The results of the analysis of odontological characteristics of the Alakul population of Kazakhstan and Western Siberia indicate that it was multicomponent in its anthropological composition. The population of the eastern part of the Alakul range was formed on the basis of a substrate of Asian origin. In Europe, representatives of this substrate are only carriers of the catacomb culture of Kalmykia, which showed the maximum similarity with the Alakul groups. The Alakul people of Western Kazakhstan have an additional component that is genetically related to a wide range of European populations. It is characterized by a weak representation of "eastern" odontological features and the absence of a tendency to reduction and gracilization of the dental system. The morphological specificity of the carriers of the Alakul culture of the Southern Urals was determined by a set of traits genetically related to the autochthonous Ural population.

Key words: odontology, Alakul culture, catacomb culture.

Introduction

At the early stages of archaeological research, the Andronovo cultural and historical community was considered relatively homogeneous, but as materials from new monuments were introduced into scientific circulation, there was a clear tendency to recognize its increasingly complex composition [Stokolos, 1972; Zdanovich, 1973, 1975; Kosarev, 1974, 1981; Smirnov and Kuzmina, 1977; Tkacheva Tkachev, 2008; et al.]. The Alakul culture within this community was identified as one of the first [Salnikov, 1948; Chernikov, 1960; Stokolos, 1972; Kosarev, 1981], and the search for its origins became a topic of wide discussion. V. S. Stokolos associated its origin with the autochthonous Trans-Ural population [1972T. M. Potemkina - with Eneolithic and Early Bronze age inhabitants of the forest-steppe Partobol region, including migrants [1985, p. 341-342]; G. B. Zdanovich, K. F. Smirnov, and E. E. Kuzmina - with the autochthonous population of the Ural-Kazakhstan region (with the participation of native Srubnaya and Abashevskaya cultures) [Zdanovich, 1973, 1975; Smirnov and Kuzmina, 1977]. According to E. E. According to Kuzmina, the Alakul culture was formed on the basis of the Petrine traditions of the western part of this region, in which it distinguishes two components: one is local, the other is associated with European tribes that left monuments with Abashevskaya, Poltavka and mnogovalik ceramics [Kuzmina, 1985, p.33; 1986, p. 102; 1988].

In the anthropological literature, the origin and formation of the physical appearance of the Alakul population of Kazakhstan and Siberia were not given as much attention as we would like, given their importance for considering various aspects of the Indo-European problem. Until recently, the available information was limited to several works [Ginzburg, 1962; Alekseev, 1964, 1967; Ginzburg, Trofimova,

This work was supported by the Russian Academy of Sciences ' Fundamental Research program "Historical and Cultural Heritage and Spiritual Values of Russia".

1972; Alekseev and Gokhman, 1984] and references in a number of other publications that did not specifically aim to analyze the anthropology of the Alakul population (see, for example, [Dremov, 1997; Chikisheva and Pozdnyakov, 2003]). At the same time, craniological studies focused mainly on studying the diversity of the Alakul groups and left out the search for the formation that served as the basis for combining a large number of these geographically dispersed groups into a single community. All these works were based on a typological approach, when the relationships were reconstructed not so much of the population as a whole, but of the anthropological types identified in its composition. Thus, five Caucasoid types were initially identified among the West Kazakhstan Alakulans: Mediterranean, northern, Andronovo, dolichocrane, and mesobrahicran (Ginzburg, 1962, p.195). V. V. Ginzburg and T. A. Trofimova assumed the presence of the "Andronovo" proto-Europoid type in the composition of the Andronovo population of Kazakhstan [1972, p. 89], the dolichocranial "northern" and gracile Mediterranean type [Ibid., p. 93]. Their origin was presumably associated with a very wide range of populations: Afanasyevites of the Minusinsk Basin or Altai [Ibid.]; the population of the Lower Volga region of the pit and log culture [Ibid.; Alekseev and Gokhman, 1984, p. 27]; carriers of the agricultural culture of painted ceramics in the south of Turkmenistan [Ginzburg and Trofimova, 1972, p. 97]. The directions of relations proposed by the researchers fully characterized the complexity of cultural contacts, but did not clarify much about the origin and factors of the formation of the Alakul population as a single anthropological phenomenon.

