UDC 391.1:639.181:591.478.1:57.082.133:778.315

SPECIFIC IDENTIFICATION OF PAZYRYK FUR COATS FROM THE OLON-KURIN-GOL-10 BURIAL GROUND (MONGOLIA) BASED ON MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF HAIR*

The analysis of wool samples from a fur coat of the Pazyryk culture period from the Olon-Kurin-Gol-10 burial ground in the Mongolian Altai was carried out. The taxonomic composition of the animals from whose skins the fur coat is sewn is established. Macro - and microscopic characteristics of hair from different topographical sites of the find, as well as from the quiver found on the same monument, were studied. Based on the comparison of the hair of the studied fur coat with reference samples from the collection of the Zoomuseum of the Institute of Animal Systematics and Ecology of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, as well as literature data, it is concluded that the fur coat belongs to such animal species as sable (Maries zibellina L.), common squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris L.), sheep (Ovis aries L.). Horse hair (Equus caballus L.) is also used in the ornament. Horse and deer hair (probably northern (Rangifer tarandus L.)) were found in samples from the quiver.

Keywords: Mongolia, Olon-Kurin-Gol-10 burial ground, Pazyryk culture, fur coat, animal fur.

Introduction

One of the most striking cultures of the Scythian period is the Pazyryk culture of Gorny Altai. It has been studied by M. P. Gryaznov, S. Rudenko, and others. Kiselyov, V. A. Mogilnikov, A. S. Surazakov, V. D. Kubarev, Yu. F. Kiryushin and other archaeologists. Extremely important studies of this culture were carried out in the 1990s on the Ukok plateau; here, employees of the Institute of Archeology and Ethnography of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences under the leadership of N. V. Polosmak and V. I. Molodin discovered unique, including undisturbed, "frozen" burial complexes [2001]. Thanks to permafrost, remarkable objects have come down to us, primarily clothing that is 2.5 thousand years old (Molodin, 1996; Molodin, 2000; Polosmak and Barkova, 2005). Among the numerous finds, two fur coats of different styles occupy a special place.

In 2006, a joint Russian-German-Mongolian expedition discovered a burial site of the Pazyryk culture on the southern slope of the Sailugem ridge in the Olon-Kurin-Gol-10 burial ground in Mongolia (Molodin and Parzinger, 2007) (Fig. 1). The buried man was dressed in a fur coat. different animals" [Ibid] required clarification and a special study, which became possible after partial restoration of the fur coat. This is essentially the first time such a study has been conducted.

* O. V. Trapezov (ICiG SB RAS), Yu. N.Litvinov (ICiEJ SB RAS) and V. P. Mylnikov (IAET SB RAS) took part in the expert inspection of the fur. Reference fur samples were provided by D. E. Taranenko and N. V. Lopatina, private individuals and employees of the ISiEH SB RAS Zoomuseum. The authors express their gratitude to all mentioned persons. Special thanks to the restorer and consultant E. V. Karpeeva (IAET SB RAS). The work was supported by the Presidential Grants Council of the Russian Federation (NSH-1648.2008.6), the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (N 08 - 04 - 01412 RAS Presidium programs "Biodiversity and Gene Pool Dynamics" and "Origin and Evolution of the Biosphere", integrated integration and interdisciplinary integration projects of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

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1. Burial chamber of mound 1 of the Olon-Kurin-Gol-10 burial ground.

Fragments of gorite made from fur were also found in the Olon-Kurin-Gol-10 burial complex. The quiver is very poorly preserved, however, it can be assumed that in shape and construction it is most likely close to the gorite found in mound 3 of the Verkh-Kaldzhin II monument [Molodaya, 2000, fig. 131].

The determination of the species belonging of animals from the skins of which a fur coat and quiver are sewn, based on the structural and morphological features of the hair structure, is of great interest not only for archaeologists and ethnographers, but also for a wide range of researchers working in various fields of biological knowledge, including evolutionist and taxonomic ones. However, it is difficult to identify mammalian species by their hair (Chernova, 2006), since the structure of hair can differ significantly in phylogenetically similar species, animal breeds, and even in one individual in different parts of the body. Recently, molecular genetic methods of animal species identification by hair have been proposed [Gilbert et al., 2004], but this does not reduce the value of more accessible and traditional morphometric methods.

