hoard, which contains Xiongnu objects, contains two similar items (Nashchekin, 1967). On the button of Tatar mirrors of the VI-III centuries BC, a rolled-up animal was depicted, often in the technique of exaggerated drawing. The development of the Scythian animal style followed the formation of symbols. The motif of the solar three-bladed sign was reflected in the ornamentation of bronzes at the Tesinsky stage of the Tagar culture [Stepnaya Polosa..., 1992, Tables 94,26], covering the last two centuries BC. The high rectangular loop on the mirrors also appeared at this stage. A falar from the Ust-Edigan burial ground of the Xiongnu period in Gorny Altai is decorated with a vortex ornament (Khudyakov, 1998, p. 101, Fig. 7). In the treasure under consideration, the three-bladed solar sign is also depicted on two bronze plaques of the same size as the button on the mirrors. The same style of execution undoubtedly unites these products.

A fragment of a Chinese mirror made of white pewter bronze 63 x 59 mm is ornamented along the edge with a scalloped ribbon framed by a rim, with spiral swirls around the entire field (Fig. 3, 3). Similar products were produced in China during the Warring States period (Zhango, 475-221 BC) [Wang Gang-Huai, 2004, p. 48]. A similar fragment of a mirror was found in the Bulan-Koba burial in mound 52 of Yaloman II in Altai. According to radiocarbon dates, the functioning of this burial ground dates back to the II-I centuries BC [Tishkin and Seregin, 2011, p. 44]. A similar fragment of a mirror was considered in the work of E. I. Lubo-Lesnichenko [1975, Fig. 3]. It is kept in the State Hermitage Museum (N 325/1), originates from the Beya River in the south-east of Khakassia and is dated to the III century BC.

Iron daggers are presented in three copies. All of them have crosshairs, are made in the same style, but still differ from each other (Fig. 4, 7-3). One dagger is petiolate, without a pommel, with three holes for pin fastening of the handle plates; the other is distinguished by a curved crosshair, a narrow handle part and a straight bar pommel; the third is a disc-shaped shield pommel with a side. It is widely believed that iron daggers copy bronze samples that are widely known among the Tagar-Pazyryk stereotypes of the Altai and Minusinsk basin (Kubarev and Shulga, 2007, pp. 74-78). A broad iron dagger with a curved crosshair and a bar finial, as well as a dagger with a disc-shaped shield finial, were found in burials of the Novotroitsky burial ground in the Altai Territory (Shulga, Umansky, and Mogilnikov, 2009, Fig. 108). The monument belongs to the late stage of the Kamenskaya culture, which ends the Scythian period in the Upper Ob region (W-N centuries BC, but the authors of the work suggest that it should be dated to the IV century BC [Ibid., p. 181]). The same exact items were found on Mount Piket in the foothills of the Altai and on the Seminsky Pass (random finds), dating back to the III century. B.C.-II century A.D. [Troitskaya, 1979, p. 12, Table VII, 8]. Daggers with a disc-shaped shield finial were found in the Novye Mochagi mound [Kuzmin, 2011, Table 53].

3. Bronze mirrors.

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4. Iron daggers (1-3) and a knife (4).

5. Connector rings (1), iron bits (2) and bronze psalms (3).

They are characteristic of the middle (II) stage of the Tesin culture. Relatively rare are petiolate daggers with a peaked rigid fastening of the handle. A bronze dagger from the burial site of the Ust-Isha V burial ground in the Upper Ob region (Skopintseva, 1998, p. 122, Fig. 1, 15), dated to the Early Scythian period (VI-V centuries BC), had such a mount.However, it differs sharply in shape from those presented in the treasure. M. N. Pshenitsyna writes that iron petiolate daggers first appeared at the Tesinsky stage and are characteristic of the subsequent time (Stepnaya polosa..., 1992, p. 232).

An iron knife with a petiole, a straight, slightly curved tip and a one-sided beard (Fig. 4, 4) is similar to the tools of this category that were in use in the Xiongnu period. For example, similar knives were found at the Kazankovo V/1, 2 settlement in the Kuznetsk Alatau (Shirin, 1999, p. 32, Fig. 4, 8, 9: 9, 1] together with ceramics of the Fominsk type (beginning of the first millennium AD) [Shirin, 2003, p. 54].

