Soviet historiography of the settlement of Siberia by Russians during the feudal period has rich traditions, and the interest of specialists in this topic does not fade, since the degree of its study depends on the solution of many other important issues of Russian medieval studies, in particular, the understanding of the Siberian version of the system of "state feudalism". Below, an attempt is made to review the current state of study of the problem, to summarize the results of its research over the past five years .1
The previously formulated 2 statement on the three main stages of Russian settlement in Siberia during the feudal era remains valid, but their previous dating (the first stage: the end of the XVI-beginning of the XVIII century, the second: the 20 - 80s of the XVIII century, and the third: from the end of the 1780s) does not fully satisfy historians. Thus, A.D. Kolesnikov considers the fundamental boundary in the development of the region not the 20s of the XVIII century, but the end of the XVII century. Since that time, in his opinion, Siberia "was no longer a continuous newly populated area. It identifies old-populated areas as areas where immigrants leave, and areas where peasants settle down." The main increase in the Russian population of Siberia since the end of the 17th century, according to the author (new data

1 For a review of the previous literature on this issue, see: Minenko N. A. Historiography of Siberia (the Period of Feudalism). Novosibirsk. 1978.

2 See Boyarshinova 3. Ya. Settlement of Siberia by Russians in the XVI-first half of the XIX century. In: Results and tasks of studying the history of Siberia in the pre-Soviet period. Novosibirsk. 1971.

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in support of his conclusion, however, he does not cite), "it was due to natural growth" 3 . It is significant that in the generalizing work on the history of the Siberian peasantry, the first quarter of the XVIII century is actually referred to the second stage of the development of the region by the Russians4 . The final date of this stage is also being revised. In recent works, 5 the idea is made that it is the end of the XVIII century, and the end of the 1780s. It takes into account mainly the qualitative change in the government's migration policy that took place at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries (granting some freedom of movement to state peasants of European provinces, developing a program for settling Siberia with exiles and starting its implementation).

Specifically, the question of the periodization of migration processes in the east of the country during the feudal period has not yet been studied, this is complicated by the insufficient study of these processes themselves. The authors of the latest works, as a rule, proceed from the recognition of two forms of settlement of Siberia by Russians: free-people and government 6 . By free-people migration, everyone understands the spontaneous movement (legal, semi-legal and illegal) of immigrants. However, there is still no consensus on the definition of "government settlement": some interpret it broadly, including various state-initiated relocations7, while others interpret it only as forced settlement of the region8 . Proponents of the second point of view believe that in the case when voluntary participation in resettlement was combined with the organizational work of the authorities, we should talk about a mixed form. The latter formulation was proposed at the time by M. M. Gromyko9 . Such a differentiation of migration forms will allow us to more accurately determine the role of the efforts of the working people and the state authorities in the development of Siberia.

At the end of the XVI - XVII centuries, free-people migration is considered to be predominant10 . However, there are almost no new facts confirming this thesis in the literature. At the same time, in the history of the settlement of the eastern outskirts by Russians at its first stage, an increasing place is given to the initiative of the state. The article analyzes, for example, the activities of the government in the late XVI - first half of the XVII century, aimed at attracting human and monetary resources of the Middle Volga region for the purpose of settling Siberia. "The initial development of Siberia," writes A. A. Preobrazhensky, " was carried out on a national scale." At the same time, the author points out that the government's plans could be realized only thanks to the tireless work of peasants, artisans, and ordinary service people: "It is Wuxi-

3 Kolesnikov A.D. Some features of the formation of the Russian population of Siberia (XVI-XIX centuries). In: Number and class composition of the population of Russia and the USSR (XVI-XX centuries). Tallinn. 1979, p. 39, 42.

4 The peasantry of Siberia in the era of feudalism. Novosibirsk. 1982, pp. 36-45, 157-164.

5 Ibid., pp. 157-167; Kuzmina F. S. Resettlement of peasants to Siberia in the first third of the XIX century. In: The Peasantry of Russia during the disintegration of feudalism and the Development of capitalism. Novosibirsk. 1978, pp. 17-18; Yemelyanov N. F. The population of the Middle Ob region in the feudal era. Part 2. Tomsk, 1982, pp. 186-212.

