Siberian Federal University

79 Svobodny Ave., Krasnoyarsk, 660041, Russia

E-mail: pmandryka@yandex. ru

As a result of large-scale research in the southern taiga zone of Central Siberia, a number of Early Iron Age monuments with original roller ceramics were identified, which allowed them to be considered within the framework of one archaeological culture, called Shilkinskaya after the name of the monument, where such ceramics were first found in a closed complex. The article gives a general description of the culture of the end of the VI-beginning of the I century BC, reveals the features of ancient settlements, villages, dwellings and other monuments, builds a typology of things and original dishes. The area of culture and its origins are determined.

The Iron Age of the southern Taiga zone of Central Siberia has been studied unevenly. A significant number of monuments of different stages of the Iron Age have been discovered in the Northern Angara region. The works of V. I. Privalikhin [1986, 1993], V. P. Leontiev [1999], N. I. Drozdov, V. P. Leontiev, and V. I. Privalikhin [2005] are devoted to identifying the Tsepan culture on their basis and compiling a periodization. Thanks to the research of G. I. Andreev [1971], V. I. Privalikhin, and V. I. Makulov [Makulov and Leontiev, 2003; Privalikhin, Drozdov, and Makulov, 2005], few Iron Age monuments became known on the territory of Evenkia, in the Podkamennaya and Lower Tunguska basins. Some Iron Age finds and archaeological objects were found in the taiga regions of the Lower Yenisei (Nikolaev, 1963; Batashev and Makarov, 2000) and Chuno-Angarya (Grevtsov et al., 1988; Butorin et al., 1990; Grevtsov and Sergeikin, 1999). Despite the fact that the most significant results were obtained in the study of monuments of the Yenisei Angara region (Mandryka, 20036), the Iron Age of the forest zone of Central Siberia remains largely poorly studied. The study of these cultures is especially important, since it is with them that many questions of the ethnogenesis of modern peoples of Eastern Siberia are connected.

As a result of 20 years of large-scale research led by the author in the southern taiga zone of Central Siberia, a number of similar monuments of the Early Iron Age with original roller ceramics have been identified, which allows us to consider them within the framework of one archaeological culture, called Shilkinskaya (Mandryka, 2006) after the name of the monument, where for the first time such a ceramics. In the Yenisei Angara region, culture is represented by 14 settlements, 3 villages, 2 settlements and a production site. It may also include two ground burials performed according to the rite of placing a corpse with burning in the grave [Mandryka and Svalova, 1998], and the petroglyphs Ostrovki-3 [Melnikova, Nikolaev, Mandryka, 2000]. In other contiguous areas of the taiga zone, monuments of the Shilka culture are still represented exclusively by settlements and individual finds (Fig. 1), and the funeral rite remains unknown.

Settlements are located on 16-20-meter and higher terraces, which indicates a rather strong climate.

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Figure 1. Distribution of Shilka cultural monuments. 1-Nizhneporozhinskoe-1; 2-Ostrovki-1; 3-Shilka-6; 4 - Shilka-11; 5 - Shilka-9; 6 - Shilka-10; 7-Shilka-2; 8-Ust-Shilka-2; 9 - Shilka-5; 10-Ust-Shilka-1; 11-Paderino; 12-Ust-Nizhnyaya; 13-Shapkina; 14 - Burmakinsky Stones; 15-Chermyanka; 16-Ust-Samodelka-1; 17-Lesosibirskoe-3; 18-Kamenka-2; 19-Strelkovsky Threshold; 20 - Chernaya; 21-Kazachka; 22-Dzerzhinskoe; 23-Khandalsk; 24-Chadobets; 25-Nizhnyaya Izgolov; 26-Sergushkin; 27-Ust-Tetere, a-gorodishche; b-selishche; c-settlement; d-iron smelting workshop; e-Shilkin ceramics.

climate humidity during their operation and frequent high floods on the Yenisei. The size of settlements is usually approx. 4 thousand m2. The most studied are the stratified settlements of Ust-Shilka-2 and Shilka-2 (1,244 and 925 m2 were uncovered, respectively), the villages of Chermyanka and Kamenka. Most of the other monuments are multi-layered, where the Shilkin complexes were left as a result of short-term parking and stand out typologically. The cultural layer of all settlements is poorly saturated with finds, has a small thickness (up to 5 cm) and a light gray color, which indicates that the ancient people stayed here for a short time.