The psalms are represented by bronze and iron copies, similar in shape. They are two-pronged s-prominent. The flattened ends of the bronze psal are decorated with a wavy crest with threaded curls (Figs. 5, 3). Analogs are known in materials of the Xiongnu period (II century BC - II century AD) [Konovalov, 1976, Tables IX, 3, 4]. The flattened ends of the iron psal have cap-shaped finials.

5, 2) were common in the nomadic world until the early Middle Ages and, rather, complemented the elements of the bridle presented in the treasure.

Bronze belt buckles with a fixed tongue have the same proportions (Fig. 6, 3, 4). They have a rounded-rectangular frame, in one case with a lintel, smooth, in the other-without it, with a paired zoomorphic image of argali goats. The muzzles are shown in profile, the arched fluted horns are connected to each other. In the Tatar culture, the shape of these buckles and the zoomorphic style developed from the 7th-6th centuries BC (Martynov, 1979, p. 78). Argali were often depicted on the buckles. The mountain goat was one of the main characters in the Hunnic animal style (Khudyakov, 1998, p. 101). A similar buckle was found in border 26 of the Tesinsky burial ground near the village of Kala in the interfluve of the Abakan and Yenisei rivers (Kuzmin, 1988, Figs. 13, 4). Buckles with a fixed tongue and zoomorphic strips depicting argali goats were found in mounds 20 and 21 of Novotroitskiy-2 in the Altai Territory on the Chumysh River (Shulga, Umansky, Mogilnikov, 2009, fig. 116].

The considered objects have analogies mainly in the materials of the III-I centuries BC, the period that corresponds to the Tesin stage of Tatar culture. The following group of hoard items is not typical of this culture: rectangular lattice plates, spoon-shaped zoomorphic clasps, round plaques, openwork round pendants, and varvarks. Such items were in use in the later Tatar period. Spreading the new style of otme-

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Fig. b. Items of belt fittings.

It begins at the Tesin stage and tends to the subject world of the Xiongnu culture, which had a significant impact on the culture of the peoples of Southern Siberia from the second century BC and was further developed in the subsequent time (II century BC - II century AD).

Latticed rectangular plates with zoomorphic images in the Uibat hoard are represented by three fragments (Fig. 6, 2; 7, 1). They do not allow you to fully define the plot of the decor. Fragments with the tail and large head of a snake, made in a manner similar to the design of blyakh from d, have been preserved. Syda (State Hermitage Museum collection) and Ordos (D. David-Weil collection) [Devlet, 1976, Fig. 4]. P. P. Azbelev writes that "Tashtyk people sometimes creatively played up the accidental similarity of the reduced Xiongnu motif" with the tamga-shaped sign, including animal images in the decor (the reversal of the dragon's head, bull, and prostrate eagle) [2008, p. 70]. This is the design of the Xiongnu buckles from the Altai burial ground Yaloman II, as well as from China and the Korean Peninsula (Soenov and Ebel, 1992). Most often, in burials of the Xiongnu period, there are rectangular bronze lattice plates with zigzag, serpentine, and meander ornaments. Rectangular openwork plates with images of snakes were found at the Ivolginsky settlement (Rudenko, 1962, Fig. 56), near D. Kokorev (Devlet, 1976, Fig. 4). They are found in the Kosogolsky hoard, dated to the 3rd-1st centuries BC. It should be noted that the overwhelming majority of items in this hoard belong to the Xiongnu culture [Nashchekin, 1967, p.163, 164]. Latticed plates are often found in burials on the territory of the Minusinsk basin, Tuva, and Transbaikalia. M. A. Devlet considers them as Ordos and Minusinsk plaques and notes that there are no prototypes of these ornaments on the monuments of the early and middle ages of the Tagar culture [1975]. They became widespread in the III-I centuries. BCE

A round openwork plate in the Xiongnu style (see Fig. 6, <5; 7,2) is a standard example of jewelry that spread in the Tessin period. It is made of bronze, with a diameter of 5.6 cm, decorated with images of eight pseudo-horn processes. Such plaques are found in many burial sites of the Tesin period: near the village of Kala (grave 11) [Kuzmin, 1988, Fig. 14, 30], near the city of Sayanogorsk (burial of the II-I centuries BC) [Kuzmin, 1983], Yoshino III (grave 24) [Savinov, 2009, p. 76 10], Derestuiskii [Rudenko, 1962, Fig. 41], Tepsei VII (mogg. 3) [Complex..., 1979, fig. 52], Razliv III (mound 36), Tolstoy Cape V [Kuzmin, 2011, Fig. 39]. In the women's border 38 of the Drestui burial ground, there were two "openwork rings with comma-shaped slots" (Davydova and Minyaev, 1987, p. 185, Fig. 3] - details of the belt decoration. According to the "u-shu" coins, this burial is dated no earlier than 118 BC, the most likely date is the first century BC. Thus, these plaques appeared in the south of Siberia in the II-I centuries BC.

