The article describes the concept of formation and development of the Late Krotovo (Chernoozersk) culture in the territory of the Irtysh region. At the turn of the third and second millennia BC in the Barabinsk forest-steppe, a new formation - the Late Krotov formation-was formed on the basis of the classical Krotov culture. Its representatives - the autochthonous population-experienced first indirect, and then direct influence from the carriers of the Andronovo (Fedorovskaya) culture, which was reflected in the material and spiritual culture, anthropological and paleogenetic material. As a result, a new (Chernoozersky) version of the Late Krotovo culture was formed, which is represented by materials from the Chernoozersky-1 and Tartas-1 monuments.

Key words: Late Krotovo (Chernoozersk) culture, Advanced Bronze Age, Irtysh forest-steppe.

Introduction

Since 1993, after the completion of the 14-year cycle of excavations of the Sopka-2 monument in the Barabinsk forest-steppe, a lot of work has been carried out related to the introduction of a huge amount of material into scientific circulation. At the same time, the understanding and sometimes rethinking of the sources obtained in the course of studying the object does not stop.

In 2001, the first monograph devoted to the analysis of the materials of the monument was published, in which the cultural and chronological gradation of all finds was presented for the first time (Molodin, 2001, Table 1). The studied objects were proposed to be considered as a series of burial grounds of different time and cultural affiliation. The entire mass of Bronze Age burials was divided into several complexes: Sopka-2/2, Sopka-2/3, Sopka-2 / 3A were assigned to the Early Bronze Age, Sopka-2/4 - to the Krotovo culture, Sopka-2/5 - to the Late Krotovo time, Sopka-2/6 - to the Andronovo (Fedorovskaya) culture, Sopka-2/7 - to irmenskaya, Sopka-2/8 - to suzgunskaya [Ibid.]. Subsequently, we identified the monuments Sopka-2/3 and Sopka-2/ZA as belonging to a special Ust-Tartass culture (Molodin, 2005).

In 2008, the question of identifying the Odin culture in the Eastern Trans-Urals and Western Siberia was raised [Molodin, 2008]. In addition to a number of other monuments, this formation also includes a special burial ground on Sopka, which we previously assigned to the Krotovo massif (Molodin, 2010a, p. 68). It has received a new index - Sopka-2 / 4A; its materials have recently been published monographically [Molodin, 2012]. Analysis of the planigraphy of the Krotovo culture burials and their radiocarbon determinations allowed the identified material to be divided into special groups - Sopka-2 / 4B and Sopka-2 / 4B (Molodin et al., 2010).

As already noted in a special paper [Molodin, 2010a], it was proposed to study the Krotovo culture.

This work was supported by a grant from the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation (Resolution No. 220), received by the Altai State University, project No. 2013 - 220 - 04 - 129 "Ancient settlement of Siberia: formation and dynamics of cultures in Northern Asia".

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divide it into two stages - Krotovsky proper and Pozdnekrotovsky. The analysis of data on numerous burials at the Tartas-1 monument and materials obtained earlier by V. F. Gening and N. K. Stefanova (Eshchenko) in the Irtysh region, as well as the results of anthropological (Chikisheva, 2010, 2012) and paleogenetic (Molodin et al., 2010, 2012) studies, allows us to propose a new concept, which is based on the following principles: development of the idea of the historical fates of the indigenous Krotovo population, formed after the arrival of migrants from the West in the Irtysh region.

Concept of formation and development of the Pozdnekrotovskaya (Chernoozerskaya) culture

The discovery of a new archaeological culture is always a significant event in science. It is natural that the more we explore new territories and the more significant archaeological complexes are in terms of time coverage, the more likely it is to identify previously unknown groups of monuments that can be considered as objects of independent archaeological cultures for a number of reasons. With the accumulation of new sources, ideas about one or another aspect of culture are corrected, and sometimes revised. Receiving new materials can be a reason to recognize the selection of a particular culture as erroneous. Usually, as a result of expanding the corpus of sources, the chronology, periodization, and boundaries of the territory of distribution of a particular culture are clarified. With this in mind, I would like to encourage my colleagues, especially young ones, to take a sensitive and balanced approach to the question of the need to replace one well-known and well-established concept with a new one, since this often leads not to ordering, but rather to terminological confusion. Any audit requires serious justification and evidence.

I needed this introduction in order to clearly define the content of the new archaeological culture, the blocks of which have already been introduced into scientific use. However, the extensive materials obtained during the work in the Barabinsk forest-steppe made it possible to present them more systematically and present the new concept more logically and reasonably.