The hair cover is a very old mammalian acquisition: the age of hair finds is 1.8-210.0 million years (Sokolov, 1973; Chernova and Tselikova, 2004). The appearance of hair is associated with the development of homoiothermy (the ability to maintain a constant body temperature) in animals and the formation of its heat-insulating function (Prasolova and Rauschenbach, 1973). Currently, there is a huge variety of mammalian hair both in structure and pigmentation, not only in different species, but also within the same species.

Hair is formed in hair follicles, which are derived from the upper epidermal layer of the skin. The lower part of the hair, located in the thickness of the skin, is its root. Above the root is a rod, which usually in its upper part has an extension-a granna, passing into a narrow vertex - the tip of the hair.

At the microscopic level, at least three main layers can be distinguished in the rod. The outermost layer covering the rod - cuticular or scaly-is rich in sulfur and keratin, and consists of scales that are very diverse in shape and size (Chernova, 2002). (This is why scales are not used as the only or main feature in identifying taxa.) Under the scaly layer there is a cortical layer, which consists of tightly adjacent to each other, spindle-shaped keratinized cells stretched along the hair, rich in sulfur. The cortical layer contains pigment granules that determine hair color. The structural features of the cortical layer, the amount and distribution of pigment granules in it are of diagnostic importance (Chernova, 2003). The central part of the hair is the core. Morphologically, it consists of keratinized cells separated by septa. There may be cavities filled with air between the cells. Air can also be in the cells themselves. The core, like the cortical layer, contains eumelanin or pheomelanin pigment granules (Hoekrstra, 2000; Prasolova and Trapezov, 2007). In thin hair, the core is absent, and in thick hair it can be intermittent or continuous. Although the structure of the core varies greatly, data on the features of its structure, the shape and location of air cavities and pigment granules in it are used to identify taxa (Chernova, 2003).

Currently, due to the lack of a unified classification of the hair structure, macro - and microscopic characteristics of the structure are crucial for species identification [Chernova and Tselikova, 2004]. Macroscopic: the degree of differentiation of hair by category (guide, guard, transition, down); shape, length and thickness of the hair; density of the cover; microscopic: features of the architectonics of the scaly layer; the ratio of the thickness of the cortical and core layers; shape, size and location of air cavities in the core; number, shape, size and types of pigment cells (eumelanin, pheomelanin).

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When assessing the external signs of the hairline, it should be borne in mind that visually perceived coloration is determined by the presence and distribution (both on the body surface and along the length of the hair) of depigmented and colored areas with different intensity. For hair coloring is responsible for the only mammalian pigment-melanin: it exists in two forms: black - eumelanin and orange-pheomelanin. The color of hair sections depends on the absorption and reflection of light by melanin (mainly in the cortical layer) and on its scattering by the walls of the air layers of the core. In the course of studying the laws of inheritance of hair color, multiple pleiotropic effects of the corresponding genes on the reproductive function, stress resistance, and behavior of animals were revealed [Belyaev and Evsikov, 1967; Potapov, Rogov, and Evsikov, 1998; Tinder et al., 1998; Trapezov, 2007].

The purpose of this study is to determine the species belonging of animals from the skins of which the fur coat of the Pazyryk culture carrier from the discovered burial site is sewn on the basis of morphological analysis of the hair structure.

Research material and methods

Samples of fur coats from the Olon-Kurin-Gol-10 burial ground in the Mongolian Altai were studied. The fur coat belongs to the Pazyryk culture (IV-III centuries). BC), double-sided, with a large collar. The inner side of the fur coat consists of one type of animal skin, and the outer side consists of two types: the fur of one of the animals is used in the upper part (up to the waist and elbows in the sleeves), and the other-in the lower part, including the "tail" (U-shaped tail). In the lower outer part of the fur coat there is a decorative ornament in the form of two vertical strips, on which dark diamonds and bundles of long red hair are sewn. The bottom of the fur coat and sleeves are decorated with a fringe of blue-colored hair.

For microscopic analysis, samples of fur were selected from the main structural elements - the outer upper (up to the waist) and lower (below the waist) parts of the back, the "tail", the inner part, the lining, the edging of the fur coat edge, and the ornament on the outer side of the back. In addition, hair samples were taken from a quiver from the same burial site.