Ancient settlements of the Shilka culture have been recorded so far only in the southern part of its distribution, in the alignment of the Kazachinsky threshold on the Yenisei. The Ust-Shilka-2 monument has been fully studied; a quarter of the entire area has been uncovered on Shilka-2. Both are confined to the edge of the terrace, located on an elevated position. The location of ancient settlements in close proximity to each other (300 m) implies not simultaneous, but sequential existence. The study of these monuments allows us to trace the changes in the defensive system and housing facilities of the Shilka culture over time.

The ancient settlement of Shilka-2, which represents an early stage of cultural development, was located on a cape-shaped mane and had a rectangular fortified platform extending from the edge of the bank (Mandryka, 2003a). The northern defensive line, which ran along the top of the mane, consisted of a ditch 1 m wide, no more than 40 cm deep and a rampart 1 m wide, no more than 30 cm high. On the floor side of the mane and along its slopes, the defensive wall was not accompanied by a ditch and rampart, but was installed in a shallow trench. Dimensions of the fortified part of the settlement: width up to 15-18 m, length up to 50 m, therefore, the area was approx. 825 m2. The entrance was from the north-east, i.e. from the side of the log, and not from the shore. In the wall on the west side of the entrance was embedded a pit of some object, possibly defensive, 3.0 x 3.0 m. 11 m to the east of the entrance, outside the fortified area, there was a building for economic and religious purposes with dimensions of 3.0 x 3.0 m. Inside the fortified part of the settlement there are eight residential sub-rectangular pits. They are located in a single line along the edge of the terrace at a distance of 1 to 7 m from each other.

The undefended part of the ancient settlement occupies the northern sector of the Griva surface. Here, 16 pits are fixed, which are located in two groups:-

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pami. The first one is located in the northern part of the site. Here, four pits are placed in a line, and two-to the side. The second group is represented by ten pits arranged in a row along the western slope of the griva.

A similar arrangement of fortifications is observed on the ancient settlement, which belongs to the late stage of cultural development. It was located at the mouth of the Shilki River, on a 17-meter high promontory formed by the right-bank Yenisei and left-bank Shilkin terraces. On the south side, the surface of the cape smoothly turns into a 14-meter terrace of the river. It is located on the Yenisei River, and on the eastern side it is limited to a small log. The fortified site of the settlement occupied the most elevated northern part of griva and had a hexagonal shape, ending in the slopes of the terrace from the west and north, and bounded by a wall from the east and south (Fig. 2). Its area was about 900 m2. On the eastern side, the base of the wooden defensive wall was laid in a shallow trench (width 0.4 - 0.6 m, depth 0.2 - 0.3 m), from the floor south-in a trench-ditch up to 1.0 m wide at a depth of 0.2 m. As at the Shilka-2 hillfort, discharges from the trench were carried out on the inner platform, which thereby artificially rose near the walls. The main element of the defensive system is a log wall, most likely of the tyn type. In its southern part, there is a gap, i.e. the passage was from the side of a gentle slope. Two elongated oval spots with a length of 2.6 and 1.5 m and a width of 0.4-0.6 m are also recorded here - accumulations of charcoal with a thickness of no more than 3 cm. Perhaps it's the remains of burnt logs from the rear or what covered the entrance. Outside the fortified part of the settlement, 2.5 m from the wall and 9 m to the east of the entrance, there was a deepened building for economic and religious purposes (Fig. 3). Dwellings were built only in the center of the inner site. These were three recessed dwellings of rectangular shape, which were located in a single line parallel to the southern wall at a distance of 1 to 1.5 m from each other.