Craniological series related to the Alakul time are very few in number. According to the summary of data presented in the work of V. V. Ginzburg and T. A. Trofimova, the total Kazakhstan series consisted of 25 male and 34 female skulls [Ibid., Table 15], including 13 and 17 skulls from Western Kazakhstan (Khabarnoye and Tasty-Butak burial grounds), 4 and 7 from Northern Kazakhstan, respectively. Central - 4 and 6; Eastern - 4 and 4. In the series from the Ermak-4 burial ground, the maximum number of observations does not exceed eight for male skulls and five for female skulls (Dremov, 1997, Tables 16, 17). Under these conditions, the probability of random fluctuations in the values of dimensional traits under the influence of local genetic-automatic and anthropoecological factors increases on the morphological characteristics of the selected types. Compared to the typological method, the accuracy of the results in such a situation is provided by the use of a population approach in combination with the methods of multidimensional mathematical statistics and the involvement of several independent systems of anthropological characteristics, in particular odontological data, in a comparative analysis.

Statistical comparison of Alakulans with a wide range of populations of Bronze Age Eurasia was carried out by A. G. Kozintsev [2009], who presented the most reasoned point of view on their origin. Using the methods of multidimensional statistics, he compared more than 220 male craniological series of the Neolithic and Bronze Ages from the territory of Eurasia. The results obtained made it possible to conclude that the carriers of the Fyodorov and Alakul cultures are descendants of various groups of pitmen and catacombs of the Southern Russian steppes, and the origin of the West Kazakhstan Alakul people is associated with the Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age populations of foreign Europe [Ibid., p. 134].

Odontological characteristics of Alakulans were introduced into scientific circulation in total, without dividing them into separate populations (Zubova and Chikisheva, 2010). As a result of comparison with the Fedorovites and other groups of the ancient population of Eurasia, it is established that the carriers of the Fedorov and Alakul cultures are included in the circle of gracile odontological forms. At the same time, the Alakulans differ from the Fedorovites in having lower frequencies of the upper incisors and the metaconid knee fold spade-like and a higher level of hypoconus reduction, which is presumably associated with the participation of representatives of autochthonous West Siberian cultures in the formation of the Fedorov population [Ibid., p. 414]. The question of the origin of native speakers of the Alakul culture was not raised in this work, and its consideration is the main task of this study.

Materials and methods

The material for the study was odontological data obtained by the author during the study of paleoanthropological finds from five Alakul burial grounds: Nurtai, Maitan, Lisakovsky, Tasty-Butak-1, Ermak-4*. The series from Central and Northern Kazakhstan (Nurtai, Maitan, Lisakovsky) includes 29 skulls suitable for odontological research; from Western Kazakhstan (Tasty-Butak-1) - 25; from the Omsk Irtysh region (Ermak-4) - 23. The data published by E. P. Kitov [2011, Table 4] were also used.].

The materials were studied according to a full odontological program, including obtaining opi-

* The author thanks the staff of the Anthropology Department of Tomsk State University and the Department of Anthropology of the MAE for the opportunity to work with the materials.

and measuring characteristics [Zubov, 1968, 2006]. Data on the frequencies of eight most important odontological traits were used for comparative analysis. They included the shovel-like appearance of the upper medial incisors (points 2 and 3 in total), Carabelli's tubercle on the upper first molars (points 2-5 in total), hypoconus reduction on the upper second molars (points 3, 3+ in total), frequency of six - and four-tubercle variants of the structure of the lower first molars, four-tubercle lower second molars, distal trigonide crest and metaconide knee fold on the lower first molars. The intergroup comparison was carried out on the basis of trigonometrically transformed frequencies of these features using the integrated statistical data processing system Statistica for Windows, version 6.0, using the principal component method and hierarchical cluster analysis. 29 odontological series from the Neolithic and Bronze Ages were used for comparison (Table 1).

Table 1. Series involved in statistical analysis

When selecting comparative materials, we took into account the chronological framework of the series involved, which should have preceded the time of existence of the Alakul culture or partially coincide with it. The upper limit was determined, according to the developments of E. N. Chernykh, as the middle of the second millennium BC (2008, Fig. An important condition was the presence of all the listed features in the publication, which, unfortunately, excluded from the composition of the compared groups a part of the European series, which could be compared with the Alakulians only in some indicators.