The internal structure of the hair becomes visible in a light microscope only after the core of the hair is released from the air contained in the intercellular air cavities and cells. Hair samples were treated with a 3% trypsin solution at 37 °C for 5 hours, washed in distilled water, passed through ethyl alcohol and xylene, enclosed in Canadian balm for permanent preparations or in glycerin for temporary preparations. Histological specimens were photographed under a light microscope (Olympia) with a × 15 eyepiece and a × 40 lens. The diameter of the whole hair and the core, the thickness of the cortical layer were measured using an eyepiece micrometer on a Karl Zeiss microscope, and the length of the hair was measured using an MBS-10 millimeter ruler.

Wool samples from 15 species of collection animals, including sable (Martes zibellina L.), common squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris L.), fine-wooled and coarse-wooled sheep (Ovis aries L.), reindeer (Rangifer tarandus L.), and crossbred Altai horse, were analyzed as reference materials for comparing the data characterizing the structure of the studied samples (Equus caballus L.), etc. For comparison, we also used data from specialized literature (see, for example, [Sheep breeding, 1972; Sokolov, 1973; Chernova and Tselikova, 2004]).

Outer upper part of the back of the fur coat, lining

Outer and downy hairs were analyzed. The awns are characterized by heterogeneous pigmentation along their length: light yellow in the lower part (Fig. 2, A), dark brown in the upper part (Fig. 2, B). A smooth increase in hair thickness was observed from the lower narrow base (diameter 25-27 microns) to the wide upper part-the crown (diameter 90-95 microns). The core of the granule is wide (diameter 63-70 microns) , the thickness of the cortical layer is 8-10 microns. It is characterized by a tile-like pattern of the cuticle layer formed by overlapping scales with external sharp edges (Fig. 2, A). The diameter of downy hair is 20-22 microns, the average length is 10 mm; the diameter of the outer hair is from 18 to 20 mm. Based on the comparison of the obtained data with the morphological characteristics of sable hair of reference samples and the literature, a conclusion is made that the studied hair belongs to sable (Martes zibellina L.).

The color of sable fur in the upper outer part of the coat is iridescent-from a light yellow tone in the lower part of the hair to dark brown in the upper part. It is known that sable has a significant variability in coat color. The color of the outer hair of sables varies "from yellowish-brown (almost sandy) to very dark brown and resinous-black", and the downy hair-"from dark ash to brown and light yellow" (Shulgina, 2007). According to the color and other features of the hair cover, it is customary to distinguish eight ridges (geographical races) of sables. Sables of the West Siberian ridges in contrast to the East Siberian and Trans-Baikal bos-

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Fig. 2. Outer hair of sable (Maries zibellina L.) from the outer upper part of the fur coat.

A-the transition part from the base to the granite; B - the upper part of the granite.

Fig. 3. Outer hairs of the common squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris L.) from the outer lower part of the fur coat.

A - multi-row arrangement of air cavities; B - two-row arrangement of the pigment.

lighter color. The color of sable fur depends, in particular, on the temperature conditions of existence. It is lighter in the northern part of the range and in the highlands (Bakeev, Monakhov, and Sinitsyn, 2003). Sables inhabiting Mongolia have a wide variation in color "from pale gray-brown to dark brown-black" (Clark et al., 2006a). The assumption that M. z. averini Bashanov (Clark et al., 2006a, b) currently inhabits the Mongolian Altai is doubtful, since representatives of this subspecies are dark in color. However, researchers recognize the need for a subspecies revision in Mongolia [Ibid]. Judging by the coloration, the Pazyryk fur coat from Olon-Kurin-Gol-10 was probably made from Altai Ridge sable, which is close to the modern subspecies M. z. altaica Jurgenson. The fur of the Altai sable from the southwestern part of its range (the area where the fur coat was found) is quite light (Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1979). Sable has been known in the Altai since the late Pleistocene (Catalog of Mammals of the USSR..., 1981). Currently, its state in Mongolia according to the international classification (IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature) is characterized as vulnerable (VU) [Clark et al., 2006a, b].