Undoubtedly, both settlements are of the same type. They are located in similar topographical conditions of microrelief, on manes surrounded by dens or steep coastal slopes, at the same altitude. On both settlements, the main element of the defensive system was a log wall of the tyn type, the base of which was located in the moat-

2. Plan of the Ust-Shilka-2 settlement.

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3. Carbonaceous remains of the overlap of the economic and religious building of the Ust-Shilka-2 settlement.

the trench was also reinforced on the inside by boning. Each settlement had one entrance on the floor side. Near it, outside the fortified area, there was an economic and religious building, similar in design to deepened dwellings. The thickness of the cultural layer on both sites is insignificant. The space of the fortified area was used in the same way - for the construction of dwellings, which were placed in one row, oriented along the 3-B line.

Shilkin culture dwellings are single-chamber, deepened, and are divided into two types according to their structural details. The first category includes rectangular structures with a pit of 4.0 x 5.0 m and a depth of 0.25-0.33 m [Mandryka, 2003b, p. 80, Fig. 2, 3]. The area of dwellings was about 17m2. The walls of the pit were reinforced with a log frame. In the center of one long wall was a corridor-shaped entrance with a scaffold-reinforced base. The ceiling, obviously pyramidal or truncated-pyramidal in shape, rested on the shoulders of the pit. There are some reasons to assume that the floor was made of wood, laid on longitudinal floor beams. An open hearth with a diameter of up to 1.0 m was placed on the ground.

The second type includes rectangular dwellings with a pit from 6.3 x 4.6 m to 7.0 x 4.6 m at a depth of 0.10-12 to 0.20 m [Ibid., Fig. 1]). The area of dwellings ranged from 29 to 32 m2. The walls of the pit were not reinforced. The rectangular wooden frame of the four-pitched pyramidal ceiling rested on the shoulders of the pit 50-70 cm from the edge and was covered with pieces of turf, while a smoke hole remained in the center. The entrance to the dwelling did not stand out structurally and, obviously, was arranged in a long wall. The earthen floor slightly deepened to the center, where there was a rounded hearth of a ground structure with a diameter of up to 1 m.

Foci in all the studied dwellings are represented by "mounds" of calcined sand with a thickness of 0.10-0.12 m with the inclusion of ash, coals, and small fragments of burnt bones. Near them were clusters of sooty pebbles with an intercept (sinkers) and a massive stone with a flat surface, also covered with soot, which could be used for cooking. As a rule, the bulk of finds are recorded along one long wall of dwellings opposite the entrance. A slightly lower concentration of them is observed near short walls, which may indirectly indicate the location of the sleeping place here. Often in the corners of the pits on the floor were massive stones-anvils used for sharpening metal tools. The rest of the tools from the dwellings - pestles, hammers, whetstones, skin scrapers, bone arrowheads, and other items-indicate the nature of the household activities of their inhabitants.

The structural similarity of all the studied buildings (dwellings and economic and religious objects) of the Shilkin culture consists in their arrangement in shallow (up to 0.20 m) ditches and the construction of the roof frame from obliquely placed poles, possibly connected by tops and forming the faces of the pyramid. Judging by the burnt remains of collapsed roofs, the roof consisted of blocks with a width of 9-12 cm, a thickness of 4-6 cm, which rested on frame poles with a diameter of 4 - 5 cm. Among the chopping blocks, logs with a diameter of up to 20 cm and branches with a diameter of 1.5 - 2 cm were split along the length. The roof was covered with bark and pieces of turf.

