The article deals with the burials of mound 1 of the Basandai burial ground, accompanied by the burial of incomplete horse remains. The study of the archaeological collection and archival materials revealed artifacts that were not reflected in previous publications and allowed us to redefine the problem of reconstructing the rite of supplying the deceased with a riding horse. As a result, two versions of the process of burial of incomplete horse remains as a modification of the burial of a whole animal are proposed, similar materials from other regions are presented, and the question of possible ways of penetration of the described ritual into the southern taiga zone of Western Siberia is considered. A favorable prospect for further reconstructions of human and horse interburials is associated with the integrated application of taphonomic analysis methods at the field level, as well as with the use of data from paleozoology, soil science and tracology.

Keywords: Tomsk Ob region, developed Middle Ages, funeral rite, Basandai burial mound, burial "horse skins", reconstruction.

Introduction

The most important stage in the history of studying the Middle Ages of the Ob-Tomsk interfluve is the discovery and study of the Basandai burial mound in the southern taiga zone of Western Siberia. The monument is located 7 km south of Tomsk and 0.5 km north of the river mouth. Basandaiki (right tributary of the Tom River), on its terrace (Grinevich, 1948, p. 10). The burial ground was investigated in 1939-1940 by N. A. Chernyshev, an employee of the Tomsk Regional (since 1940 - Local History) Museum [Chernyshev, L. 15; Trukhin, L. 3]. In 1944-1946. It was studied by a joint expedition of Tomsk State University and Tomsk State Pedagogical Institute under the leadership of K. E. Grinevich and A. P. Dulzon. Excavations of the monument were continued in 1976 and 1986 by the TSU expedition headed by L. M. Pletneva. In total, from 1939 to 1986, 38 mounds containing 85 burials were examined at the Basandai burial ground. Their materials were introduced into scientific circulation mainly by two publications [Basandaika, 1948; Pletneva, 1997, pp. 34-40].

During the more than 70-year history of studying the Basandai burial ground, archaeologists have considered in sufficient detail the issues of chronology, burial rite and classification of accompanying equipment. The interpretation of some burials today can be expanded with additional research. The purpose of this work is to analyze burials with horse remains based on the materials of mound 1 of this monument and reconstruct the burial rite of a man with a horse. The sources of research are the TSU MAES archaeological collection No. 6704, archival documents [Dulzon, L. 5; Inventory..., L. 6; Trukhin, L. 3] and publication [Basandaika, 1948]. When working with the museum's collection, we identified artifacts that were not included in this publication.

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On the Basandai burial ground, in addition to the burials of mound 1 (border 2, 3), six more cases of accompanying the deceased with a horse were recorded: border 2, 3 mounds. 25 [Basandaika, 1948, p. 120-121], border 1, 2 mounds 7, one burial each in mounds 8 and 81 [Pletneva, 1997, p. 34-41].

Materials

Kurgan 1 [Dulzon, 1948, pp. 86-91]. Of his three burials, two (pogr. 2 and 3) were accompanied by horse burials. The mound had an irregular rounded shape, its diameter was 11.5 m, its height was 1 m. On the surface, four depressions were recorded-traces of predatory pits. Under the mound mound at a depth of 0.5 - 1.0 m, a layer of calcined clay with a thickness of 0.10 - 0.15 m was found, under which carbonaceous inclusions and lumps of the same calcined clay were recorded everywhere (Fig. 1). In the western part of the mound at a depth of 0.40 m, bones of a small cloven-hoofed animal were found, in the south-western part at a depth of " two bayonets", i.e. approx. 0.45 m, - an unbaked rib and a fragment of a horse's pelvis, at a depth of 0.65 m, three large sandstone stones were found in different places. Human bones identified by A. P. Dulzon as the remains of a teenager were ejected from the central predatory depression above border 2 [Ibid., p.85].