7. Bronze openwork plaques (1, 2) and zoomorphic buckle (3).

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Spoon-shaped fasteners are presented in 16 copies. (Figure 8). They are made of bronze and vary in size, image and form of attachment. Four identical clasps with a length of 4 cm, a diameter of 0.5 cm in the narrow vtul part are decorated with a stylized image of a ram. The bas-relief shows the contiguous horns (top view), with three transverse slits marking their base and the borders of the horn plates (Fig. 9, 7, 9, 12). The nose and eyes are made with slotted lines. On three larger clasps, 4.6 cm long, a zoomorphic image (goat or horse) with a wide groove between the horns or ears and a transverse notch on them, the base is emphasized. The eyes and nose are highlighted (Figs. 9, 13, 14). Two clasps - the widest of all, with a diameter of up to 1 cm in a narrow vtul part, and a length of 4.3 cm. They show in profile the heads of rams with horns wrapped around the ears and eyes, on which "wrinkles" are highlighted in bas-relief (Fig. 9, b). The two longest (5.7 cm) clasps (0.8 cm diameter in the mouth part) without images (Fig. 9, 5, 11). The others duplicate the zoomorphic ones described above, but they are shortened, and one is broken. On the fasteners with the image of rams, the nose part of the animal's muzzle is removed, while the bridge and sleeve are placed in normal proportions on the back side.

Spoon-shaped clasps are found in almost all burial complexes and hoards of the Xiongnu period and are a kind of marker of this era. They are represented in the Askyrov treasure [Vadetskaya, 1999, fig. 38], materials of Ivolginsky (burials 32, 185) [Davydova, 1996, pp. 14-23, Tables 8.51] and Drestuysky [Davydova and Minyaev, 1993, Fig. 5, 6] burial grounds, settlements near the village of Dureny (Kyakhtinsky

8. Spoon-shaped clasps made of bronze.

Fig. 9. Bronze fittings. 1,2-plaques; 3-pronizi; 4-varvorka; 5-14-spoon-shaped fasteners.

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museum, inv. N 929/3, 2541-8), burial grounds Chernoe Ozero I (graves 9, 18 mound 1) [Savinov, 2009, p. 68, Table XXV], Yoshino III (graves 24, 30) [Savinov, 1994, p. 63-68], near the village of Kala I (graves 23a, b, 346) [Kuzmin, 1988, figs. 13, 22-32], Tesinsky burials of the II-I centuries BC near Sayanogorsk [Kuzmin, 1983], Karasuk V Ibarsuchikha-1 [Complex..., 1979, fig. 52, p. 85,87]. Spoon-shaped clasps are found in graves with "wu-shu" coins issued in China since 118 BC, therefore, they can be dated no earlier than the turn of the II-I centuries BC. The exact dates within the first century BC were obtained from the materials of the burial ground of u D. Kala I (Kuzmin, 1988, p. 4). 81]. Their distribution is noted in the materials of the Fominsk stage (beginning of the first millennium AD) in the Upper Ob region and the Kuznetsk Alatau (Shirin, 2003, p. 69). The Kosogolsky hoard contains 35 belt bronze arrowheads with a relief stylized image of the animal's face (Nashchekin, 1967).

D. G. Savinov notes that spoon-shaped clasps with a stylized image of the head of the "saiga antelope" are found in pairs as part of a belt set in women's burials, but their purpose is not clear. The woman buried in grave 9 of Mound 1 of the Black Lake I burial ground was wearing a leather belt with symmetrically arranged spoon-shaped clasps and bronze suspension rings, just like in many Xiongnu burials, for example, in border 38 of the Drestui burial ground (Savinov, 2009, p. 79). These items were made with spoon-shaped buckles [1996, p. 17], which were often decorated with a stylized image of an animal's head. Spoon-shaped clasps are typical of the territories conquered by the Xiongnu, where they were made not only of bronze, but also of iron. One of the purposes of these items was found out thanks to a find from the Tagar mound on Lake Baikal. Utinka: it "served as a rotary type fastener for the buckle" [Bobrov, 1979, p. 175].