The inventory of Shilka monuments includes iron convex-barrel knives with a looped or straight pommel (Fig. 4, 7), a puncture with a spiral pommel, an awl (Fig. 4, 8); bronze knives with a slotted handle, the pommel of which is decorated in the form of stylized griffins (Fig. 4, 1), and "cuboid" plaques for crosshairs 4, 14-16) and a split nozzle, a button plaque (figs. 4, 13) and an archer's fingertip (Mandryka, 2003a, p. 50, figs. 4-7) made of horn; ceramic scrapers (figs. 5, 13-17); stone pestles, hammers, whetstones, scrapers, ironers, sinkers for ce-

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4. Items from the Ust-Shilka-2 settlement.

1, 7-knives; 2, 3, 14-16-arrowheads; 4, 5-undetectable fragments; 6-disk; 8-awl; 9, 10-plates; 11 - pointers; 13 - button plaque; 17-pendant; 15-theriomorphic figure; 19, 27 - hammers; 20, 22-fishing sinkers; 27, 25, 29, 30-whetstones; 23-pestle; 24-ironer; 26-universal tool; 28-scraper; 31-point. (1, 2,4,5-bronze; 6, 18-clay; 7-10-iron; 3, 11-horn; 12-16, 31-bone; 11, 19-30-stone).

tei; as well as various decorations, including clay plastic (see figs. 4, 18). The subject complex allows us to refer the Shilka culture to the northern periphery of the Scythian-Siberian world.

The main indicator of culture selection is ceramics, which is represented on the monuments studied by excavations by more than 7 thousand fragments. Among the potsherds there are fragments of corollas, pallets, rivet ears and handles. 106 vessels from the ancient settlements of Shilka-2, Ust-Shilka-2, Ostrovki-1, Shilka-9, and Shilka-11, i.e. monuments located in the alignment of the Kazachinsky threshold on the Yenisei, were analyzed. Many vessels are restored completely or partially to such blocks, which can be used to restore the entire shape and ornament.

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5. Ceramic dishes (1-12) and scrapers made of shards (13-17) from the Ust-Shilka-2 settlement.

Ceramics are made by stucco molding method from a molding mass with an admixture of mica sand and finely crushed gravel. In some shards, the concentration of small mica plates in the sand is significant, which may indicate a local source: all the sandy beaches between the rocky ridges of the banks in the alignment of the threshold consist of just washed sand of this composition. The pottery was fired over a bonfire. As a rule, shards are dark gray with a brown tinge. Light gray pots are rare. The color of the latter most likely changed during their use, for example, when heating food on the coals of a fire. On the inner surface of many vessels, a black coating is fixed, left both by scale from food (on pots and cans) and soot from smoke (on smoke-filled vessels).

In terms of shape and decoration, the entire ceramic collection is divided into seven types.

Type 1 (60 vessels) - pots, rarely jars, with different profiles of corollas, decorated under them with taped flagellar rollers (see Fig. 5, 1-6) [Ibid., p. 51, Fig. 5]. The latter, as a rule, with finger pinches or notches. Mark the rollers with a break or bend in the end of the line. Sometimes a similarly designed inclined segment departs from the lower roller. In three cases, anthropomorphic figures are drawn in the shoulder area. The ratio of vessel shape and ornamentation allows us to distinguish two subtypes: A-cans (2 copies) and pots (50 copies) with a pronounced neck, the ornament of which must be supplemented with a belt of pits; B - pots (8 copies) with a less pronounced neck and without a belt of pits.

Type 2 (21 copies) - smoke-filled vessels (see figs. 5, 8) [Ibid., p. 52, figs. 6, 1-3]. These are small pots of a closed shape with a curved edge of the corolla. Under the corolla was attached a flagellar eye in the form of a loop, and under it in the bottom part - a tubular one, on which flagellar dissected rollers were glued on four sides, which served not only as decoration, but also as stiffeners. In the tubular eye, four holes were made, located in pairs on both sides. All smoke-filled vessels are ornamented only in the corolla area with horizontal rows of knurled or receding impressions of smooth ornamentals with a straight, rounded or pointed working end.