Burial 1. It was located in the eastern part of the mound in a sub-rectangular ground pit measuring 0.75 x 2.5 m (damaged by a predatory pit). The burial structure is represented only by an overlap of birch bark and wood. Birch bark is recorded on the entire area of the grave pit, excluding the area damaged by robbers. From the wooden ceiling, only a 1.5 cm thick plaque remains in the northern part of the grave, above the human bones. The anatomical integrity of the skeleton is broken, the shoulder, ulna, radius bones, a fragment of the femur and half of the pelvis are preserved. In the southern part, the remains of a skull badly damaged by fire were recorded [Ibid.]. Judging by these data, the deceased was oriented with his head to the south, his remains were partially exposed to fire. A quartzite tip was found with the buried object (find 24*).

Burials 2 and 3, each of which represents the burial of a man with a horse, are located in the central part of the mound at different stratigraphic levels (Fig.

Fig. 1. Plan and scheme of excavation of mound 1 of the Basandai burial ground (A), its profile, view from the south (B) and planography after removal of the mound (C) (according to: [Dulzon, L. 5]).

1-7 - procedure for removing a mound. a-predatory pit at the level of calcined clay; b - buried soil; c-calcined clay layer; d-coal; e - embankment, loam; d - wooden structure of border 3; g-mainland.

Burial 2. According to the field drawing (Fig. 1), it was located in a sub-rectangular ground pit measuring approx. 1 x 2 m, 0.45 m deep (it cut through the buried soil and went deeper into the ma-

* Here and below are the numbers of finds (hereinafter referred to as nah.) accordingly, the publications of [Basandaika, 1948] (shown in parentheses in the figures). All of them are correlated with the inventory of MAES TSU [Inventory..., l. 6-17].

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terik). The anatomical integrity of the human remains is completely disrupted by the robber pit: the bones of the buried teenager (without traces of fire exposure) were found only in the mound of the mound. According to the sources I used, the body orientation is not restored. The burial structure, oriented along the north-south line, is represented by a fragment (0.5 x 1.0 m) of the overlap of several layers of birch bark.

Judging by the publication [Dulzon, 1948, p. 88], objects from the mound of mound 1 belong to the border area. 2. This is a piece of ironwork with traces of wood (nah. 43), "shell of irregular triangular shape" (nah. 22), destroyed lapis lazuli plate, interpenetrating clasp (nah. 2, B, 9) and a hollow bell-shaped pendant made of non-ferrous metal (fig. 17; fig. 2, B, 5).

The horse's skull (fully preserved) rested on its underside 0.10 - 0.15 m northeast of its forelimbs, oriented strictly to the south (Fig. 2, A). No injuries to the skull were recorded. The first cervical vertebra adjoined it. The bones of the horse's forelimbs lay in an anatomical order parallel to each other, with the phalanges of the fingers facing south. The tarsal bones were arranged in anatomical order. Based on the publication of A. P. Dulzon, it is established that the forelimbs were in articulation at the time of burial. The absence of bones above the elbow joint suggests that they were separated in its area. The bones of the horse's hind limbs were arranged in an anatomical order, were oriented like the front ones, but crossed in the area of the tibia (right on left). The skeletons of the fingers are complete; they were probably articulated. The bones of the hind limbs above the large metatarsals are not represented; apparently, they were separated in the knee joint.

At the time of burial, the horse was bridled: fragments of one link of the bit were found between the jaws, including a flattened rod psal (nah. 89; fig. 3,1). In detail, the design of the bit is not restored due to poor preservation of the artifact. The psalion has a boot-shaped ending, with a trenzel marked on the outside of its plate, in which a fragment of the second, smooth ringed psalion is fixed. The gryzlo has a sub-square cross-section.

On the skull and under the lower jaw of the horse, ornaments of a non-ferrous metal bridle were found: ten heart-shaped overlays with a vegetable pattern.-

2. Horse bone remains (Basandaika, 1948, p. 194, Table 38) (A) and inventory (B) from Page 2. 1-stirrup; 2-touchstone; 3,6 - pads; 4-buckle; 5-suspension; 7,8-belt tips; 9-detail two-piece fasteners; 10, 11-bells; 12-saddle breakdown. 1, 4, 8, 12 - iron; 2-stone; 3, 5 - 7, 9 - 11 - non-ferrous metal; 4, 5, 8, 12-according to: [Basandaika, 1948, Tables 30, 102-104]; the rest according to the number 6704 MAES TSU.