Odontological characteristics of the Alakul population

Western Kazakhstan (Tasty-Butak-1) (Table 2). The frequency of spade-like variants of the upper medial incisors in the series is slightly increased due to the small number of observations, while the lateral feature is rare. C5 and the Carabelli tubercle on the upper first molars are marked with similar medium-high frequencies. Hypoconus of these teeth is not reduced, and moderate reduction is observed on the second molars.

There are no differentiated forms of premolars on the lower jaw. In the former, only simple variants 1 and 2 are represented, in the latter, form 3 is absolutely dominant. The six - and four-humped structure of the lower first molars is found only once (9.1%), and the five-humped structure prevails. The "+" pattern on the _m1 crowns was found in 27.3% of buried individuals, "X" - in 9.1%, and "Y" - never. All the lower second molars have a four-domed structure. The "+"pattern dominates here; "Y "is represented in 10% of the buried," X " - in 30%. Protostylid and knee fold

Table 2. Odontological characteristics of the Alakul people of Western Kazakhstan (Tasty-Butak-1)

Table 3. Odontological characteristics of the Alakul people of Central Kazakhstan (Maitan, Nurtai, Lisakovsky)

metaconidae are absent; tami and the distal trigonid crest on the lower first molars occur with moderate frequency.

Central Kazakhstan (Nurtai, Maitan, Lisakovsky) (Table 3). The frequency of upper medial incisor scapularity is slightly increased due to the small number of observations. C5 and the Carabelli tubercle on the upper first molars are rare. The hypoconus of these teeth is not reduced; in the second molars, the frequency of reduced variants is very high.

The lower premolars are characterized by a more complex structure compared to the other two Alakul groups. At the second premolars, forms 4 and 5 add up to 56.3%. The six-domed lower first molars are not recorded in the series; four-domed molars are very common (40%). The M-₁ crowns are dominated by the "Y"pattern; "+"was found in 27.8% of buried people," X " - never. Among the lower second molars, chetyrehbugorkovye predominate (87%). On the crowns of _m2, the dominant pattern is "+"; "Y" is found in 34.8% of the buried, "X" - in 21.7%. Protostylid, distal trigonid crest, and metaconid knee fold are absent. Tami occurs with moderate frequency, and one buried person has an epicristid crest on the lower first molars.

Omsk Irtysh region (Ermak-4) (Table 4). The frequency of spade-like upper medial incisors is low, and no well-defined marginal ridges of the lingual surface are found on the lateral ones. C5 on the upper first molars is not recorded, but the Carabelli tubercle is quite common (29.4%). The hypoconus of the upper first molars is not reduced, while the reduction process manifests itself to a significant extent in the second molars.

On the lower first premolars, differentiated forms are not recorded, only the following features are observed:-

select options 1 and 2. In the second group, complex forms 4 and 5 are found in 50% of the burials, and another 33.3% have an intermediate variant 3. The sixth tubercle on the lower first molars is not marked in the series, on the contrary, the percentage of four-humped forms is very high here. On the crowns of the lower first molars, the "Y"pattern prevails; "+"is found in 15% of buried people," X " - only in 5%. All lower second molars are chetyrehbugorkovye. The crown pattern "+" on these teeth is found in 40% of individuals, "X" - in 26.7%. Protostylide, metaconide knee fold, and tami are absent from the series. The frequency of occurrence of the distal trigonide crest is moderate, and enamel congestion on the lower second molars is increased.

Discussion of the results

From the above characteristics, it is clear that the Alakul population belongs to the western odontological trunk, differing in moderate frequencies of spade-like upper incisors. In addition, common features of all three series studied by the author are the absence of signs of reduction on the upper first molars, the knee fold of metaconide and protostylide on the lower teeth of the same name. The greatest similarity is found in groups from Central Kazakhstan and the Omsk Irtysh region. They are characterized by a pronounced gracile structure of the lower molars, combined with a very high level of hypoconus reduction of the upper ones. At the same time, there is an almost complete absence of C5. The sample from Tasta-Butaka-1, on the contrary, is characterized by a moderate frequency of both four-and six-sided lower first molars and an increased frequency of C5. Materials from the steppe zone of the Southern Urals, studied by E. P. Kitov, converge with it. Moderate frequencies of four-and six-humped forms of the lower first molars and distal trigonid crest are also observed here. What distinguishes the South Ural Alakulans from the population of Western Kazakhstan is a higher level of hypoconus reduction and the presence of a metaconide knee fold.