Type 3 (6 copies) - miniature cup-shaped vessels without ornaments [Ibid., Figs. 6, 4, 5]. The open-shaped bowl had an annular tray up to 1 cm high.

Type 4 (6 copies) - cup-shaped vessels with an ornament that is applied only in the corolla zone [Ibid., Figs. 6, 6-8]. The open bowl had an annular tray with a height of 2 to 4 cm. According to the presence/absence of additional riveting parts, two subtypes are distinguished: without them (5 copies) and with one handle in the corolla area.

Type 5 (3 copies) - thick-walled vessels of closed jar shape with horn handles attached on both sides to the walls in their central part [Ibid., Fig. 6, 9]. The vessels are completely decorated with dissected taped flagellar rollers, which in one case are supplemented by a zigzag of receding impressions of smooth ornaments with a pointed working end.

Type 6 (6 copies) - jar-shaped vessels with a teardrop-shaped cross-section of the corolla edge. Two of them are without ornaments, the rest are decorated in the corolla area with taped flagellar rollers, which are supplemented by rows of pins. In the restored vessels, smooth flagellar rollers are glued to the walls, located vertically or forming a large grid (see Figs. 5, 12).

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Type 7 (4 vessels) - jars and pots decorated with thin coating rollers* up to the bottom. Corollas are straight or slightly profiled with a pointed edge. Under the edge on the thickened corolla are smooth or dissected adherent flagellate rollers, in one case the tips of an inclined comb. The neck and shoulder area is decorated with coating rollers arranged horizontally or in concentric semicircles. The ornament was supplemented with one or two rows of holes (see Figs. 5, 10, 11).

The predominant number of dishes of the 1st (variants A and B) and 2nd (smoke vessels) types in the complexes is a determining factor in the cultural and chronological characteristics of the culture. Such pots, as well as cans of the 6th and 7th types, were widely distributed in the taiga and South taiga regions of Central Siberia in the early Iron Age. Within the Kazachinsky archaeological microdistrict, in addition to the presented monuments, type 1 ceramics were found at the settlement of Nizhneporozhinskoye-1 and the Shilka-6 production site (Mandryka, 2001). In the southern taiga region of the Yenisei Angara region, it is found in the settlements of Kamenka-2, Strelkovsky Porog, Chernaya (exploration and excavations of the author or with his participation), in the village of Chermyanka (research by N. P. Makarov). In the Northern Angara region, some shards of such ceramics are present in cultural settlement layers at the sites of Sergushkin-3 and Nizhnyaya Izgolov (excavations by V. I. Privalikhin), Chadobets (excavations by N. I. Drozdov), etc. There are fragments of vessels similar to type 1B, and among the collections on monuments in the Podkamennaya Tunguska basin, for example, at the mouth of the Tatere River (Privalikhin, Drozdov, Makulov, 2005, p. 74, Fig.1, 2], as well as in the Lena basin, for example, at Cape Obukh [Okladnikov, 1946, p. 173, Table XII, 13]. Ceramics of this type are recorded both in the Biryusa basin (Ona River) at the Khandalsk site (collected by the author in 2006), and in the forest-steppe Kansky district, in cultural layer 1 of the multi-layered monument Kazachka (collection of PAWS of the IGU, Kaz. 74 P4-I-7), at the Dzerzhinskoe site (excavations by V. I. Privalikhin). Some bronze and iron objects from these monuments allow us to attribute type 1 ceramics to the Early Iron Age.

Dymokur vessels (type 2) with a tubular eye in the bottom part were widely distributed in the taiga and southern taiga regions of Siberia from the early stage of the Iron Age (Mandryka, 1994). On the territory of the Northern Angara region, they are marked, for example, at the sites of Ust-Ilim, Badarma-1, etc. [Vasilevsky and Burilov, 1971, Table 10]. An interesting fact is that a similar dymokur vessel was found in the Early Medieval burial mound 16 of the Timiryazevsky burial ground in the Tomsk Ob region (Belikova and Pletneva, 1983, Fig. 27, 1). The Shilka dymokur vessels differ from the Angara and Ob vessels in the shape of the upper ear and ornament. The latter have a tongue-shaped ear and are decorated with thin plastering adhesive rollers. Since the ornament on the smoke-filled vessels corresponded to the general traditions of decorating dishes, it is also found on other forms in the Shilkin complexes, for example, on full-size cups and vessels with horn handles.