Outer lower part of the back of the fur coat and"tail"

The fur is dark gray in color. A special feature of the outer hair is the zoning of the Agouti-type pigmentation: the narrow upper tip of the hair is intensely pigmented, followed towards the root by a section of the shaft with or without weakened pigmentation, then again a pigmented area, although less dark than the upper one. A characteristic feature is the arrangement of air cavities in the hair in parallel rows (two to four) (Fig. 3, A) and pigment cells (Fig. 3, B). The average length of the outer hair is 20-25 mm, the length of the down hair is from 15 to 18 mm. The diameter of the awn in the grain is 58 microns, the diameter of the core is 50 microns. The thickness of the cortical layer is 4-5 microns. The down diameter is 20-27 microns. Based on the obtained data and comparison with the morphometric characteristics of the squirrel's coat, a conclusion is made

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on the belonging of the studied hair to the common squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris L.).

The outer lower part of the back of the fur coat is sewn from small skins; they are worse preserved than the skins of the upper outer part. The main tone of the fur color in this part of the coat is dark gray with ripples. This fact supports the assumption that winter squirrel fur of one of the races (subspecies)was used for sewing the outer lower part of the fur coat Gorny Altai. Taking into account the external features of fur and the ranges of modern subspecies, this was a squirrel close to the modern subspecies S. v. altaicus Serebrennikov (Gromov and Yerbaeva, 1995). The winter fur of the Altai squirrel is much darker, "ash-gray with dark gray ripples", than that of the north-dwelling teleut squirrel (S. v. exalbidus Pall.), which in winter has fur of "very light, pale-gray tone with grayish ripples" [Ibid]. Currently, the state of the squirrel species in Mongolia is characterized as "near threatened" (NT) [Clark et al., 2006a, b].

Inside of the fur coat

The hair is light beige, forming long braids, bent at the ends in half rings. The samples identified dead guides (dry and old, judging by the condition of their roots), outer and downy hair. The diameter of the guiding and thickest guard hairs is from 100 to 130 microns (Fig. 4, A), the diameter of the core (intermittent and continuous) is from 23 to 100 microns. The average thickness of the cortical layer of these hairs is 15 microns. The diameter of the finer guard hairs is 42-60 microns, the core diameter is 23-42 microns, the thickness of the cortical layer is 11-21 microns and is half the core diameter. The outer hair is characterized by the absence of facets and uneven thickness along the length. There are constrictions along the hairline, followed by extensions, which reflect changes in animal feeding during hair growth. The revealed morphostructure features correspond to sheep's wool (Ovtsevodstvo, 1972). The diameter of downy hair is 15-25 microns. The cuticle layer is ring-shaped, the free edges of the scales are serrated, which is clearly visible on thin downy hair (Fig. Based on the obtained hair morphometric data, it can be assumed that the studied samples belong to the coarse-haired sheep breed (Ovis aries L.).

The blue-colored wool from the fringe of the bottom of the fur coat is similar in morphological structure to the sheep's hair described above, but of a shorter length. The length of the outer hair is 28 mm, down hair - from 11 to 20 mm. The diameter of the awn is 56-68 microns, the core - from 30 to 48 microns, the thickness of the cortical layer is 10 microns.

The domestic sheep is a hybrid form; its main ancestor is considered to be the Asian mouflon (O. orientalis Gmelin), which lives in Asia Minor, Transcaucasia, and the Iranian Highlands (Pavlinov et al., 2002). Populations of a related species, argali (O. ammon L.), whose condition is currently characterized as "endangered" in Mongolia (Clark et al., 2006a, b), were also recorded in the area where the fur coat was found. Argali, or Altai Argali of the subspecies O. a. ammon L. In particular, it inhabits the Altai Republic bordering on Mongolia and can hybridize with domestic sheep (Red Data Book of the Altai Republic..., 1996). However, it does not have the long curly hair characteristic of the latter, which was used when sewing a fur coat. In the Altai Republic, the status of argali is classified according to the national classification as category I (endangered species) [Ibid]. Breeding of fine-fleeced sheep (merinos) began in Rome only in the II century BC, at the time of the extinction of the Pazyryk culture, so their wool could not be used by the Pazyryk people. The hair on the inside of the fur coat has a light beige color. The usual breeds of sheep with white wool appeared later than merinos, also in Rome.