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Fig. 3. Iron parts of horse equipment from border 2.

1 - part of the bit (according to number 6704 MAES TSU); 2 - belt distributor (according to: [Basandaika, 1948, Table 30, 101]).

nah* (nah. 87, 91, 94, 96 - 99; 2, B, 3, b), a belt tip (fig. 100; see Fig. 2, B, 7) and two bells (fig. 92, 93; see Fig. 2, B, 10, 11). The horse's bridle also includes a three-plate belt distributor (nah. 101; see figs. 3, 2). On the first vertebra there was an iron plate (figure 95)**. On the right side of the horse's skull, an arched stirrup with a prominent subquadral ear and a flattened footrest was found (fig. 90; see Fig. 2, B, 1), on the left - a touchstone (fig. 88; see Fig. 2, B, 2). Iron spring-loaded buckles were fixed between the bones of the forelimbs (Figure 102; see figs. 2, B, 4), saddle breakdown (?) (figure 103; see Fig. 2, B, 12) and the tip of the belt (fig. 104; see Fig. 2, B, 8).

Burial 3. The remains of a man were located in the central part of the mound, and horses-to the west of them. Judging by the planigraphic drawing [Dulzon, L. 8] (see Fig. 1), this burial, shared between a human and a horse, was built at the level of the buried soil. It is fixed in a layer of calcined clay with a thickness of 0.10 - 0.15 m. Overall size 2.0 x 2.5 m, north-south orientation.

The burial structure for a person is a "log house made of a row of logs" (Grinevich, 1948, p. 35), sub-rectangular in shape, measuring 1.5 x 2.5 m (on the eastern side, the log is not traced along its entire length). "The log lying on the western side was planed and had a square cross-section (17 x 9 cm)" (Dulzon, 1948, p. 87). According to available sources, the method of angular fastening of the structure is not clarified. Fragments of overlap are not fixed. The bedding is made of birch bark. Of the details of the funerary structure for horses, only a birch bark covering is noted, which has been preserved on all their remains. The buried man was laid on six large flat sandstone stones in an elongated position on his back, with his head facing south [Ibid., p. 88]. The anatomical order of the skeleton is not disturbed (Fig. 4).

Along the western side of the burial structure lay the remains of two horses (Fig. 4): incomplete skeletons 1 (southern) and 2 (northern). Judging by the field drawing (see Fig. 1), they were located about 5 cm below the bottom of the human burial. The act of bridling or saddling is not traceable.

4. Border plan 3 (according to [Basandaika, 1948, Table 31]).

* I found only two overlays in kol. 6704 MAES TSU (date of appeal to the meeting-May 2013).

** The object was not found in the museum's collection, and there is no illustration of it in the 1948 publication.

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5. Iron saber (1), spearhead (2) and armor plates (3) from border 3 (according to the number 6704 MAES TSU).

Skeleton 1. The skull, oriented to the south, lay on the left temporal bone between the bones of the wrist of the forelimbs. The cervical vertebrae are not fixed. The bones of the forelimbs were arranged in an anatomical order with the phalanges of the fingers facing south (the skeletons of the fingers were probably in articulation at the time of burial). Separated, probably in the area of the elbow joint. The bones of the hind limbs were aligned with the forelimbs, oriented in the same direction, and were in anatomical order. Probably separated in the area of the knee joint.

Skeleton 2. The skull, oriented to the south, lay on the underside between the large metatarsal bones of the hind limbs of skeleton 1. The cervical vertebrae are not fixed. The bones of the forelimbs were located on the outside of the bones of the hind limbs of skeleton 1 (at a small distance from them). They were arranged in anatomical order with the phalanges of the fingers facing south. The bones of the hind limbs were on the same line as that of skeleton 1. The position and orientation were the same.