Banks decorated with smooth and dissected flagellar rollers (type 6) in the study area predominate in the Nizhneporozhinsky complexes, which date back to the middle of the first millennium BC and existed parallel to the Shilkinsky ones. An identical ornamental motif was widely distributed in the deep taiga regions of Eastern Siberia (the Angara-Tunguska watersheds, the Lena Basin) throughout the first millennium BC and was applied to round-bottomed vessels (Ertyukov, 1990). Flat-bottomed dishes were found only in the study area. Most of it is represented in the materials of closed stratified Nizhneporozhinsky complexes, for example, the dwellings of the village of Shilka-10. The presence of such utensils on Shilkin monuments may indicate contacts with the inokulyur population that lived within the Shilkin area.

Vessels decorated with thin coating rollers (type 7) were also widely distributed in the taiga regions of Siberia from the middle of the first millennium BC to the beginning of the second millennium AD. An ornament consisting only of such rollers (wavy, decorated with a finger pinch) has been observed in the study area since the end of the Bronze Age. The combination of flagellated and plastered lint rollers on one vessel is recorded here at the beginning of the early Iron Age. Similar dishes are also found in the materials of the Ust-Mil culture (Yakutia) [Ibid., Tables 22, 24], which existed until the middle of the first millennium BC [Alekseev, 1996, p. 70]. In the Early Iron Age, such vessels were common among the population of the Northern Angara region (Leontiev, 1999). In Taimyr, this type of ornamentation is noted on ceramics of the Ust-Polovinka and first Boyarkinsky types, attributed by L. P. Khlobystin to the Middle Ages [1998, p. 127, Fig. 136]. All this points to the contacts of Shilkin residents with their northern and eastern incultural neighbors.

Shilkin dishes of the 3rd - 5th types (miniature and full-size cups, vessels with horn handles) were formed as a result of the merger of local and southern dishes.,

* Daubing rollers were made by applying a thin additional layer on the surface - with a cauldron, smearing, i.e. the surface of the vessel was coated with the thinnest layer of foreign, carefully processed clay mass by hand. The rollers were made of clay, which passed between the fingers of the master. Therefore, they are thin (low and narrow), triangular in cross-section, and have vague outlines; if there are several of them, they are always parallel and at the same distance from each other (Mandryka, 1995).

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steppe traditions. Miniature cups without ornaments find analogies in the materials of Tatar and Tashtyk settlements and mounds of steppe and forest-steppe regions of the Yenisei Valley (Devlet, 1964). But they are not imported, because they are made from local raw materials and their outer surface is not flaked. Obviously, the shape of full-sized goblets and vessels with horn handles was also copied from Tatar dishes. However, they were decorated according to local tradition.

Thus, the ceramic complex of the Shilka culture in the Yenisei Angara region did not arise on a local basis; it appeared here in a ready-made, formed form and was supplemented with local elements. It also reflects the traditions of both northern and eastern taiga neighbors, as well as southern forest-steppe tribes.