4. Downy A and outer B hair of sheep (Ovis aries L.) on the inner side of the fur coat.

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Fig. 5. Spined hair of a horse (Equus caballus L.) from a fur coat ornament.

6. Guiding hair of a deer (family Cervidae) from a quiver.

Ornament on the outside of the back of the fur coat

Rhombic hair is strongly pigmented, black (eumelanic), thick at the base, short (7-8 mm), but with relatively long (2-3 mm) and thin upper tips. The diameter of the outer hairs in the lower part is 65-85 microns, the core is from 33 to 55 microns, the location of the air cavities in the core is transverse relative to the length of the hair (Fig. 5).According to morphometric parameters, the hair is defined as equine (Equus caballus L.). Judging by the short length, they belong to young individuals (or taken from the ankle). The stitched tufts of red-colored hair are also horse hair.

The domestic horse, which is a descendant of the tarpan that has not been preserved in the wild, was actively used for riding by the native Pazyryk culture (Polos'mak, 2005). Even then, there was a fairly wide range of coat colors of domestic horses, which distinguishes them from the tarpan with its typical mouse color. The Przewalski's horse (E. przewalskii Poljakov (Pavlinov, 2006)), which is related to the domestic horse, is also found on the territory of Mongolia. A domestic horse and a Przhevalsky horse can interbreed, but due to differences in the chromosome set, a Przhevalsky horse could not participate in the formation of the gene pool of a domestic horse. The Przhevalsky horse was previously almost exterminated and is now represented by several small artificial populations; its condition in Mongolia is characterized as "critically endangered" (CE) [Clarketal., 2006a, b].

The Quiver

In the samples of wool from the quiver, you can distinguish horse and deer hair. Horse hair is dark brown, short (10-12 mm), dry, old (due to the condition of the roots). The core of the hair can be continuous or intermittent. In the basal part of the stem and in the apex, the core is absent. The overall diameter of the guard hairs and the core diameter of the horse guard hairs are quite large. The diameter of the outer hairs is 55-100 microns, and the core is from 42 to 66 microns. The thickness of the cortical layer is 7-15 microns. The elongated shape of the air cavities of the core and their transverse location relative to the length of the hair are characteristic (Fig. 5).

The color of deer hair varies from dark brown to dark yellow. Features of the guide hair structure are their thickness and core morphology. Guiding hair of this representative of the family. Deer (Cervidae) are very thick, their diameter is 156 - 175 microns, the core diameter is also very large - from 135 to 158 microns, and the cortical layer is very thin - from 5 to 8 microns. The core layer consists of tightly adjacent round air cavities of approximately equal diameter. The pattern of the core resembles a honeycomb. Hair 15 - 20 mm long, fragile; due to the air contained in the core, it has high thermal insulation properties. The outer deer hair is also thick, with an average diameter of 100 microns and a core diameter of 76-80 microns. The thickness of the cortical layer is 10-12 microns. The diameter of downy hair is 14-22 microns, the length is 10 mm (Fig. 6).

It is difficult to unambiguously identify the species belonging to the deer, whose wool was used in the manufacture of the quiver, from the preserved fragments of very brittle hair. Currently, four species of this taxonomic group (family Cervidae) are found in Mongolia (Clark et al., 2006a, b): red deer (Cervus elaphus L.), which is a subfamily. Deer (Cervinae), as well as three species of the subfamily. Elk deer (Alceinae): reindeer (Rangifer tarandus L.), elk (Alces alces L.), and Siberian roe deer (Capreoluspygargus Pall.), previously considered a subspecies of the European roe deer (C. capreolus L.) (Pavlinov et al., 2002).