6 Kabuzan V. M. Settlement of Siberia and the Far East at the end of the XVIII-beginning of the XX century (1795-1917). - History of the USSR, 1979, N z, pp. 22-30; Nikitin N. I. Military people and the development of Siberia in the XVII century. - Ibid., 1980, N 2, pp. 161-163; Bekmakhanova N. E. Formation of the multinational population of Kazakhstan and Northern Kyrgyzstan. The last quarter of the XVIII-60s of the XIX century M. 1980, pp. 177-192, 249; Emelyanov N. F. Settlement of the Middle Ob region by Russians in the feudal era. Tomsk. 1981, pp. 138-139; The Siberian peasantry in the era of feudalism, pp. 35-45, 98-107; The working Class of Siberia in the pre-October period. Novosibirsk. 1982, p. 22, 52.

7 Kuzmina F. S. Uk. soch., p. 17-33; Nikitin N. I. Uk. soch., p. 169; Bekmakhanova N. E. Uk oph., p. 177-178, 249.

8 Bykonya G. F. Russian settlement of the Yenisei region in the 18th century Novosibirsk. 1981, p. 75 - 161, 187 - 189, 245 - 246; The peasantry of Siberia in the era of feudalism, pp. 157-167.

9 Gromyko M. M. Western Siberia in the XVIII century Russian population and agricultural development. Novosibirsk. 1965, pp. 98-99.

10 Kabuzan V. M. Uk. soch., p. 22; Etnografiya russkogo krestjanstva Sibiri [Ethnography of the Russian peasantry of Siberia]. Moscow, 1981, p. 13; Kurilov V. N. Sibirskaya promyshlennost ' v XVII V. [Siberian industry in the XVII century]. In: Industry of Siberia in the Feudal Era (late XVI-mid XIX centuries). Novosibirsk. 1982, p. (3; The Working Class of Siberia in the pre-October period, p. 22;

The peasantry of Siberia in the era of feudalism, pp. 37-45.

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the power of the masses of the people was the internal spring that pushed the limits of the state and ensured the effectiveness of its activities for the annexation and development of new lands." 11 The author convincingly substantiates his position with fresh facts and documents. Similar ideas are presented in N. I. Nikitin's historiographical article about the participation of the "military-service element" in the development of Siberia. In his opinion, the role of service personnel at the initial stage of this process is underestimated. In the XVII century, explorers founded cities and settlements, engaged in agriculture and crafts, provided border protection; in the migration flow, they outnumbered other categories until the end of the century: "At the early stage of colonization, the most prominent figure in Siberia was the service man." 12 And if this is so, then the idea of the dominant role of the peasantry in the development of Siberia in the XVII century should be revised. However, the author did not take into account the peculiarities of forming a contingent of Siberian military personnel. It is known that most of them came from the black-sown villages of the Russian North13 . Consequently, this process - even if not completely - should be considered as one of the forms of peasant colonization of Siberia .14 It seems, by the way, that among the reasons that prompted many Siberian Cossacks and Streltsy to engage in agriculture, the most important was their peasant origin.

The task of studying the contribution of various social groups to the development of Siberia remains relevant. In recent works dealing with the origin of the Russian first settlers of the region, this issue is only addressed 15 . It is proved, however, that almost all layers of the unprivileged population of European Russia (including service people "on the device") took part in the settlement of Trans - Ural areas at the end of the XVI-XVII centuries. and that the main stream of "skhodtsev" came here from the black-sown villages of the north-eastern counties. Recently, the picture has been somewhat specified in relation to the Verkhoturye and Tomsk districts 16 . Additional fragmentary data are provided.

Amendments are being made to the scheme of socio-geographical demarcation in the XVII century, which was proposed ten years ago by A. A. Preobrazhensky: "Black-skinned peasants, the bulk of whom lived in Pomerania, settled in the Urals and Siberia, "he wrote," serfs of secular and spiritual feudal lords in the central part of Russia went to the territory of the southern counties, the Volga region and Don". The influx of serfs to Siberia was, according to A. A. Preobrazhensky, "even more extreme

11 Preobrazhenskiy A. A. Srednee Povolzhye i nachalnoe osvoenie Sibiri (kontsa XVI-seredina XVII v.) [Middle Volga region and initial development of Siberia (late 16th-mid-17th centuries)]. Voprosy istorii, 1981, No. 10, pp. 89, 77.