To determine the chronological framework of the Shilka culture, we still have a small number of dating items and facts. The relative chronology is established by a series of multi-layered monuments, where Shilkin ceramics lie above the layers containing dishes with "waffle" technical decor and related to the transition time from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age. The dating can also be justified by a small sample of items that find analogies in the materials of monuments of the VI century BC in the Sayan-Altai steppes. Among them are a bronze convex-barrel knife with a slotted handle and an openwork pommel in the form of stylized griffin heads (see Fig. 4, 1)," cube-shaped " plaques for the crosshairs of belts, a bone disc-shaped button plaque (see Fig. 4, 13), etc. A series of radiocarbon dates, determined from charcoal from the walls of ancient settlements and overlappings of residential buildings, indicate the existence of the Shilka culture in the late VI-I centuries BC. The earliest of them-2,475 ± 65 BP (SOAN-4241) and 2,450 ± 50 BP (SOAN-4242) - were obtained for dwelling 8 of the Shilka-2 settlement, and the latest - 2,025 ± 65 BP (SOAN-3289) - for dwelling 1 located outside the fortified site the same settlement. These dwellings date from the end of the VI - beginning of the V century BC and the end of the II - beginning of the I century BC, respectively. The remaining six dates are in the specified interval.

The area of the culture occupies the southern taiga subzone of Central Siberia (see Figure 1). In the south, it reaches the Krasnoyarsk-Kansk forest-steppe, in the north it is adjacent to the Early Iron Age monuments of the northern taiga and forest-tundra, in the west the border runs along the Ob-Yenisei watershed, in the east the boundary is not clearly defined; the area may include the Northern taiga and forest-tundra. Angara region, reaching the Angara-Lena watershed and the Baikal region. Within the territory of the culture spread, the Shilkin population coexisted with foreign local tribes, carriers of other ceramic traditions. In the Yenisei Angara region, these were the Lower Roads, and in the North-the Tsepan.

The development of the Shilkin culture is associated with the penetration of the autochthonous environment of the alien population from the regions of Transbaikalia and the Baikal region, gradually moving west along the valleys or watersheds of the right-bank tributaries of the Yenisei-Podkamennaya Tunguska, Angara, Chuny and Biryusa. This is evidenced by roller ceramics of the 1st Shilka type, the tradition of making which goes back to the Southern Transbaikalia. Here, smooth-walled vessels decorated with dissected or smooth rollers are already represented in the tile graves of the Chulut stage (XIII-VIII centuries BC), and in the Atsai stage (VIII-VI centuries BC) they occupy leading positions in the ceramic complex (Tsybiktarov, 1998, pp. 121-122). On the western coast of Lake Baikal, in the middle of the first millennium BC, there was also a change in the ceramic tradition, ceramics with triangular cross-section adhesive rollers, dissected by transverse indentations, spread. The dishes had either a smooth surface or a "waffle" technical decor. Such ceramics accompany burials representing the Yelga funeral rite (Goryunova, 1993), which existed in the Priolkhon from the third century BC to the fourth century AD. A.V. Kharinsky [2005, pp. 207-208] suggests calling vessels with taped rollers and "wafer" impressions Borisov type ceramics, and similar flat - bottomed smooth - walled pots-Yelginsky. Having appeared on the Yenisei, and perhaps during their advance, the Shilkintsy were influenced by the nomads of the Sayano-Altai. This is evident in the proliferation of individual bronze objects decorated with Scythian-Siberian animal motifs.

The fate of the Shilka population remains an open question. In the Yenisei Angara region, it is replaced by carriers of culture with Haykan-type ceramics (vessels with a curved edge of the corolla in the form of a cornice, decorated with thin plastering rivets). They assimilate the Shilkin population, and part of it, apparently, is pushed north, to the lower reaches of the Yenisei, where the Shilkin people took part in the addition of the Malokoreninsky and Ust-Cherninsky cultures of the late I millennium BC-early I millennium AD.

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Batashev M. S., Makarov N. I. Kul'turogenez taezhnykh narodov nizhni Yenisei [Cultural genesis of the taiga peoples of the Lower Yenisei]. Krasnoyarsk: Krasnoyar. kraev, local historian, museum, 2000. - 35 p.

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Belikova O. B., Pletneva L. M. Monuments of the Tomsk Ob region in the V-VHI centuries of our era-Tomsk: Publishing House of the Tomsk State University, 1983. - 244 p.

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The article was submitted to the Editorial Board on 02.04.07.

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