S. S. Minyaev writes that belt buckles, spoon-shaped clasps were widespread in the Xiongnu period throughout the entire belt of the Asian steppes. Their main areas, except for the middle Yenisei, are Transbaikalia, Mongolia and Ordos. Everywhere they are reliably dated to the II-I centuries BC (Minyaev, 2007, pp. 25-40, 76). Similar items found in one of the Xiongnu burials are described as belt parts:"...two bronze semicircular cross-section clips with loops for fastening on the back side "resemble" spoon-shaped fasteners " and served as lap belt clips (Aseev, Khudyakov, Tsevendorzh, 1987, p. 133, Fig. 3.23, 24). On the front side of one clip is a schematic relief "decoration in the form of a roe deer's head", made in the traditions of the Hunnic version of the animal style [Ibid.]. A. I. Martynov calls these products spoon-shaped clasps and belt tips [1979, p. 64, 128]. S. I. Rudenko refers to them as bronze spoon-shaped buckles for wicker and leather belts. belts that were used to gird the Xiongnu's swing clothing [1962, Table XVI, Figs. 2, 3]. In her article on spoon-shaped products, IL. Simonova suggests that they were adopted from Xianbi by the Xiongnu [2004]. At the same time, the author refers to the work of S. A. Komissarov [1996], where the term Yanbo golo dai or Xianbi golo dai (dai - "belt") is considered, denoting a Xiongnu belt with a hook buckle and the image of a beast on it. However, his article is about the image of a unicorn on openwork buckles of the third century AD, which appeared under the influence of the Xianbi culture, and not about spoon-shaped clasps. Prior to this, images of the fauna of the Altai-Sayan Highlands developed in Scythian art were used. Opinions about the use of spoon-shaped products, as we can see, are not unambiguous, as are the interpretations of animal images on them. Items from the Uibat hoard in one case depict a ram with compressed wide horns (top view), in the other-an animal resembling a bridled horse. Only the profile images on the two spoon-shaped clasps specifically show argali with wrapped horns. In Siberian mountain argali, the horns are powerful and homonymous (Agricultural Encyclopedia, 1949; Kashkarov et al., 2008, Fig.2, pp. 255-258): the right one turns around its axis to the right, and the left one - to the left, while their ends are directed forward and to the sides. Argali of similar species inhabit the Altai-Sayan Highlands, including Altai, Tuva, and Northwestern Mongolia. In the east, they reach the upper reaches of the Selenga River and the mountains of Eastern Mongolia. Images of mountain goats and rams (argali) have been used in bronze sculpture since the Scythian period throughout Southern Siberia, Northern Mongolia, and Northern China. They define the Minusinsk style of zoomorphic sculptural images.

Zoomorphic plastic is represented by an object made of pewter bronze with a bas-relief of an animal and a bracket on the reverse side (see Figs. 6,1; 7, 3). The figure is 6.5 cm long. An animal is depicted with its pelvis turned out, its hind legs raised up and its tail lowered. The figure has a broken foreleg and the end of its tail. It is impossible to specify the type of animal, because the image of the muzzle is not detailed. It is elongated, like a dog, showing only an open small mouth. A casting defect is visible on the muzzle. Ears are rounded and flattened. Only the animal's musculature is highlighted in the relief. Simplification of the image is not typical for the Scythian animal style. It develops later.

Small accessories of belts and horse harnesses, as well as all other items of the treasure, existed in the II century BC-I century AD. These are bronze round plaques with a convex center, as well as two with a solar symbol, upomi-

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used in connection with mirrors - clothing decorations (see Fig. 9,1,2); iron and bronze rings-connectors of belts and suspension links (see Fig. 5,1); quiver and belt sashes (see Fig. 9,4), which locked the straps of clasps for scabbards and quivers; bronze pronizi, which decorated belts and harness (see Fig. 9, 3). Round plaques with a convex middle they have a diameter of 2.0 to 2.7 cm. These ornaments are found in almost all burials of this period. Silver and gold plaques with swirling petal decoration (small - up to 1 cm in diameter and large-up to 3 cm) decorated the headdresses of those buried in the Xiongnu burial ground of Yaloman II in Altai (Tishkin, 2010, p. 41-44). Analogs of the wheel-shaped (3 cm diameter) belt distributor with three crossbeams (see Figs. 6, 5) originate from grave 30 of the Yoshino III burial ground (Savinov, 1994, p. 67, Figs. 9, 6: 2009, Fig. 10], Tesin burials of the II-I centuries BC near the town of Sayanogorsk (Kuzmin, 1983), the Black Lake I Xiongnu complex (mound 1, mogh. 9), burials according to the rite of corpse burning on Mount Archekass (Vadetskaya, 1999, fig. 38), grave 75 of the Tepsey VII necropolis [Complex..., 1979, fig. 52], and this is not a complete list. On one such product with four lintels (Tepsei VII), narrow leather straps were fixed on two opposite sides. The same fastening system was used for hanging links in the belt set and intermediaries for hanging objects to the belt.