12 Nikitin N. I. Uk. soch., p. 172.

13 It is proved that the service personnel in Siberia largely came from "walking" people, and the latter were mainly natives of Pomeranian villages (see: Aleksandrov V. A. Russian population of Siberia of the XVII-early XVIII centuries (Yenisei Region). Moscow 1964, p. 79 - 81, 83, 109, 143 - 156 Kopylov A. N. Russians on the Yenisei in the 17th century . Novosibirsk. 1965, pp. 33-34, 36; Preobrazhensky A. A. Ural and Western Siberia at the end of the XVI-beginning of the XVIII century. Moscow, 1972, pp. 101-118; Kurilov V. N. Hired workers in Siberia in the XVII century, their social status and struggle. In: Industry of Siberia in the Feudal Era, p. 68; Peasantry of Siberia in the era of feudalism, p. 93, 97, 99-100).

14 It is difficult to guess who N. I. Nikitin is referring to when he writes that the opinion that dominated the literature of the 1940s and 1950s about the dominant role of the peasantry in the development of Siberia in the 17th century "ceases to satisfy many researchers at the present time" (Nikitin N. I. U k soch., p.172). The latest collective work on the history of the working class of Siberia, for example, says: "Behind the" industrial people " and next to them were the Cossacks and Streltsy, and soon a Russian peasant went to Siberia by royal decrees and of his own free will in search of a better life. Peasant colonization gradually but firmly linked Siberia with Russia" (The Working Class of Siberia in the pre-October Period, p. 22; see also the corresponding sections in: The Peasantry of Siberia in the Era of Feudalism).

15 Kolesnikov A.D. Structure of immigrants to Siberia. In: Questions of formation of the Russian population of Siberia in the XVII - early XIX centuries. Tomsk. 1978, pp. 3-4; The Working Class of Siberia in the pre-October period, pp. 22-26; The peasantry of Siberia in the era of feudalism.

16 Preobrazhenskiy A. A. Srednee Povolzhye i nachalnoe osvoenie Sibiri [The Middle Volga region and the initial development of Siberia], pp. 77-84. 1980, pp. 97-157; part 2, pp. 187-212.

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A. P. Okladnikov and N. Pokrovsky put the question somewhat differently: "In the XVII century, the state village of the North of Russia participated in the process of settling Siberia much more intensively than the landowner village of the center of the country" 18 . Thus, they consider the role of serfs still noticeable. O. N. Vilkov, when describing the social composition of illegal immigrants, puts these peasants in the first place: "Private, palace and state peasants and posadskys fled to Siberia from the growing feudal-serf oppression" 19 . A. I. Alekseev goes even further: "The" serfs "and peasants, driven to impoverishment by serfdom, fled to Siberia, the Far East, and North America, and became free, "walking" people. " 20 This position is not yet supported by facts. In general, there are no sources that would cast doubt on the conclusion of A. A. Preobrazhensky about the role of the Pomor "element" in the settlement of Siberia in the late XVI-XVII centuries. Genealogy data may help to find out the places of origin and social origin of immigrants, as indicated by M. M. Gromyko, who studied the pedigrees of representatives of the unprivileged estates of feudal Siberia .21
Closely related to the question of the social composition of "skhodtsy" is another, equally important one - the reasons for resettlement, the incentives for migration beyond the Urals at the first stage of development of Siberia. According to the general opinion, the spontaneous movement to Siberia was a peculiar form of protest against the onset of feudal-serfdom in the European part of the country22 . Some researchers (O. N. Vilkov, V. N. Kurilov) try to link the free-people form of development at the end of the XVI-XVII centuries and with the development of bourgeois relations in the Pomeranian village. V. N. Kurilov, relying on the data of P. A. Kolesnikov, writes: "It is also difficult to overestimate the influence of early bourgeois relations on migration processes, especially in the main area of the exit of the "first inhabitants of Siberia" - in the Russian North " 23 . The facts presented in P. A. Kolesnikov's most interesting study of the North Russian peasantry do not give rise to such categorical judgments, and the author himself does not share V. N. Kurilov's point of view. 24 It is significant that in the capital work on the working class of Siberia O. N. Vilkov, V. N. Kurilov and their co-authors (A. A. Malykh, D. Ya. Rezun and V. V. Rabtsevich) adhere to a slightly different view: recognizing the influence of "the process of social stratification that has begun in the North Russian countryside" on the scale of the migration movement to Siberia, this very statement is based on They do not regard the stratification as a manifestation of early bourgeois relations in the Russian North .25 Similarly, V. A. Aleksandrov writes in this connection simply about the" stratification " of the Pomor village (without giving it a definition) .26
17 Preobrazhensky A. A. Ural and Western Siberia in the late XVI-early XVIII centuries, p. 68.