Today in Mongolia, the condition of red deer is defined as "critically endangered" (CE). Mongolia is the southern border of the reindeer range. Here, its state is evaluated as " yaz-

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vimoe" (VU). The moose's condition is "threatened". Only the state of the Siberian roe deer remains of least concern (LC) [Clark et al., 2006a, b]. Note that the Red Data Book of the Altai Republic [1996] lists only the northern deer of the subspecies R. t. valentinae Flerow (Siberian forest deer); its status is assigned to category II (species, declining numbers). According to the preserved images (including tattoos) and artistic products of the Pazyryk culture (see [Polos'mak, 2005]), it can be assumed that both the red deer (maral) and the reindeer were known to the bearers of this culture. The art reflects the features of these species: a special shape of horns with typical ice (supraorbital) processes, a "suspension" of long hair on the neck of a reindeer (Pavlinov et al., 2002). Identification of the moose in the Pazyryk images is made possible by its peculiar habit, "humped" muzzle and shovel-shaped horns, and a skin "earring" under the throat [Ibid]. Undoubtedly, the Siberian roe deer and musk deer (Moschus moschiferus L.) were also known to the Pazyryk people., sem. Moschidae). It is difficult to clearly identify these animals in stylized images, but their bone remains were found in settlement and ritual complexes of the Early Iron Age in the Altai Mountains (see, for example, Derevyanko and Molodin, 1994; Molodin and Efremova, 2008).

Conclusion

Based on the morphometric study of hair from different sections of the fur coat and fragments of the quiver of a representative of the Pazyryk culture from the Olon-Kurin-Gol-10 burial ground, as well as their comparison with reference samples and data from published sources, it can be concluded that the studied samples belong to sable (the outer upper part of the back of the fur coat, podbortovka), common squirrel (the outer lower part back of the fur coat), coarse-haired sheep (inside of the fur coat, edging), domestic horse (ornament of the fur coat, quiver), northern (most likely) deer (quiver).

Our results are only partially consistent with the assumption of Dr. A. Nagler and his colleagues [Nagler, Parzinger, Piezonka, 2008] that the fur coat is sewn from "groundhog, sheep, and mink"fur. In electronic media, groundhog and sable fur (Bahnsen, 2006) or groundhog, sheep, squirrel, and horse fur (Heinken, 2007) are considered the starting materials for making fur coats. However, we did not find any hair of such species as groundhog and mink in the fur coat during morphometric analysis.

In its style, the analyzed fur coat is very similar to the clothing of a man from mound 3 of the Verkh-Kaldzhin II burial ground - a sheepskin coat, i.e. a one-sided sheepskin coat without a collar (Molodin, 1996). On the inside, a fur coat from Olon-Kurin-Gol-10, as well as a fur coat from Verkh-Kaldzhin II-from one type of fur; both products have a characteristic U-shaped "tail" and tassels sewn on the back from red-colored horse hair. A double-sided fur coat (with fur inside and out), although of a different style (sheepskin coat), was also found earlier in mound 1 of the Verkh-Kaldzhin II burial ground [Ibid]. The analyzed find is a sample that seems to integrate the features of two well-known products.

Thus, the carriers of the Pazyryk culture used the most common and very valuable and beautiful types of sable and squirrel fur, as well as warm and practical sheepskin in the manufacture of clothing. In Siberia, all these types of fur are most popular today. Pazyryk residents were able to create real works of art from clothing, intricately combining different materials and decorating it with decorative elements: edging, ornaments, details painted with natural dyes known to them [Polos'mak and Barkova, 2005].

A comparison of the color characteristics of fur coats and wool of wild species and subspecies of mammals currently represented in the Altai Mountains indicates that the main external features of geographical animal races in the region were already formed by the Pazyryk time.

Currently, some species of mammals whose skins were used in the manufacture of Pazyryk fur coats are rare and included in the Red Book of Mongolia (Clark et al., 20066). Obviously, the situation was different during the Pazyryk culture. But even today, in the Altai Republic, which is adjacent to the burial detection zone, only the reindeer (more precisely, its local subspecies - Siberian forest deer) and argali argali (whose skins, by the way, are not used in clothing) are considered to be protected species [Red Data Book of the Altai Republic..., 1996]. This is quite understandable: the territory of Mongolia for most of the wild species that fall into our field of interest is the periphery of their ranges (by the way, this also applies to the area of distribution of the Pazyryk culture). It is also necessary to take into account the uneven distribution of animals over the territory of Mongolia, which is very heterogeneous in natural conditions. Gorny Altai in general and the Ukok Plateau in particular are justly famous for their unique and rich nature, including diverse fauna.

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The article was submitted to the Editorial Board on 19.06.08.

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