Axes and adze-shaped tools (6 copies) are made of iron. The technology of manufacturing a large eye axe is interesting. It consists of two separate parts (blades and eyelets) that are bonded together by forging welding (Fig. 10.2). The other two guns of this type have their eyes broken off (Figs. 10,3, 4). The blades are 13 cm long. Large eye axes from the Askyrov treasure trove (Vadetskaya, 1999, p. 72, fig.38.1) are similar in shape to the Tuibat one. A similar tool is presented in the exposition of the Minusinsk Regional Museum of Local Lore (N 7906). Two eye axes were found together with daggers with a round bar in a treasure buried in the mound of Mound 1, which was investigated by the Sayan expedition of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences in the construction zone of the Kuragino-Kyzyl railway. They are attributed to the Xiongnu period (Khudyakov et al., 2011, p. 489). Such axes could be used both as combat axes and as household axes. Their typology and chronology have not been developed.

10,1; 11, 2; 12, b) are close to the samples from the Askyrov treasure, which, although undated, but judging by the date of the single buckle, could have been left in the first century AD (upper date). A collection of coulters (random finds) stored in the Kyakhta Museum, presumably from the same time (Davydova and Shilov, 1953,

10. Adze-shaped tool (1) and axes (2-4).

11. Sickle-shaped knives (1) and adze-shaped tools (2).

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12. Iron tools (1-4), bronze clip (5) and iron adze-shaped tool (6).

p. 198]. Adzlovidnye tools are similar to coulters or naralnikami, used as plow tips for breaking the soil when planting crops. This assignment interpretation applies to the three attachment-type tools. Two of them have a closed sleeve and a small tray with an oval blade (see Fig. 10, 1; 11, 2). The length of the tools is 13 cm, the working part is 5 cm. One tool is broken at the connection point between the pipe and the tray. The sleeve was attached to the handle by compressing the edges and fixing it with a metal pin pushed through the hole. One of the tools has an eyelet attachment on the handle, like a hoe (Fig. 12, 6).

Iron sickle-shaped knives (see Fig. 11,1 ) are presented in 11 copies. They are made in the same style as the short knife described above, analogues of which were common in the Xiongnu period-at the beginning of the first millennium AD. All have a single petiole and a one-sided beard. Sickle-shaped knives are not found in most burials of the Xiongnu period. But farming tools (coulters and sickle knives) were found at the Ivolginsky settlement [Ibid., pp. 196-198, fig. 4, a, b]. Two iron crescent-shaped knives of a similar shape were obtained during excavations of the Ush-lep-5 settlement (Salair, Altai Krai) with radiocarbon dates dating back to the first and second centuries AD (Kungurova, 1996, Fig. 52). Agricultural implements from the hoard are close to those of Chinese farmers of the late Middle Ages. Among the peoples of Southern Siberia, sickle-shaped knives were used to cut bundles of herbaceous plant stems when preparing winter top dressing for animals and collecting cereals (Radlov, 1989, p. 123-210). Grain grinders, millet grains, and storage facilities with grain remains were found in Hun-era settlements (Davydova and Shilov, 1953, p. 196-198; Kungurova, 1996, p. 18).

Five iron objects from the treasure, presumably tools, have no analogues: a pin with a bent point, similar to the core - tool in metal (see Fig. 12, 1); a bar with a hammered pointed end, similar to a chisel (see Fig. 12, 2); a curved hook with a loop (see Fig. 12, 3) and two small knife-like objects, and one-a narrow blade-is equipped with an edge only on one side (see Figs. 12, 4). Such products have never been seen before. In this case, any item placed in the treasure is separated from the household space and does not clarify either its purpose or the expediency of the cache itself.