18 The Siberian peasantry in the era of feudalism, p. 12.

19 Vilkov O. N. On the problem of hired labor in the Siberian industry, the end of the XVI-beginning of the XVIII century. In: Industry of Siberia in the Feudal Era, p. 32. The same article by O. N. Vilkov under a slightly different title and with small abbreviations is published in: Historical Notes, vol. 108.

20 Alekseev A. I. Development by Russian people of the Far East and Russian America, Moscow, 1982, pp. 33-34.

21 Gromyko M. M. Socio-economic aspects of studying the genealogy of unprivileged estates in feudal Siberia. In: Istoriya i genealogiya [History and Genealogy], S. B. Veselovsky and Problems of Historical and genealogical Research, Moscow, 1977.

22 See: Alekseyev A. I. Uk. soch., pp. 33-34; The peasantry of Siberia in the era of feudalism, pp. 10-12, 38; The working class of Siberia in the pre-October period, p. 25.

23 Kurilov V. N. Siberian industry in the XVII century, p. 7. The same idea is expressed by O. N. Vilkov: "A certain role in the" whining " of a part of the European population was played by early bourgeois relations formed on the basis of social stratification, especially clearly expressed in Pomerania, as a result of which large entrepreneurs and ruined people came to Siberia., people looking for earnings" (Vilkov O. N. Uk. soch., p. 32).'

24 See Kolesnikov P. A. Severnaya derevnya v XV - pervoi polovine XIX veka [Northern Village in the XV-first half of the XIX century]. Vologda. 1976, pp. 226-257.

25 The Working Class of Siberia in the Pre-October Period, p. 25.

26 The Siberian peasantry in the era of feudalism, p. 38.

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An important role at the initial stage of the movement in the Trans-Urals was played, as noted in the literature, by the thirst for developing the commercial riches of Siberia and the relative land crowding in the areas of emigration. 27
Studies of the last 28 years have confirmed that the causes of spontaneous intra-Siberian migrations of the 17th century did not differ much from those that caused a continuous influx of "descendents" from European Russia. The main ones are, on the one hand, the desire to get rid of feudal duties in all their manifestations, and on the other - the search for better economic conditions. Moreover, at the time under review, free-people migrations played a leading role in the redistribution of the population within Siberia, although the activity of the authorities also played a significant role. 29 N. F. Yemelyanov showed that among the first Russian "inhabitants" of the Tomsk Region there were quite a few transfers from other Siberian counties .30
The question of the sources of the growth of the Russian population in Siberia is one of the central issues in the works on the XVIII century. Everyone who deals with this topic shares the opinion that at that time the settlement of Siberia was due not so much to the influx of people from beyond the Urals, but to an intensive natural increase. However, in general, the problem has not yet been solved. The literature of the first half of the 70s sometimes characterized the influx of free migrants from European Russia as extremely insignificant and reduced the role of flight in the settlement of Siberia to almost nothing .31 At the same time, the scale of spontaneous migration was determined indirectly based on data on natural growth, while the calculation method, as G. F. Bykonya proved, was very imperfect. This, as it turned out, led to an overestimation of natural growth, and consequently its role in the replenishment of the Russian population of Siberia in the XVIII century. The shortcomings of audit and church accounting, according to G. F. Bykoni, set historians the task of improving the methods of processing these sources. "Usually, with the completion of the primary organization and the end of benefits," he writes, "the settler and the Old Believer, the translator and the exiled were in the taxable salary and the subsequent fiscal and ecclesiastical accounting only in special cases distinguished them from the watchmen"; as a rule, " these new tax-bearers were shown in their total mass according to the next revision or attributed in the tax lists of the former". The practice of such attributions complicates calculations. "Without in-depth further development of these questions, it is hardly possible to correctly judge the real correlation of the sources of formation of the Russian population of Siberia in the XVIII century, and hence the nature of its settlement" 32 .