Thus, odontological data clearly distinguish the population of the western and eastern parts of the Alakul range: in the eastern (Northern and Central Kazakhstan, Omsk Irtysh region) the gracile odontological substrate dominates, characterized by an increased reduction in the hypoconus of the upper molars; in the western (Western Kazakhstan, steppe zone of the Southern Urals), weakly graded variants predominate.

By the end of the third and beginning of the second millennium BC, the frequencies of four - humped lower first molars close to the eastern Alakulans are found mainly in Western Asia and the steppes of the Caspian region. They are observed in the series from Kish (41%) [Zubov, 1973, Table 19], Tell Leilan (36%) [Haddow, 2003, table 4.4], Kuzali (33.3%) [Hemphill, Lukacs, Walimbe, 2000, table 3], and early Chatal-Guiyuk (35.2%) [Pilloud, 2009, table B16], from monuments of the catacomb culture of Kalmykia (35.7%) (unpublished data of the author). The population of Eastern Europe and the western part of the Mediterranean region at the considered chronological stage is characterized by significantly more moderate frequencies of four-humped lower first molars. From the data available in the literature, it follows that the population of northern Italy belongs to the circle of gracile odontological forms (3 000 - 2 300 Vargiu, Cucina, and Coppa, 2009), Western Switzerland (Desideri and Eades, 2002), and native speakers of Unetitsa (Czech Republic) and Trypillia (Ukraine).,

See Table 4. Odontological characteristics of Alakuls of the Omsk Irtysh region (Ermak-4)

balanovskaya (East European Plain) cultures (Graveret, 1999). This group also includes native speakers of the log cabin culture of the Rostov region, the pit culture of the Astrakhan region and Kalmykia (unpublished data of the author). However, the frequency of gracile variants of the lower first molar structure rarely exceeds 20%.

The odontological specificity of the population of the eastern part of the Alakul range is manifested not only in a very high level of gracilization of the lower molars, but also in an increased frequency of hypoconus reduction of the upper second molars. This limits the range of similar variants, reducing it, by and large, to two groups - the Near-Asian second half of the third millennium BC from Tell Leilan and the carriers of the catacomb culture of Kalmykia. They differ from Alakulans in reduced frequencies of spade-like medial incisors.

The Western Alakul groups show a greater similarity to the population of Eastern Europe. According to the degree of gracilization of the dental system, they are close to the carriers of the pit culture of Ukraine, fatyanovsky and balanovsky populations, as well as log cabins in the Rostov region. At the same time, Alakultsy differ from them in higher frequencies of spade-like shape and distal trigonid crest.

The results of statistical comparison of the Alakulian series with the European and West Asian Neolithic and Bronze epochs showed that from the middle of the eighth to the middle of the second millennium BC, they were most differentiated by two sets of features (Table 5). In one of them, described by the first factor, negative loads occur on all the features used, in particular on the shovel-like upper medial incisors, the distal trigonid crest, hypoconus reduction, and four-protuberant lower first molars. The maximum coordinate values are used for the series from Ashikli-Guiyuk (Anatolia, 8 200 - 7 500 B.C.) (Pilloud, 2009) and Vasilyevka-3 (Ukraine, VII millennium B.C.) (Graveret, 1999). The described complex of features shows a clear similarity with the modern Central European odontological type.

The second factor distinguishes weakly graded series, in which a low frequency of upper incisor scapularity is combined with an increase in the frequencies of the Carabelli tubercle, the metaconid knee fold, to a lesser extent the six-humped lower first molars and the distal trigonid crest. This complex of features is most clearly expressed in the Mesolithic series from Zveinieki and Yuzhny Oleniy Island, in the carriers of the Sintashta culture and the Fedorovites of Southern Siberia, who have the maximum negative coordinate values for this factor.