Figure 6. Iron arrowheads (main types) from pogr. 3 (according to the number 6704 of MAES TSU).

Z. Ya. Boyarshinova interpreted the burial of a person as "burning on the spot", "partial burning of a corpse" [1948, p. 157]. A. P. Dulzon wrote about the burial of horses: "The bones of the skull (skeleton 1. - A. Z.) are badly burned out and break up into pieces, but they are in perfect order" [1948, p. 86]. The strong charring of the burial structure, human bones and horse skulls (skeleton 1), as well as the presence of scale on some objects, allow us to define pogr. 3 as a partial burning on the spot with the remains preserved in anatomical order.

The buried person is provided with a rich inventory, which is all found within the log structure. It consists of iron offensive and defensive weapons: a slightly bent saber with a straight shank, without a crosshair (fig. 58; Fig. 5,1), a bell-shaped spear tip (fig. 5, 2), 20 petiolate arrowheads (fig. 72; fig. 6), armor of 45 different types of plates (fig. 52, 57; see Fig. 5, 3).

Iron equipment of a riding horse was also found: eight-shaped bits (Figure 48; Fig. 7), buckles with a tongue (nah. 49; fig. 8,2) and without it (fig. 50; fig. 8, 3); possibly a fragment of the saddle shackle (fig. 42; fig. 8, 1); clip (fig. 51; fig. 8, 5); two arched stirrups (fig. 29, 38)*.

In the burial there was an iron household equipment: two adzes (nah. 73, 76; fig. 9, 2, 3),

* When accessing the collection in May 2013, these artifacts were not identified, and their illustrations are missing in the publication.

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Fig. 7. Iron bits from border 3 (according to number 6704 of TSU MAES) (A), reconstruction of these bits (B) and part of the horse's bridle (C).

Fig. 8. Inventory page 3. 1-forged saddle bows (?); 2, 3-buckles; 4,7-hooks (for greaves?); 5 - clip; 6 - bell; 8 - two - piece clasp; 9-pendant, beads, beads. 1-5, 7-iron; 6, 8-non-ferrous metal; 9-lapis lazuli, carnelian, glass paste; 1,9-according to: [Basandaika, 1948, Tables 33, 34], the rest according to the number 6704 MAES TSU

Fig. 9. Inventory of load 3. / - touchstone; 2-4-adze; 5-spoon; b-hammer; 7-knife handle; 8-wort; 9, 10 - anvils (chisels?); 11-hollow object; 12-plate on a wire ring; 13 - fragments of overlays; 14, 15-bracket-shaped loops; 16-rivet; 17-rod on a wire ring. 1-stone; 2 - 6, 9, 10, 12, 14 - 17 - iron; 7-wood, iron, non-ferrous metal; 8-clay; 11-bone; 13-horn; 5, 7, 11, 12, 16, 17 - by: [Basandaika, 1948, table 33], the rest according to the number of 6704 MAES TSU

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hammer (fig. 63; fig. 9, 6), two anvils (chisels?) (fig. 56, 65; fig. 9, 9, 10), spoon (fig. 81; fig. 9, 5). In addition, a wooden handle of a knife (?) (nah. 40; figs. 9, 7), stone touchstone (nah. 71; Fig. 9, 1) and clay wort (nah. 80; figs. 9, 8).

The details of the costume include a two-piece clasp made of non-ferrous metal with traces of fabric on the inner and outer sides (fig. 16, 67; see Fig. 8, 8), a bell (fig. 15; see Figs. 8, 6), seven bipyramidal carnelian beads (nx. 68, 84-86), lapis lazuli pendant (nx. 66) and double white beads (fig. 47, 60) (see Fig. 8,9); a fragment of a coral branch (fig. 61); two iron hooks for attaching greaves (?) 59b, 83; see Figures 8, 4, 7).