A. L. Perkovsky also points out the need to more carefully assess the reliability of statistical data when studying the problem of population reproduction in Siberia in the XVIII century: "It still remains unclear: which components of the natural population movement were taken into account with greater and which with less completeness? Since there is no clarity on this issue, the problem of determining the reliability of certain results of demographic development at the national level is not clear.

27 Ibid., pp. 37-38; Safronov F. G. Russkiye promysly i torgovli na severo - vostoka Azii v XVII - sredne XIX v. M. 1980, pp. 7-33; Rabochy klass Sibiri v dooktyabrskom period, pp. 22-23.

28 The peasantry of Siberia in the era of feudalism, pp. 37, 94-95, 105; Ethnography of the Russian peasantry of Siberia, p. 15 - 16, 63-65, 68, 72; Yemelyanov N. F. Population of the Middle Ob Region. Part 1, pp. 104, 134.

29 The peasantry of Siberia in the era of feudalism, pp. 47-49; Emelyanov N. F. Russian settlement of the Middle Ob region, p. 50 - 57, 85, 119, 131.

30 Emelyanov N. F. Russian settlement of the Middle Ob region, p. 4. 13 - 22, 48 - 59, 72 - 74, 82 - 85, 96 - 97, 101 - 105, 130 - 131, 139; his own. Population of the Middle Ob region, part 1, pp. 97-144, 234-235. All movements organized from above are considered by the author to be forced, while at this stage the mixed form has already been widely developed. The material available to N. F. Yemelyanov does not give grounds for concluding that coercion played a leading role in the settlement of the region before the end of the 17th century.

31 Kolesnikov A.D. Russkoe naselenie Zapadnoy Sibiri v XVIII-nachale XIX v. The Russian population of Western Siberia in the 18th-early 19th centuries. 1973; Vorob'ev V. V. Formation of the population of Eastern Siberia. Novosibirsk. 1975.

32 Bykonya G. F. On the correlation of sources of growth of the Russian population of Siberia in the XVIII century. In: Economic development of Siberia and the growth of its national population (XVIII-XX centuries). Novosibirsk. 1979, pp. 115-116

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a country or its individual regions for the XVIII century. still waiting to be decided. " 33 It seems that the solution to this problem is a comprehensive study of the organization of population registration in Siberia in the 18th century, attracting new sources (in particular, regular recruitment books), and, finally, applying the source analysis methodology that Estonian historians successfully use. 34 Of course, we will have to adapt this technique to the Siberian materials.

In general, the problem of the reliability of demographic statistics is now coming to the fore. As a result, there was some "rehabilitation" of the free migration movement to Siberia. Even in the 18th century, it washed out a significant number of people from the European part of the country - this is the conclusion reached by the authors of the work on the history of the working class of Siberia. The introduction of the passport system in the 1920s of the XVIII century led to a sharp increase in the total mass of fugitives in the proportion of otkhodniks- "non-returnees" 35 . Moreover, as G. F. Bykonya found, the Siberian authorities, observing their own interests and really assessing the possibilities of combating flight, repeatedly suggested that the center leave newcomers from European Russia "without expulsion", and the government in the 1740s - 1760s several times gave permission not to expel not only state peasants and townspeople with valid and legal documents. expired passports, but also "runaway people who do not remember their kinship", i.e. serfs 36 .

The frequent reference of the government to the issue of fugitives to Siberia is in itself evidence of their large number, which is consistent with the data of the "History of the Siberian Peasantry", which reproduces the figures of V. K. Andrievich, who estimates the number of fugitives to Siberia in 1722 at about 40 thousand male souls (about 17% of the total Russian male population of the region).. New information about "fugitives from Russian cities", registered by various inspections in trans-Yenisei Siberia and indicating the intensity of the influx of free settlers from beyond the Urals in the XVIII century, is also presented. "In the 1720s, tens of thousands of Old Believers fled from the defeated Kerzhensky center. It is unlikely that it will ever be known how many of them there were in Siberia, but it is significant that since then the Old Believers here began to be called "Kerzhentsy", "Kerzhaks" 37-such indirect observations are certainly useful.