See Table 5. Loads on attributes in the first two factors

On the graph (Fig. 1), the majority of Alakul groups are included in two aggregates in the field of negative values of the first factor and positive values of the second. The eastern ones are as close as possible to the catacomb series of Kalmykia. Alakuls from Tasta-Butaka-1 show a similarity with the carriers of the Petrovsky and Pokrovskaya cultures of the Southern Urals. As for the South Ural Alakulans, due to the slightly increased frequency of the metaconide knee fold, they shifted in the graph to the field of negative values of the second factor, closer to the carriers of the log culture of the Astrakhan region and the mixed log-Alakul population.

It should be noted that the set of features traditionally used by Russian odontologists for intergroup comparison includes features of high taxonomic significance and is primarily aimed at dividing ethnic groups according to the degree of correlation of contrasting "eastern" and "western" components in their composition. If the series is compared in a more or less homogeneous typologically environment, their differentiating ability decreases, since the degree of correlation between the "eastern" markers decreases and a significant part of the intergroup variability is accounted for by local fluctuations in the frequencies of individual traits. This requires the use of additional methods aimed at concretizing the results obtained.

To find out the range of series closest to the local groups of the Alakul population, a hierarchical cluster analysis was performed using the full connection method based on Euclidean distances (Fig. 2). According to its results, the Alakul people of Western Kazakhstan were combined with a cluster that included carriers of the yamnaya culture of Ukraine and the srubnaya culture of the Southern Urals. Alakul groups from Central Kazakhstan and the Omsk Irtysh region formed a cluster, which at a higher level combined with the totality of Siberian and Central Asian series, characterized by the gracility of the dental system. The Alakul people of the Southern Urals showed the greatest similarity with the Pokrovsky and mixed log-Alakul population from the same territory. It can be assumed that the substrate that caused their odontological specificity is of non-European origin.

The location of the Andronov series on the graphs allows us to draw several conclusions. In the composition of

Figure 1. Distribution of series in the space of the first two factors. 1-Musular; 2 - Ashikli-Guiyuk; 3 - Chatal-Guiyuk (late sample); 4 - Chatal-Guiyuk (early sample); 5 - Vasilyevka-3; 6 - Dnipro-Donetsk culture; 7-Yamnaya culture of Ukraine; 8-Trypillya culture of Ukraine (Mayak); 9 - painted pottery culture of Turkmenistan; 10 - Altyn-depe; 11-Neolithic of the Russian Plain; 12-pit culture of Kalmykia; 13-pit culture of the Astrakhan region (Krivaya Luka); 14-Zveynieki (Mesolithic); 15-Oleniy Island (Mesolithic); 16-Kuro-Arak culture (Lanjik); 17 - catacomb culture of Kalmykia; 18-Fedorovskaya culture of the Barabinsk forest-steppe; 19-Fedorovskaya culture of the Kuznetsk basin; 20-Fedorovskaya culture of the Novosibirsk Ob region; 21-Fedorovskaya culture of the steppe Altai; 22-Fedorovskaya culture of Southern Siberia; 23 - Sintashta culture (total); 24-Ural variant of the Sintashta culture; 25-Petrovskaya culture; 26-Pokrovskaya culture; 27-Potapovskaya culture; 28-Alakul culture of Western Kazakhstan; 29 - Alakul culture of Central Kazakhstan; 30 - Alakul culture of the Southern Urals; 31-Afanasyevskaya culture; 32-balanovskaya culture; 33-fatyanovskaya culture; 34 - Gonur-depe; 35-log-Alakul population of the Southern Urals; 36 - log culture of the Astrakhan region (Krivaya Luka); 37 - log culture of the Rostov region (Yasyrev); 38 - log culture of the Southern Urals; 39-Alakul culture of the Omsk Irtysh region.