At the final stage of the existence of the Krotovo culture of the advanced Bronze Age, its carriers were influenced by representatives of the Andronovo cultural and historical community who came from the west. Apparently, their first contacts, which were not of a systematic nature, took place during the episodic penetration of the Petrov culture carriers from the West into the Eastern Irtysh region (see, for example, [Molodin, 2010]). The latter may have come into contact with the bearers of the traditions of Vishnevsky ceramics, which G. B. Zdanovich rightly attributed to the Krot type monuments of Northern Kazakhstan [1973, pp. 21-23].

Subsequently, this influence of migrants from the West on the population of the right-bank Irtysh region was mediated; its manifestation should be considered some innovations in the ceramic ware of the classical Krotovo culture (for example, hatched triangles along the corolla) [Molodin, 1977, p. 68]. The growing influence of the Caucasian population was reflected in the complete change of the Aborigines, first of all, weapons and jewelry. Instead of the Seimin-Turbin celts and spears, the metal of the srubno-Andronovo type is coming. At the same time, carriers of the Krotovo culture continue to preserve their autochthonous canons, primarily in funerary practice: burials in rows, in underground burial grounds, on their backs, in an elongated position, with their heads facing northeast (Figs. 1,1-5). From this point on, the classical Krotovo culture essentially ceases to exist, and it is replaced by another formation, which I called Late Krotovo, taking into account its genetic and cultural roots.

Contacts between aborigines and newcomers, most likely Andronovites (Fedorovites), became more and more intense and led to a mixing of the population, which was reflected at the genetic and anthropological levels [Molodin et al., 2012; Chikisheva, 2012] and manifested itself, in particular, in the syncretism of inventory features and burial practices. This complex multi-factor ethno-cultural process was first traced on the materials of the Ob-Irtysh region by M. F. Kosarev [1987, pp. 279-281]; he also identified the Chernoozero-Tomsk variant of the Andronovo cultural and historical community.

The components of this process were different in different territories. In the Irtysh region and the adjacent Barabinsk forest-steppe, where the local basis was the Krotov population, this essentially syncretic culture can be called Late Krotovskaya (Chernoozerskaya), which reflects its chronological and territorial affiliation. Currently, the boundaries of the cultural area should be defined outside the forest-steppe part of the right-bank Irtysh region, located approximately 300 km east of the Irtysh.

The settlement complexes of the Late Krotovo (Chernoozersk) culture include the Chernoozersk settlement [Ibid., p. 279]. The monument clearly shows a moat and rampart enclosing a rectangular area measuring 40x15 m at the edge of the terrace (Viktorov and Borzunov, 1974). The dwellings are ground - level, rectangular in shape, with an area of approx. 60 m2. The pit of the structure is slightly deepened. There are remains of clay hearths.

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Fig. 1. Type list of materials of the early stage of the Late Krotovskaya (Chernoozersk) culture. Sopka-2/5.

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2. Type list of materials from the late stage of the Late Krotovskaya (Chernoozersk) culture.

1 - 4, 9 - 11, 18 - 29 - Chernoozerye-1 (by: [Gening, Stefanova, 1994]); 5 - 8, 12 - 17 -Tartas-1.

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Settlement equipment is represented by pot-shaped ceramics and mainly jar-shaped ones. The ornament is dominated by Christmas tree and zigzag patterns. Dishes that are comparable to the classic Andronovo (Fedorovskaya) dishes make up only 2 % of the entire complex [Ibid., p. 23]. Stone tools, a bronze ring with spiral curls, bronze awls and bones of domestic animals were found on the monument.

Погребальные памятники представлены могильниками Сопка-2/5, Черноозерье-1 и серией захоронений Тартас-1 [Молодин, 2001; 2012, рис. 7; Генинг, Ещенко, 1973; Генинг, Стефанова, 1994; Молодин, Софейков, Дейч и др., 2003; Молодин, Мыльникова, Новикова и др., 2011]. В этом ряду более древним является могильник Сопка-2/5; он отражает только опосредованное влияние андроновцев, тогда как два других объекта демонстрируют динамику и результаты взаимодействия (рис. 2). Таким образом, можно говорить о двух хронологических этапах культуры - позднекротовеком и черноозерском.