There is another point of view, according to which in the XVIII century "the migration movement to Siberia was very small", in general, after 1724 "the influx of free immigrants almost stopped" 38. However, there is no convincing evidence to support this.

In the literature of recent years, the idea of increasing the forced displacement of people to Siberia, mainly exiles, has been developed 39 . The current state of knowledge of the problem allows us to conclude that in that century the government in general noticeably expanded its activities on the settlement of Siberia:

33 Perkovsky A. L. On the study of mortality and life expectancy in Russia in the XVIII century. In: Problems of the history of demographic Thought and criticism of bourgeois demographic concepts. Kyiv. 1979, p. 136; see also: Minenko N. A. Essays on source studies of Siberia of the XVIII-first half of the XIX century. Novosibirsk. 1981, pp. 7-17.

34 See: X-Leagues. Population of the peasant household ("pere") in Estonia at the end of the 18th century. In: Abstracts of reports and reports of the XII Session of the Inter-Republican Symposium on the Agrarian History of Eastern Europe, Moscow, 1970. On the methods of compiling and reliability of Estonian state tax audits of the XVIII century. In: Istochnikovedenie otechestvennoi istorii [Source Studies of National History]. 1975. Moscow, 1976; Palli X. Natural movement of the rural population of Estonia (1650-1799). Hh. 1-3. Tallinn. 1980; Population size, structure and movement. Abstract, collection of Tallinn. 1981.

35 The Working Class of Siberia in the Pre-October Period, p. 52-54.

36 bykonya G. F. State the procedure and local practice of territorial and class migration of peasants to Siberia. In: XXVI Congress of the CPSU and problems of agrarian history of the USSR (socio-political development of the village). XIX session of the All-Union Symposium on the study of problems of agrarian history. Abstracts of reports and reports, Moscow, 1982.

37 The Siberian peasantry in the era of feudalism, pp. 158-160.

38 Kabuzan V. M. Uk. soch., p. 24; Emelyanov N. F. Settlement of the Middle Ob region by Russians, p. 139.

39 Kolesnikov A.D. Structure of immigrants to Siberia, p. 3; The Siberian peasantry in the era of feudalism, p. 160-161.

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"In the XVIII century, the treasury organized the development of the bowels of the Altai, the Sayan region and Transbaikalia, created fortified military lines throughout southern Siberia, laid the land Moscow highway and other communication routes. In dire need of workers, the government increasingly drew on the colonization element in the European part of Russia and increasingly resorted to forced displacement of the population within Siberia itself. " 40 The course of government settlement of border areas in the south of Western Siberia is covered by N. E. Bekmakhanova (the author relies mainly on the works of her predecessors) 41 . G. F. Bykonya examines the correlation between governmental and popular initiatives in the development of the Yenisei region in the XVIII century. He uses audit fairy tales and materials of the church population registration, comparing them with each other and with other types of documents, and for the first time uses jury lists as statistical sources.

Having traced the process of Russian settlement of five natural geographical regions of Central Siberia (Khakass-Minusinyky, Pritraktovy, Krasnoyarsky, Yeniseysky, and Turukhansk-Taimyr), G. F. Bykonya found that the fertile lands from Krasnoyarsk to the south to the Sayan Mountains (Khakassko - Minusinsky district) were most intensively developed by Russians at that time, where residents moved from places lying to the north of the Yenisei Region and other counties of Siberia. Most of them were peasants and raznochintsy who moved voluntarily. According to G. F. Bykoni's monograph, the measures taken by the authorities to settle the Khakass-Minusinsk region in order to ensure border security and exploit mining resources did not yield any noticeable results. Much more important was the resettlement activity of the administration in the area of the Moscow-Siberian tract. It turned out that initially the authorities organized the free settlement of the pritrakt district (mixed form), but since the 60s of the XVIII century, the main role was played by coercive measures. This situation persisted "until the tract was finally arranged by the 90s of the XVIII century and its maintenance by the near and far population was regulated" 42 . The author managed to show that the efforts of the authorities and the masses to populate Trans-Ural areas were not only in a complex interweaving and interaction, but also in confrontation.