Conclusion

Items from the Uibat hoard are characteristic of the Tesin stage of the Tagar culture, namely, the III-I centuries BC (Tesin culture) and the Xiongnu period (II century BC-the beginning of the first millennium AD). The dates of the items mostly fit into the framework of the II-I centuries BC. It is possible that some of the bronze objects belong to this period, and the iron ones (axes, coulters, sickles) can be dated to a later time, up to the first century AD.The latter is only an assumption, since axe-shaped tools and sickle-shaped knives were almost not found in burials that gave a range of dates. Spoon-shaped clasps, round openwork plaques with a composition of pseudo-horns, plaques with a convex middle, daggers with a shield disk-shaped pommel, according to N. Yu. Kuzmin, determine the inventory of graves of the middle stage (II, Pa) of the Tesin culture in the Minusinsk and Chulym-Yenisei basins (Kuzmin, 2011, Fig. 39, 43]. According to radiocarbon dating [Ibid., p. 218], the second stage dates from the middle of the first century BC to the middle of the second century AD. Thus, the dates obtained from the materials of the Tepsey mounds VII and XVI, the ground crypt of the New Mochagi mound and the burial ground near the village of Kala fit within the first century. B.C.-the middle of the third century A.D. [Ibid., p. 220].

The Uibat hoard is not the only cache of items whose chronological scope of existence is unknown.

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these monuments can be attributed to the II century BC. -

First century AD Hoards are now becoming an indicator of significant changes in the economy and political situation. First of all, this is the entry of the Minusinsk basin into the Xiongnu state [Savinov. 2009, p. 102], which is generally associated with the innovative nature of the Tesin material culture. "The new (Tesin) population, not being Huns, had a Hunnic-type culture incorporated into the local Tatar environment" (Tishkin, 2007, p.178). Xiongnu rule in Southern Siberia was established at the end of the third century BC - the end of the first century AD, especially after 123 BC, when the Xiongnu moved their headquarters to Northern Mongolia. At the turn of the third century-

In the second century BC, the Tatar tribes entered a new stage of their development. It must be said that the subsequent period was not calm for the local population, and already in 95 AD the northern Xiongnu were defeated by Xianbi and lost their dominance in most of Central Asia [Ibid.]. In the "History of the Late Han" there is a mention of military clashes in the middle of the second century between the population of the Minusinsk basin and the Xianbian tribes, who took the place of the Xiongnu in Central Asia (Bichurin, 1950, p. 154).

The treasure contained objects of Tatar culture and things alien to it: axes, agricultural tools, weapons made of iron, openwork bronze ornaments of bridles and belts. On the monuments of the II century BC - I century AD, two groups of products are typologically distinguished: traditional Tatar bronzes, genetically related to the inventory of the previous period, and Xiongnu stereotypes. Among the items of the Uibat hoard, there are no items that were distributed later than the second century AD, when a number of elements of the Ulugh-Khem and Tashtyk cultures appeared, which were far from the Xiongnu culture, but have correspondences in the accompanying inventory of the Xianbian burial grounds (Khudyakov, Alkin, Yu Su-Hua, 1999). During this period, the nomads of the Minusinsk basin and Tuva became part of the Xianbian nomadic state. Therefore, the local population adopted new forms from the culture of the dominant Xianbian ethnic group. In 93 AD, the Xianbi occupied the territory of Xiongnu influence. The process of extinction and transformation of the Xiongnu culture began. The end of the first-beginning of the second century AD is roughly the upper limit of the interval within which the Uibat hoard can be dated, but it is most likely that it belongs to the second-First centuries BC.

There is an opinion that the hoards were left by craftsmen [Minyaev, 1983, p. 102], who were engaged in the manufacture and remelting of objects for the economic needs of the population. Often recorded hiding places in the mounds of mounds, leaving identification marks in the form of stones on them indicate the hiding of a special kind of objects for some purpose. The Uibat hoard contains sets of specific items: mirrors, spoon-shaped clasps, button plaques, agricultural implements, etc. The items are not scrap, most of them are intact and of good quality. It can even be assumed that they were objects of the exchange and trade process. The large number of hoards in the Tessin period can be explained by the turbulent situation, on the one hand, and the allocation of the institute of merchants, on the other. With the time of the foundation of the Xiongnu Empire and its conquests, the arrival of things that are not characteristic of Scythian cultures is associated. At the same time, in the second century BC, the formation of a unified system of the Great Silk Road was completed, covering a vast area of Northern Asia, including the Minusinsk Basin.

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