The burial grounds are unpaved, although there are also earthworks. Burials are arranged in rows. The burial pits are sub-triangular in shape, their depth is small at an early stage, and over time they increased more and more and reached 100 cm. In the Chernoozersk burial ground, traces of wooden plates were traced in separate burial chambers. Burials are most often individual. The deceased were buried, as a rule, on their backs, in an outstretched position, with their heads facing northeast, sometimes with their arms and legs strongly spread out. At the late stage (Chernoozersky stage, Chernoozerye-1 and Tartas-1 burial grounds), people were buried, in particular, on their sides, in a crouched position, with their heads facing east and southeast (Figs.

The funerary equipment consists of bronze weapons and jewelry. At the early (late Krotov) stage, ceramic dishes were placed in the grave only as an exception, at the late (Chernoozersk) stage, vessels were left in the grave more often; their shape and ornamentation indicate syncretism, and the presence of autochthonous (Krotov) and alien (Andronovo) components is evident (Figs. 2, 9-13).

The Tartas-1 monument even managed to trace the dynamics of the mixing process both in funerary practice and especially in the traditions of pottery (Molodin, 2011). The funerary equipment of the culture-weapons and ornaments-is mainly represented by log-Andronovo forms: double-edged daggers (see Fig. 1, 12 - 14; 2, 14, 15, 18, 19), bracelets, rings with spiral ends (see figs. 1, 24), as well as knife-shaped pendants (see Fig 1, 26), plaques decorated in the punch technique (see Figs. 1, 29; 2, 23), etc. Bone objects (punctures, arrowheads, and characteristic pendants made from drilled animal joints) were found in burials of the early Late Krotovo stage of the culture (Fig. 1, 9, 15 - 19)), and also metal-a celt with a cave, tongs, a set of bronze rings, etc. (Fig. 1, 11, 30, 27).

In the burials of the later Chernoozero stage, there are characteristic clay vessels with an autochthonous and Andronovo color, the above-mentioned objects of the Yerubno-Andronovo appearance, as well as such original products as bronze disks with a loop (see Figs. 2, 26), single-edged knives, razors, and bell-shaped earrings (see Figs. 2, 17 20, 22), a wide openwork plate bracelet (see Fig. 2,27), trapezoidal plates decorated with an ornament in the form of interpenetrating triangles (see Fig. 2, 28) [Gening and Stefanova, 1994], a spear tip with grooves on the feather (see Fig. 2,16).

Gradually, the integration of aboriginal and alien populations led to the complete assimilation of the local population by the Andronovites, which can be traced from the materials of the burial practice of the Tartas-1 burial ground, or to the displacement of some groups of aborigines to less populated areas of the forest-steppe and southern taiga.

For obvious reasons, it is not possible to define a clear framework for the existence of the Late Krotovo (Chernoozersk) culture. Taking into account the new series of calibrated radiocarbon dates, the beginning of the indirect impact of representatives of the Andronovo world on the population of the considered territory of the Baraba forest-steppe can be considered the turn of the III-II millennium BC. The subsequent stage of interaction between the two populations occurs in the first centuries of the II millennium BC [Molodin, 2012]. It should be understood that the proposed scheme does not reflect the complexity of the processes that took place in real life: the newcomers of Andronovo co-existed on the same territory, in fact, with a mixed late Krot population. During this period, some migrants from the West came into contact with this mixed (Late Krotovo-Andronovo) population, which ultimately probably led to the emergence of special ethnic groups with specific cultural features. Therefore, it is impossible to draw a clear line between the early, late Krotov, stage of culture and the later, Chernoozersk.

It is obvious that in this territory of the right-bank Irtysh region, representatives of the Late Krotovo cultural formation co-existed for some time with the Andronovites (Fyodorovites), constantly in contact with them, until the line between these cultures was completely erased. This could have occurred as early as the very end of the Andronovo epoch in the region, i.e., at the end of the first half of the second millennium BC.

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The article was submitted to the Editorial Board on 25.10.13.

Abstract

The origins and evolution of the Late Krotovo (Cherno-ozerye) culture in the Irtysh area is described. Around 2000 BC, the autochthonous Krotovo culture proper was succeeded by the Late Krotovo stage, marked by the influence (initially indirect and then direct) of the Andronovo (Fedorovka) culture. The transition was mirrored by archaeological, skeletal, and paleogenetic evidence. A distinct variety of the Late Krotovo is seen in the Cherno-ozerye complex, represented by sites such as Cherno-ozerye-1 and Tartas-1.

Keywords: Late Krotovo (Cherno-ozerye) culture, Middle Bronze Age, Irtysh forest-steppe.

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