The latter conclusion is confirmed in the data of N. F. Yemelyanov43 . The works use significant material from the collection of the Siberian Order of the Central State Academy of Fine Arts, which complements our ideas about the participation of the people, the government and the Siberian administration in the development of Siberia. However, since the author does not explain the criteria for selecting documents for statistical analysis and speaks only in the most general form about his main sources, 44 rejecting the very attempt to find out their reliability, some of his conclusions do not seem convincing. 45

The authors of recent works recognize the primary role of intra-Siberian migrations in the settlement and development of Siberia in the XVIII century .45 At the same time, unauthorized relocations are considered as a peculiar form of mass opposition of working people to the system of state feudalism with its restrictions on freedom of movement. In particular, the advance of the Russians in the 18th century to the southern regions of Siberia is explained not only by economic reasons (the search for untilled fertile land, etc.), but also by the desire to get rid of the most severe forms of exploitation. The following works are of great interest in this regard

40 The Siberian peasantry in the era of feudalism, p. 160.

41 Bekmakhanovan E. Uk. soch., pp. 66-76.

42 Bykonya G. F. Russian settlement of the Yenisei region in the 18th century, p. 161.

43 Yemelyanov N. F. Russian settlement of the Middle Ob region. Population of the Middle Ob region. Hh. 1-2.

44 This is highlighted in the review of N. I. Nikitin and A. A. Preobrazhensky: History of the USSR, 1983, No. 4, p. 159 (the same review is published in: Problems of Historical Demography of the USSR, Issue 2, Tomsk, 1982). In addition to the Sibirsky Prikaz Fund, statistical documentation on the same issue is available in other TSGADA funds, as well as in the Tobolsk Archive, the TsGIA of the USSR, the TSGIA, the Archive of the All-Union Geographical Society, and it would certainly be worth attracting it.

45 The peasantry of Siberia in the era of feudalism, p. 157-166, 172-177; Bykonya G. F. Settlement of the Yenisei region by Russians, p. 246 et al.

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T. S. Mamsik, based on a wide range of critically studied sources identified in the Siberian and central archives and in the vast majority of them introduced into scientific circulation for the first time 46 . Based on the materials of the assigned village, T. S. Mamsik showed the important role of flight in the settlement of Western Siberia in the 40-80s of the XVIII century. centuries. The main reason for the peasants 'flight to new territories during the period under review, in her opinion, is "the strengthening of feudal oppression in previously developed areas of Siberia", the purpose of illegal relocations was "to evade for a while from paying rent, performing feudal duties". Religious persecution on the part of the authorities was also important, which can be traced by the author when studying the process of forming a commercial and agricultural community of "stonemasons" independent of the feudal state on the Bukhtarma and its tributaries.

The third stage remains the least studied. It is known about the increasing role of exile in the settlement of Siberia in the first half of the XIX century, but historians differ in their assessment of this factor, F. S. Kuzmina, based mainly on documents from the funds of the Central State Historical Institute. The author of the article considers that the colonization significance of exile in the first half of the XIX century remained limited, since exiles "did not take root" in the places of their settlement. "A significant reason for the poor success of the exiles in their organization," the author writes, "was their lack of families and the lack of material resources for creating a farm." 47 V. M. Kabuzan assigns a large role to exile. 48 However, his point of view is based mainly on official data on the number of exiled settlers who arrived outside the Urals, and the author, unlike F. S. Kuzmina, does not provide information about their further fate in Siberia. Similarly, N. F. Yemelyanov, on the basis of official data, believes that the link allowed the government .In the first half of the 19th century," almost triple the population "of the Middle Ob region," cover all the previously achieved results of its growth over two centuries " 49 .

There are reasons to take a more critical approach to evaluating the data used. The commission of the Ministry of State Property, which reviewed Tomsk Province, noted that the number of exiled settlers "is shown to correspond to their classification as villages in accordance with the orders of the local administration"; the actual number of exiles living in the villages "does not correspond at all" to the original one - because of "their wandering life and unauthorized absences" .50 The chairman of the same commission, Mr. Vonlyarlyarsky, reported to the minister that "thousands of them, being deprived of any supervision, wander from one region to another." 51 Meanwhile, all these migrants were formally registered as living in the parish or county to which they were exiled. Official statistics, therefore, did not reflect the real situation.