Objects of other and unclear purpose were also found: iron miniature adzes (nah. 59a; see Fig. 9, 4), a plate on a wire ring (fig. 69; see Fig. 9, 12), two bracket-shaped loops (fig. 54; see Fig. 9, 14, 15), a rivet (fig. 46; see Fig. 9, 16), an object with traces fabrics (nah. 79), a rod on a wire ring (figure 78; see Fig. 9, 17); a hollow object made of bone (fig. 64; see figs. 9, 11); a fragment of a silver (?) product (fig. 62); fragments of four (?) horn plates (fig. 41, 44; see Fig. 9, 13); shapeless objects (fig.. 37, 38, 43, 77).

Dating information

Burials 2 and 3 of mound 1 of the Basandai burial ground Z. Ya. Boyarshinova included in the group of objects of the lower horizon, which," based on the objects and rite of burial", considered "more ancient", i.e. related to the X-X centuries [1948, p. 153-154]. A. P. Dulzon most of the ground burials of this monument dated XIII-XIV centuries. and only some of them - XI-XII centuries [1953b, p. 179]. Later, the question of the chronology of Basandai burials in the context of studying the culture of the same name was raised by V. A. Mogilnikov [1980, 1990], while individual complexes, including burials with the horse of mounds 1 and 2, were not considered. No clear dating was offered.

L. M. Pletneva, recognizing the presence of burials of the XII-XIV centuries in the Basandai burial ground, doubted the existence of burials of the XI century. Burials 2 and 3 of mound 1 according to the inventory complex, she dated them to the XIII - XIVbb. [1997, pp. 112-115]. I take the same view.

Reconstruction of the funeral rite

By archaeological methods, the remains of a hide in the border area were found. 2 and 3 mounds 1 of the Basandai burial ground are not recorded. Based on the available bone remains of horses, I propose two versions of the reconstruction of the rite of their burial. The first is that together with a person, the dismembered head and limbs of a horse were buried, which were laid, imitating their lifetime location, without a skin. However, the second version seems to be a priority (Figs. 10, 11), according to which the following main actions took place.

1. An animal selected for burial with a deceased person was taken to the place of their common burial. Probably a horse from the pogr. 2 was bridled at the same time (see Figure 10).

2. Most likely, the animal was killed near the burial site, but it is impossible to restore it in what way, according to the available materials. Judging by the location of their bones in the burials, the horse's limbs were in an elongated position at the time of burial, so most likely their plasticity was not yet lost due to rigor mortis. Ethnographic data (Akhmetova, 1995) suggest the following manipulations with the carcass: three or four incisions were made on the abdominal side (one transverse and several longitudinal), after which the internal organs, the main part of the muscle tissue and skeleton were removed. As a result, only the skin of the body (cheprak, crank, rump) remained with the limbs not separated from it in the area of the elbow and knee joints, as well as the head uncured, i.e. with the parts of the carcass that are least suitable for food. A. I. Solovyov notes that in the system of traditional worldview, the skin, skin, and generally the outer shell of a person or animals are temporary carriers of their life force [2006, p. 182-183; 2008, p. 291]. Perhaps the horse's limbs and head were not separated from the skin during burial precisely because of the importance of preserving the integrity of the outer shell, which contained the life force, and therefore was able to symbolically replace the whole animal.

3. The skin of a horse with its limbs and head was placed next to the person in one dirt pit (border). 2) or on the site outside the burial structure for a person (border 3). The recorded mutual arrangement of elements of the horse skeleton, unnatural elongation of the limbs suggest that the skin with the limbs and head was not spread out, but somehow folded. In this case, the limbs probably appeared mainly under the folds of the skin.

4. A funerary structure fixed in the form of a birch bark covering was erected for horses from pogr. 3.

5. Before the construction of the earthen embankment of border 3, or in the process of this, a bonfire was lit, which in the end was destroyed.-

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10. Reconstruction of the "horse skins" burial site in border 2.

11. Reconstruction of the "horse skins" burial site in border 3.
destroyed part of the funerary structures. During the construction of the embankment, the fire pit gradually faded out.