Figure 2. Results of clustering of odontological characteristics of the Mesolithic and Bronze Age Eurasian population 1-39-see Figure 1.

most of the Fedorov and Alakul populations had a single anthropological component. The set of morphological characteristics peculiar to it includes an increased frequency of gracile lower first molars and strongly reduced forms of hypoconus of the upper second molars, with a less pronounced increase in the frequency of the distal trigonid crest and the shovel-like shape of the medial incisors. In the space of the first two main components, most of the Alakul and Fedorov groups form a single array, clearly separated from the majority of European series. The only series from the territory of Europe that shows a close resemblance to the eastern Alakuls belongs to the catacomb culture of Kalmykia. This gives grounds to consider the catacombs of the Caspian steppes as a possible source of odontological specifics of the carriers of the Fedorovskaya and Alakul cultures, or one of the representatives of the anthropological layer on the basis of which their formation took place. The increase in the frequency of spade-like upper incisors observed in the Alakul series may hypothetically be related to the influence of the autochthonous population of the steppe part of Kazakhstan. Information on the odontology of this population is still limited to the only Neolithic male skull examined by the author from the Karaganda region (N 6270 - 1 MAE) and two Early Bronze skulls from the Bylkyldak burial ground (N 6037-1 MAE), one of which showed a spade-shaped medial right incisor.

The majority of Fedorovites and Alakulites of the Southern Urals show the influence of a different anthropological stratum, characterized by a pronounced archaism of the structure of the dental system. It manifests itself in an increase in the frequency of "oriental" signs - spade-like, six-humped lower first molars and the metaconid geniculate fold. The presence of this component brings the Fedorovites closer to the ancient population of the forest-steppe zone of Eurasia and distances them from the eastern Alakulites and catacombs.

As for the question of the participation of the population of Eastern and Western Europe in the formation of Alakuls, the picture is more complicated. According to the results of cluster analysis, the group from Tasta-Butaka-1, which unites with the carriers of the yamnaya culture of Ukraine and the srubnaya culture of the Southern Urals, shows similarities with some European series. Principal component analysis did not confirm the significance of this similarity. However, you can't reject the results of cluster analysis. The distance of the West Kazakhstan Alakulian series from the European ones in the graph is largely explained by differences in the frequencies of the upper incisors and distal trigonid crest spade-like features, i.e., features whose increased frequencies are characteristic of the entire Asian formation presented in the analysis, and do not determine the morphological specifics of the Alakulians. Together with the observed similarity in the structure of molars with Eastern European groups, this suggests that the West Kazakhstan Alakultsy were formed on a multicomponent basis. One of these components was the general Balakul substrate, which, apparently, in addition to a high level of reduction and gracilization, is characterized by slightly increased frequencies of spade-like and distal trigonid crest. The second element is represented by European migrants, characterized by weakly expressed tendencies to reduction and gracilization in combination with the absence of spade-like forms of medial incisors and distal teeth.-

the trigonid crest. Most likely, he participated only in the formation of the Alakul population of Western Kazakhstan, slightly influencing the odontological features of the carriers of the Alakul culture as a whole.

Conclusion

From all of the above, we can draw a number of conclusions. In the composition of the carriers of the Alakul culture, several components of different origin are distinguished. The anthropological stratum underlying the population of the eastern part of the Alakul range is of Asian origin. Its characteristics are similar to those of the carriers of the catacomb culture of Kalmykia. But it is unlikely that they were the only source of formation of odontological specificity of the Alakulans. Despite the similarity in the most specific indicators, the carriers of the catacomb and Alakul cultures differ in the frequency of spade-shaped forms of medial incisors. This indicates the participation of an additional component in the formation of the latter, which to a certain extent tends to the eastern odontological trunk. According to archaeological data, there is no direct migration from the catacomb environment to the Ural-Kazakhstan region and Siberia. This makes it possible to speak rather about the genetic succession of catacombs and Alakuls, but about their belonging to the same anthropological stratum, the reconstruction of the area and morphological characteristics of which is still difficult due to the lack of information on the odontology of the Neolithic and Early Bronze Age populations of the steppes of Kazakhstan and the Aral Sea region.

The West Kazakhstan Alakul people who left burials at the Tasty-Butak-1 burial ground additionally show a component that is absent in the Alakul series from Central Kazakhstan and the Omsk Irtysh region, which is genetically related to the population of Eastern Europe, probably with the carriers of the yamnaya culture, currently represented only by the Ukrainian series. It is possible that the Eastern European component was also part of the Alakul people of the Southern Urals, but its specificity was determined by a set of characteristics characteristic of the pre-Andronov population of the region.

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The article was submitted to the Editorial Board on 28.10.10.

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