F. S. Kuzmina notes that in the first half of the 19th century, another direction appeared in the government's policy of settling Siberia: state peasants from small-scale provinces of European Russia were allowed to move to Siberia. In this connection, legal free migration increased 52. I. B. Markova, based on the materials found in the Tomsk Archive, described the related activities of the Siberian provincial administration in the 20-40s of the XIX century .53 She, like F. S. Kuzmina, is generally reserved in her assessment of the effectiveness of the authorities ' efforts to relocate state peasants beyond the Urals. The government settlement of Siberia in the 1940s and 1950s is poorly studied.,

46 Mamsik T. S. Shoots as a social phenomenon. Ascribed village of Western Siberia in the 40s - 90s of the XVIII century. Novosibirsk. 1978; her own. New materials about Altai "masons". In: Old Russian handwritten book and its existence in Siberia. Novosibirsk. 1982. " Kuzmina F. S. Uk. soch., p. 22; The peasantry of Siberia in the era of feudalism, p. 167-172.

48 Kabuzan V. M. Uk. soch.

49 Emelyanov I. F. Russian settlement of the Middle Ob Region, p. 139.

50 TsGIA of the USSR, f. 1265, op. 1, d. 71, ll. Goiter. -4.

51 Ibid., f. 1589, op. 1, d. 550, l. 16ob.

52 Kuzmina F. S. Uk. op.

53 Markova I. B. On the participation of the provincial administration in organizing the resettlement of state peasants in the 20-40s of the XIX century. (on the example of Tomsk province). In: Socio-political development of Siberia in the XIX-XX centuries. Novosibirsk. 1982.

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when they were managed by the Ministry of State Property. Only some of its aspects have recently been covered in the articles of A. D. Kolesnikov and M. M. Gromyko 54 .

Unauthorized relocations in the first half of the 19th century deserve more attention. According to F. S. Kuzmina, the wave of such migrations has become especially noticeable since the 20s of the century. 55 V. M. Kabuzan apparently believes that flight has lost its tangible significance since the end of the XVIII century, and considers only legal migrants and exiles among the migrants. According to T. S. Mamsik, the free movement for the Urals in the period under review was primarily determined by the "desire for land space and a stable state", which the peasants "lost in their homeland" as a result of the onset of serfdom. Mostly middle peasants resettled without permission - they were "the most economically powerful colonization element"; in general, in the first half of the 19th century, "mass unauthorized migrations were spontaneous, painful, but relatively effective for the peasantry... a form of struggle against the impending de-peasantry" 56 .

Due to insufficient knowledge of the scale of the migration movement to Siberia and the return migration in the first half of the 19th century, the opinion based on fragmentary data that even at this time the main source of the increase in the number of Russian inhabitants of Siberia was natural population growth is unconvincing . Both the solution of this problem and the overall reconstruction of the picture of the Russian settlement of Siberia in the feudal era is associated with further expansion of the range of sources used, improvement of the methodology of their analysis (including the use of computers for processing mass data), and possibly more complete consideration of the results already obtained.

Ya. A. Minenko

54 Kolesnikov A.D. Structure of immigrants to Siberia; Gromyko M. M. Community in the process of resettlement of "armored boyars" of the Sebezhsky uyezd to Siberia. In: Social life and culture of the Russian population of Siberia (XVIII-early XX centuries). Novosibirsk. 1983. "Shell boyars" were some groups of state peasants in the Vitebsk province.

55 Kuzmina F. S. Uk. soch., pp. 29-32.

56 Mamsik T. S. Unauthorized peasant migrations (Based on the materials of Siberia in the first half of the XIX century). In: Economic development of Siberia and the growth of its population (XVIII-XX centuries). T. S. Mamsik also addresses the issue of unauthorized intra-Siberian migrations in the article devoted to Belovodye. Here, without any apparent reason, it connects the flight with the struggle of the "nascent peasant bourgeoisie" for the freedom of its" economic activity " (see the same article. Belovodtsy and Belovodye (Based on the materials of the investigative case on the escape of 1827-1828). In: Sources on Culture and class struggle of the feudal period. Novosibirsk. 1982.

57 See Kabuzan V. M. Uk. soch., p. 25; Alekseev A. I. Uk. soch., p. 134; Kolesnikov A.D. Some features of the formation of the Russian population of Siberia (XVI-XIX centuries), p. 42.

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