6. The remaining parts of the horse carcass were most likely eaten during the funeral.

Reconstructed from the materials of Mound 1 (XIII - XIV centuries) of the Basandai burial ground, the rite of burial of horse remains (in both versions presented) can be conventionally designated as "burial of the horse skin". In the literature, this is usually understood as accompanying a deceased person with a whole horse according to the pars pro toto principle.* [Kazakov, 1984; Nesterov, 1990, p. 66; Rudenko, 2008, p. 8-9; Vasyutin and Onishchenko, 2008, p. 96]. The partial nature of the archaeological remains of horses from border 2,3 of mound 1 is expressed in the incompleteness of their skeletons. Similar rites can be traced in the steppe, forest-steppe, and taiga belts of Eurasia in the Late Bronze Age (Smirnov, 1960, p. 193), Early Iron Age (Anfimov, 1971, p. 172; Shulga, 1998, p. 59; 1999, p. 248), and Early Iron Age (Grach, 1968; Komar, 2006, p. 399 - 400; Khalikova, 1972] and developed [Steppes of Eurasia..., 1981, p. 116; Pletneva, 1997, p. 180; Savinov, Novikov, Roslyakov, 2006, p. 175, fig. 28] Middle Ages**. If the general principle of partiality is observed, the burial ceremony itself is variable: according to archaeological data, the bone composition of horse remains may vary. Mainly, the limbs of the animal are presented in various completeness, depending on the place of separation of the latter from the carcass.

An important role in the reconstruction of the features of the burial of horse bone remains is played by their mutual location, which is very important for distinguishing between two forms of the rite: "skin burial" and "stuffed burial". To determine which of these forms is represented, it is necessary to analyze the remains for their arrangement in a natural or simulated anatomical order. I agree with A. S. Vasyutin and S. S. Onishchenko, who made the following distinction: "Under" chu-

* Pars pro toto (Latin) - part instead of whole.

** "The latest known burial with accompanying burial of a mounted animal on the principle of partiality in West Siberian materials is recorded in the Pachang burial ground of the XVI century on the Middle Ob River (Dulzon, 1953a).

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brow " refers to the burial of an animal, in which the location of fragments of the skeleton of the limbs, head and tail vertebrae corresponds to their anatomical location in the skeleton of a horse. If the bones were placed in a different way, then such a burial should be attributed to the co-burial of the" horse skin " [2008, p. 97]. It should be added that due to the peculiarities of archaeological sources, the prospect of studying burials with horse bone remains is seen in the application of taphonomic analysis methods similar to those used to reconstruct the initial position of the human body in the burial site (Zaitseva and Razhev, 2007). In office conditions, it is extremely difficult to simulate the position of the horse's remains in order to reconstruct the rite.

Historical aspect

The origins of the rite of accompanying horse burial in the Turkic environment are usually traced to the influence of the Pazyryk culture on the Bulan-Koba culture, which played a significant role in the design of the ancient Turkic ethnic group [Kuba-rev, 2005, p.19; Trifonov, 1973]. The influence of the ancient Turks and their historical heritage on the ethno-political life of the medieval population of steppe Eurasia led to the spread of similar rites (often in their highly modified versions) almost throughout the specified territory and their penetration into the forest-steppe and taiga zones, including Western Siberia.

Based on the materials of the Basandai burial ground, a modification of the burial of an entire horse is recorded, conventionally designated as the burial of its "skin". Researchers associate this practice of horse burial in neighboring southern regions with the Kimaks, Kipchaks, Oguz, and partly Kyrgyz and Uyghurs (Savinov, 1994, p. 81; Nesterov, 1990, p.63-67; Khudyakov, 2005). At this stage of research, it is extremely difficult to determine the cultural coloring of this rite of the inhabitants of the Tomsk Ob region who left the Basandai mounds.

It is interesting that the ritual of burying the "horse skin" can be traced back to the early Middle Ages in the taiga zone - in the Relka burial ground of the end of the VI-beginning of the VIII century on the middle Ob River (Chindina, 1977, p. 92). At the same time, more southern monuments of the Tomsk Ob region of the V-VIII centuries. They do not contain burials of animals that could be interpreted as burials of "horse skins" [Monuments..., 1983, p.244]. According to V. A. Mogilnikov, the appearance of such a rite in the taiga and pre-taiga zones of Western Siberia is probably associated with the process of Turkization [1976, p.172].

In the Ob-Tomsk interfluve, the first burials with a whole horse were recorded only at the burial grounds of the beginning of the second millennium AD: Ust-Kindinsky (one) [Chindina, 1992] and Elovsky-1 (three) [Matyushchenko and Startseva, 1970]. These four burials contain complete animal skeletons. On their basis, the burials of a whole horse laid on its belly with bent limbs were reconstructed. Researchers have dated these complexes in different ways, but within the XI-XIII centuries. Thus, V. A. Mogilnikov attributed the burials with a whole horse of Elovsky-1 to the XI-XII centuries (see: Matyushchenko and Startseva, 1970), as well as L. A. Chindin, such burials at the Ust-Kinda burial ground [1992]. L. M. Pletnev (1997, p. 109-110) dates these four burials to a later period, the XI-XI centuries.

The rite of burial with a horse (whole horse, "skin", "scarecrow") acquires wide variability in the Basandai culture of the Ob-Tomsk interfluve, dated by L. M. Pletneva to the XI-XIV centuries. [Ibid., p. 123]. According to the materials of this culture, it is clear that the burial of a whole horse is replaced by the rite of burial of its "skin".

As the joint venture noticed. According to Nesterov, burials with the "skin" of a horse according to the rite of corpse laying are generally not typical of Central Asia, their main area is the western steppes of Eurasia [1990, p.63]. The closest analogs of Basandai horse burials can be considered a number of burials in medieval burial grounds of the X-XIV centuries. Baraba forest-steppe [Baraba..., 1988, pp. 5-89], Kuznetsk basin [Ilyushin, 2010; 2012, pp. 150, 156, figs. 43, 51], Novosibirsk [Savinov, Novikov, Roslyakov, 2006] and Narym [Bobrova, 2008, pp. 122-124] of the Ob region. A similar rite can be traced in Tuva [Grach, 1968, p. 109], the northern foothills of the Altai [Mogilnikov, 2002, p. 68-70], the Volga region [Khalikova, 1972; Medieval Nomads..., 1998, p. 166] and further west, up to the Hungarian steppes [Balint, 1972, p. 179].

A common feature of Basandai pogr. 2, 3 mounds. 1 with "horse skin" is absolutely elongated forelimbs and hind legs, without bends in the joints. The difference between the paired burial of two " skins "in border 3 is that the forelimbs and head of one horse (skeleton 2) were placed on the" croup " of the other (skeleton 1) (see Figure 11). The latter method of placing animal remains resembles the character of some horse burials in the burial grounds of the Srostkin culture (Northern Altai). V. A. Mogilnikov interprets it as a modification of the fairly well-known Turkic group horse burials [Mogilnikov, 2002, p. 69]. The Basandai border 3 of mound 1 shows similarities with the Altai burials of the Pazyryk era, where incomplete remains of two horses were found, stacked one on top of the other so that

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the muzzle fell on the tail... "[Lipetsk, 1982, p. 219]. This rite finds parallels in the Turkic-Mongolian epic, where R. S. Lipetsk recorded the plot of "cutting up the horse" of the enemy, which she correlated with the archaeological materials of the Early Iron Age of Kazakhstan and Gorny Altai [Ibid., p. 220].

For the Tomsk Ob region of the beginning of the second millennium AD, four forms of horse-human interment were reconstructed (a total of 22 complexes containing skulls and bones of horse limbs were recorded in eight burial grounds of the Basandai culture):

1) a whole horse, six burials (burial grounds Elovsky-1, XI-XII centuries (according to: [Steppes of Eurasia..., 1981, p. 191]) or XP-XS centuries (according to: [Pletneva, 1997]); Ust-Kindinsky, XI-XII centuries (according to: [Chindina, 1992]) or CP-XS centuries (according to [Pletneva, 1997]); Tashara-Quarry-1, XII-XIV centuries. [Savinov, Novikov, Roslyakov, 2006, pp. 105-140]);

2)" skin " compactly in the feet of the buried person - nine burials (burial grounds Astrakhantsevsky, XIII-XIV centuries [Pletneva, 1997, p. 10-33], Ust-Malokirgizsky, XII-XIV centuries. [Ibid., pp. 42-69]);

3) "skin" in an elongated position with limbs without a natural bend in the joints - six burials (Basandai burial grounds, XII-XIV centuries. [Dulzon, 1948], Ust-Malokirgizsky, XII-XIV centuries [Pletneva, 1997, p. 283, fig. 121]), this form of the rite is not traced in the materials of other monuments of the Tomsk Ob region;

4) presumably a "scarecrow" in an elongated position, limbs with a natural bend in the joints, - one burial (Astrakhantsevsky burial ground, XIII-XIV bb. [Ibid., p. 180, fig. 16]).

The horse, as one of the most common means of transportation in the Middle Ages, occupied a special place in many nomadic peoples ' ideas about the posthumous journey of a person. The considered materials of mound 1 of the Basandai burial ground demonstrate a complex in all respects rite of co-burial of a person with a "horse skin", the purpose of which was to supply the deceased with riding animals. Logically, the question arises about the origins of this rite. At the current stage of research, there are two possible answers. On the one hand, the appearance of burials with a whole horse and modifications of this rite at the beginning of the second millennium AD in the pre-taiga and taiga territories of Western Siberia, including in the Tomsk Ob region, was due to the cultural influence of the Turkic-speaking nomads of the Altai and its foothills [Steppes of Eurasia..., 1981, p. 191]. The study of the "horse skin" burials (border 2, 3 of mound 1 of the Basandai burial ground) with materials from other monuments of Basandai culture suggests that not only the alien population, but also the local "pre-Turkic"population participated in the genesis of this rite. Thus, L. A. Chindina on the example of Relka burial ground already in 1976. She raised the question of the possibility of independent development of the tradition of burying the "horse skin" among the taiga population of the Middle Ob region in the early Middle Ages [1976, p. 217]. According to A. S. Vasyutin and S. S. Onishchenko, this rite should not be associated only with the Srostkin culture, but can be carefully correlated "with various groups of not only Kypchaks, but also Ugrians" [2008, p.97]. The series of burials of the Ust-Malo Kirghiz burial ground on the basis of the placement of a "horse skin" in the feet of the deceased is similar to the Volga burials of the X-X-X centuries, in the materials of which researchers see a mixture of Turkic and Ugric components [Khalikova, 1972, p. 160].

Conclusion

Thus, as a result of the analysis of the materials of burials 2, 3 of mound 1 of the Basandai burial ground in the Tomsk Ob region, a reconstruction of the burial rite of a person with a "horse skin"is proposed. The complexity of the study was the need to analyze incomplete archaeologized animal remains. Further study of human-horse interburials should be based on the integrated application of taphonomic analysis methods already at the field stage, and it is also necessary to attract the experience of paleozoologists, soil scientists and tracers. It is advisable and highly desirable to conduct excavations of the horse burial at any of the mentioned tombs of the Tomsk Ob region at the beginning of the second millennium AD in order to extract more complete information about the nature of the remains using modern methods.

The rite of burial of a person with a "horse skin" in the Tomsk Ob region has two forms similar to those recorded not only in the materials of southern nomadic cultures of the beginning of the second millennium AD, but also on the monuments of the forest-steppe and taiga bands of Western Siberia. In this regard, its origins are not yet clear. The rite of burial of the "horse skin", reflected in the burials of mound 1 of the Basandai burial ground, can be correlated both with the continuation of the local tradition that originated before the beginning of the second millennium AD, and with the cultivation of a new funeral ritual, the appearance of which in the Tomsk Ob region was associated with mass migrations in the developed Middle Ages.

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